Creation of the United States Unit #3 + SSUSH3: The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution. SSUSH4: The student will identify

Creation of the United States Unit #3

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• SSUSH3: The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.• SSUSH4: The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the

American Revolution.

• SSUSH5: The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the

adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.

European Settlement of North America

• SSUSH3: Explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.– A. Explain how the end of Anglo-French imperial

competition as seen in the French and Indian War and the 1763 Treaty of Paris laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.

The Road to Revolution

• The French and Indian War– British colonist moving west found themselves fighting

French settlers and Native Americans– 1754, French and Indian War broke out

• Britain at war with France and its Native American allies (some Native Americans helped the British)

• After nine years France, Great Britain, Spain signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763– France gave up Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River– Spain ceded Florida to British– Great Britain emerged as the one, true colonial power in eastern North America


• Tensions Rise Between Great Britain and the Colonies– Colonists lost respect for Britain’s military after the French & Indian

War– Great Britain was in deep debt and wanted colonies to help pay for the

expense– Offended colonists with the Proclamation of 1763

• Forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains• Intended to manage the territories and ensure peace with Native

Americans


• Acts by Parliament and Colonial Reaction– Stamp Act – British gov’t taxed nearly all printed material– Colonists responded by forming the Stamp Act Congress

• James Otis proclaimed “No taxation without representation!”• Colonies had no representation in British Parliament• Boycotted British goods

– Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty were groups formed to support and enforce the boycotts• Sons of Liberty used violence to intimidate merchant and royal officials who used

the stamps• Daughters of Liberty use their skills to make homemade products

– Georgia did not obey the boycott – South Carolina threatened to invade Savannah


• Acts by Parliament and Colonial Reaction– England eventually repealed the law– Parliament then passed the Declaratory Act

• The authority to impose laws on the colonies– Committees of correspondence were organized by colonists to make

sure colonists remained discontented with British rule– December 1773, radical colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians threw

crates of tea into the Boston Harbor (The Boston Tea Party)– Parliament responded by passing the Coercive Acts which the colonists

called the Intolerable Acts• Closed Boston Harbor and placed a military governor over Mass.


• A Revolution Begins– Representatives from every colony except Georgia gathered for the

First Continental Congress in September 1774• Colonists wrote the king that they had a right to be represented in their

gov’t– April 1775, fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord between

British troops and colonial militia– Second Continental Congress met to discuss the start of the American

Revolution – Thomas Paine published Common Sense

• Made the case for independence• Led to the colonists declaring their independence

Review: The Road to Revolution

• 1. What was significant about the French and Indian War?– A. It was the first major war between French settlers and

Native Americans.– B. It settled the issue of which European nation would

dominate eastern North America.– C. It left the colonies deeply in debt and begging Great

Britain to pass new taxes.– D. It was the first war the British ever lost, thereby giving

the colonists hope that they could also defeat the king’s army.

Review: The Road to Revolution

• 2. A colonist wanting to settle new land taken from the French after 1763 would have been most upset about which of the following?– A. the Proclamation of 1763– B. the Stamp Act– C. the Boston Tea Party– D. the Intolerable Acts

• 3. Who were the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty?• 4. What was Common Sense and what effect did it have in the

colonies?

Birth of a Nation

• SSUSH4: The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.

Ideology of the American Revolution

• I. Enlightenment– Movement that started in Europe during the late 1600’s that featured

philosophers with revolutionary ideas about political thought.

1st Philosopher John Locke (England)- believed that people were born with certain natural rights that no government could morally take away.

*LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY

He also believed in the social contract theory: Citizens are born with freedoms and rights. However, citizens give up certain rights and freedoms for public good. Citizens have the right to replace any government that fails to serve for the good of its citizens.


• I. Enlightenment– Movement that started in Europe during the late

1600’s that featured philosophers with revolutionary ideas about political thought.

2nd Philosopher Montesquieu (France): believed in separation of power with three “branches” of government each with some degree of power.

-Checks and Balances: Each branch has the power to check and balance the power of the other 2 branches.


• II. The Declaration of Independence– Drafted by the Second Continental Congress and adopted by Congress July 4th

1776.– Thomas Jefferson; writer includes key concepts:

• Egalitarianism- All men are created equal• Inalienable Rights- Rights men are born with and that no government can

take away (Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)• The government derives its power from the people. When the government

fails to serve the people, the people have the right to replace it.SOUND FAMILIAR????


• Review Questions• 1.) The Enlightenment can best be described as what?

