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General Lighting
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 2
What is light ?Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation H
Cosmic Gamma X-rays UV Infrared Radar FM AMrays rays radio radio
Visible Spectrum
380 (nm) 780 (nm)
10-16 10-12 10-8 10-4 0 104 108 (m)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 3
What is a lamp ?
A LAMP (light source) is an emitter of electromagnetic radiation in
the visible part of the energy spectrum.
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 4
Radiometry & Photometry H
• Radiometric light is specified according to its radiant energy and power without regard for the visual effects of radiation.
• Photometric light is specified as radiation in terms of human visible response according to the CIE standard observer response curve (photopic luminous efficiency function)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 5
Terms of the industry H
Luminous Flux
Eye sensitivity
Illuminance
Luminous Intensity
Luminance
Color
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 6
Luminous Flux H
The amount of light radiated
by a light source.
Unit: lumen (lm -photometric)
Watts (W - radiometric)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 7
wavelength (nm)
rela
tive
eye
se
nsitiv
ity
4000
500 600 700 800
V( )
555 nm
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1 W555nm = 683 lm
Eye Sensitivity H
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 8
The amount of light falling
on a unit of surface.
Unit: lux (