– A. The document declaring US independence– B. A historical period featuring new thoughts on government and politics– C. The movement it became clear that the colonies should declare independence– D. The idea of British philosophers

• 2.) The document formally adopted on July 4, 1776 that made the colonies’ break with Great Britain official is known as what?– A. The Enlightenment – B. Inalienable Rights– C. The Declaration of Independence– The Social Contract Theory

• 3.) What are “natural rights” and the “Social contract theory” according to John Locke?• 4.) What role did Thomas Jefferson play in the Declaration of Independence and in

what ways did the Enlightenment influence him?

The War for Independence• No Option but Victory!.....WHY???

– Motivation of fighting for their homeland and the right to govern themselves!– Many colonist fought side by side with the British during the French and Indian

War and were familiar with their military tactics.– Colonial leaders knew that if they did not win they would be hung for treason.

The War for Independence

I. The First Years of the War-The Revolutionary War had begun long before the

signing of the Declaration of Independence with the battle Lexington and Concord.

-Battle of Bunker Hill: Very bloody battle where the British won, but suffered many more casualties than the Americans.

The War for Independence• II. George Washington

– Virginian wealthy landowner; delegate to the Continental Congress– Appointed by the Continental Congress to command the American

Army.– Had military experience in the French and Indian War.– Obtain victory despite challenges facing the American Army

including:• Fighting one of the most powerful militaries in history• Undisciplined inexperienced military• Short on volunteers, supplies, and money to pay soldiers

The War for Independence• II. George Washington

-Crossing of the Delaware River

*Washington had been forced to retreat by the British (now in New York) in March 1776.

*Christmas Night 1776 Washington led a surprise attack in New Jersey (Trenton) against the Hessians (Germans hired to fight with the British) Followed by another attack in Princeton. Both victories for the Americans!

*Washington’s victories in New Jersey greatly lifted American morale and gave people hope that the revolution could be successful!


The War for Independence• III. The Northern War– 1777 The Americans won another battle, The

Battle of Saratoga!....Which convinced the French to forge an alliance that was crucial to American Victory.

– Valley Forge (Pennsylvania): Harsh winter where many Continental soldiers died or were too sick to fight because of lack of supplies and warm clothing. The Continental Army used their time there to train.

The War for IndependenceValley Forge


• IV: The Southern War– 1778 The British focused their attention to the

South where many Tories/ Loyalists (people loyal to Britain) lived - opposite of a Patriot (people who supported the cause of the colonist)

– General Lord Cornwallis: commander of the British Army


• V: The French Alliance– The colonists relied heavily on their alliance with the

French because they had no navy, barely an army, and very little money for supplies and weapons.

– America sent ambassador Benjamin Franklin to France to negotiate an alliance.

– After the American victory at Saratoga, the French agreed to supply their navy, money, & troops.

– Marquis de Lafayette: Talented French soldier who was given his own command after winning the confidence of George Washington.


• VI: Victory at Yorktown (1781)– General Lord Cornwallis was trapped in Virginia awaiting supplies

from Great Britain after exhausting victory in North Carolina.– Washington marched south to pin him between the Continental

Army and the Atlantic Ocean.– The French Navy provided a blockade that prevented British

ships from coming to Cornwallis’ rescue. – Cornwallis surrendered and the battle of Yorktown ended the

war.– After 2 years of negotiating the Treaty of Paris (1783) was signed

in which Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States.

The War for Independence• Review Questions• 1.) Who was the Virginian chosen to command the American Continental Army

during the Revolutionary War?– A. George Washington– B. Lord Cornwallis– C. Benjamin Franklin– D. Marquis de Lafayette2.) Which of the following battles involved a daring late night crossing of the Delaware River

that resulted in a much needed victory for the Continental Army and gave the Americans hope that the war could be won?-A. Saratoga-B. Valley Forge-C. Yorktown-D. Trenton

3.) Describe George Washington as a military leader and discuss some of the challenges he faced when building the Continental Army.

4.) In what ways did the French contribute to the revolution’s success?

Establishing a Government

• SSUSH5: Explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.


• I. Articles of Confederation– Following the adoption of the Declaration of

Independence, the newly independent states were cautious about giving too much authority to a central government.

– They preferred a confederation where each state would maintain its sovereignty while loosely being unified as a nation.


• I. Articles of Confederation– Too weak:• Congress needed 9 out of 13 states to pass laws. (Each

state had different interests)• Congress could not levy taxes; the federal government

had to ask states for money. Therefore not much money to maintain a government, or an army for defense.

How are the powers granted by the Articles of Confederation limited by the powers withheld by the Articles?

a. Congress’s ability to regulate trade helped raise supplies for the army.

b. Congress’s ability to sign treaties resulted in increased tax dollars. c. Congress’s ability to collect tariffs supported the ability to declare war.

d. Congress’s inability to raise money through taxes hindered its ability to

pay for the army and fight wars.


• I. Articles of Confederation– Too weak:• Once other countries realized how weak America’s

government was, Great Britain refused to withdraw troops from the Ohio Valley despite the Treaty of Paris• Spain closed its port at New Orleans, cutting off

Mississippi River.• Unable to raise an army, the United States could do

nothing.

Establishing a Government• I. Articles of Confederation

– Too weak:• Shay’s Rebellion (2nd rebellion we talked about):

– Revolutionary war veteran– After the war, the United States experienced an economic crisis.– Because of falling farm prices many farmers were unable to repay

outstanding loans. Plus, Massachusetts raised taxes to pay war debts.– Daniel Shay led a number of farmers in rebellion; The state of

Massachusetts had to deal with the rebellion since the national government was too weak to do so.

– Significance: The event made it evident that a stronger central government was needed to deal with the nation’s problems.

The United States Constitution

• In 1787 delegates met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ended up replacing it all together with the United States Constitution.

• #1 Issue: Debate over Representation in government.

United States ConstitutionIssue: Representation

• Virginia Plan– James Madison– 3 branches of

government– 2 House Legislature with

representation from each state based on population

• New Jersey Plan– 3 branches of

government– One house legislature

with each state getting only one representative

United States Constitution Issue: Representation

• Result: The Great Compromise– Roger Sherman; Connecticut – 2 House Legislature (Bicameral)• House of Representatives; lower house (Representation

based on population)• Senate; upper house (Each state gets two

representatives despite population)

United States Constitution Issue: Representation

• Problem: Because representation in government was vital to each state, Southern States thought that they should be able to count their slaves in their population to give them an advantage over Northern states.

• Problem: Northerners knew that Southerners thought of their slaves as property not people who should be counted in the population. Northerners knew that if the South was able to count their slaves, the South could swing legislation in their favor.

United States ConstitutionIssue: Representation

• Three-Fifths Compromise:– A slave would be counted as “three-fifths of a

person”

United States Constitution

Slave Trade CompromiseUnder this agreement, Northerners and

delegates from the Upper South (Maryland and Virginia) who opposed the slave trade agreed to allow it to continue for 27 years,

after which time Congress could impose regulations.

*Important to the South who felt like their economy could not survive without slavery.*Slave trade ended in 1808; slavery 1865

United States Constitution

• Limited Government and Separation of Powers:– Limited Government: Principle that even

governments must obey a set of laws and respect the rights of citizens.

– Separation of Powers: Division of power between the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch.

– Checks and Balances: Allows each branch to check the power of the other two.

The United States ConstitutionRatification

• Problem: Some states refused to ratify the Constitution because they felt like it did not protect citizen’s personal liberties.– Needed 9 out of 13 states to ratify


• Federalist:– Strong National

government with a President.

– Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (Father of the Constitution)

– “loose interpretation” of the Constitution

• Anti-Federalist– Felt that the national

government should not hold that much power.

– The constitution should protect the rights of people

– Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine

– “strict interpretation” of the constitution


Federalist Papers*Written by federalist Hamilton and Madison

*Written to persuade New York’s legislature and others who opposed it, to ratify the Constitution.

*Constitution was ratified, but not before the Bill of Rights was added to please the Anti-Federalist.

The United States ConstitutionThe Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments of the Constitution added to protect civil liberties.

The United States ConstitutionThe Bill of Rights

1st: Personal Freedoms (Speech, Press, Petition, Religion, Assembly)

2nd: Right to bear Arms3rd: No quartering of

soldiers4th: No illegal searches and

seizures5th: Due Process, no

“double jeopardy”, no self incrimination

• 6th: Right to a public, speedy trial

• 7th: Right to a trial by jury in civil cases over money

• 8th: no cruel and unusual punishment

• 9th: Rights of the people• 10th: Rights reserved to

the states

United States ConstitutionReview

• 1.) The Articles of Confederation proved to be an ineffective body of laws for what reason?– A. The US had not yet declared independence at the time they were ratified– B. The Articles gave too much power to the central government, causing

many colonists to rebel– C. The Articles did not give enough power to the federal government for it to

lead effectively– D. None of the states would agree to ratify the Articles of Confederation

2.) Which of the following problems did the Great Compromise solve?A. slavery in the US following the revolutionB. How many representatives each state would have in the federal legislative branchC. Debate over when the slave trade would endD. What rights would be protected under the Constitution

United States ConstitutionReview

• 3.) Describe the difference between Federalists and Anti-federalists. What were their differing views on the Constitution?

• 4.) What is the Bill of Rights and for what reason is it included in our Constitution?

The First Presidents

• The Electoral College elected George Washington the first president of the United States in 1789 and 1792.

• The capital of the United States was New York (Then Philadelphia, later Washington, D.C.)


• George Washington chooses his cabinet• Cabinet: body of department heads who serve

as the president’s key advisors in specific areas)

• Thomas Jefferson= Secretary of State• Alexander Hamilton=Secretary of Treasury


• When Washington gained office the nation was in debt from the war and the value of currency was low.

• Hamilton’s Economic Plan:– Federal Government take over states war debts.– Tax on whiskey to raise revenue– Tariffs (tax on imports)– Establish a national bankProblem: Establishing a national bank was not listed as a

governmental power in the Constitution.


• Hamilton• Loose Interpretation• Believed that the

Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause gave the government the right to charter a bank.

• Jefferson• Strict Interpretation• Believed the federal

government needed to restrict itself to powers listed in the Constitution


• Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan– Many Southerners also opposed Hamilton’s plan

because they were against tariffs that would lessen competition from foreign countries.

– Many saw Hamilton’s plan as evidence that the federal government intended to support the business interests of a wealthy few over the needs of farmers who made up the bulk of the nation’s population.


• Consequence:–WHISKEY REBELLION (3rd one):

• The whiskey tax was very unpopular among farmers in the western regions of Penn., Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina.

• Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax and resorted to violence.

• The rebellion was put down by George Washington

– Significance:• Event showed the new government had the power to enforce laws

now.• More farmers turned to Jefferson as a defender of state rights


• European powerhouses England and France were at war again!

– Proclamation of Neutrality: Washington recognized that becoming allies with any country and helping them fight would only hurt the new nation more, so he declared neutrality.


• Rise of Political Parties:– George Washington’s Farewell Address:• United States should always remain neutral and avoid

alliances.• A good government should be based on religion and

morality.• Warned that political parties would cause people to

work for their special interest rather than the public good.

The First PresidentsRise of Political Parties

• Federalist• Hamilton, Madison, John

Adams• Ratification of the

Constitution• Strong national government• Large landowners,

merchants, business• Most New Englanders were

Federalist

• Jeffersonian Republican• Thomas Jefferson• Strong state government

and weaker national government

• Originally opposed the constitution

• Favored the interest of small farmers and debtors

• Most southerners were Republicans

John Adams

• Washington retired after two terms as president

• Vice President John Adams became the second president of the United States.– Federalist often at odds with Thomas Jefferson– Angered French government with Jay’s Treaty– Sent diplomats Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry,

John Marshall to France to smooth things over

John Adams

• Three diplomats were not officially received by the French government– They were unofficially offered a bribe and the promise of a

loan to have access to French leaders– XYZ Affair infuriated US representatives who rejected the

bribe– US broke off relations with France– US began building up its military force (neutrality was no

longer an option)– Reestablished diplomatic relations with the Convention of

1800

John Adams

• FEDERALIST AND REPUBLICAN HOSTILITIES• Federalists in Congress under Adams passed several

laws that angered Jeffersonian Republicans– Naturalization Act required foreign immigrants to live in US

for 14 yrs. to become US citizens– Alien Act allowed the government to arrest, detain or

remove untrustworthy foreigners– Sedition Act severely limited free speech and expression– Federalists used the Alien and Sedition Acts to silence

critics (usually Republicans)• Most immigrants were Republicans

John Adams

• FEDERALIST AND REPUBLICAN HOSTILITIES• Jefferson and others saw these acts as abuses of

power• Jefferson and Madison (former Federalist) responded

to the Alien and Sedition Acts with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions– A state could ignore a law it believed was unconstitutional

called the doctrine of nullification– States’ rights vs. federal authority would play a role in

events leading to the Civil War

The Election of 1800• Battle between the Federalists and Republicans – John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson– Adams accused of wanting to be king– Jefferson accused of being an anarchist (against

government)• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Republicans) tied

with 73 electoral votes– Election had to be decided by House of Rep.– Hamilton, who disagreed with Jefferson but hated Burr,

convinced the House to give election to Jefferson (Corrupt Bargain)

– Burr would later kill Hamilton in a duel

Review Questions

• 1. Who were the first and second presidents of the United States?– A. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson– B. George Washington and Alexander Hamilton– C. George Washington and John Adams– D. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

Review Questions

• 2. Which of the following best describes a Federalist?– A. someone who favors farmers over businessmen– B. someone who believes in a strong government

that helps US businesses– C. someone who opposes tariffs that might hurt

small landowners– D. someone who supports Thomas Jefferson over

John Adams

Review Questions

• 3. What was the purpose of Hamilton’s economic plan and why did some oppose it?

• 4. What challenges did George Washington face when he became president?

• 5. What were some of the differences between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans? What were some of the events that made relations between these two parties grow bitter during Pres. Adams’ administration?

Documents

Creation of the United States Unit #3 + SSUSH3: The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution. SSUSH4: The student will identify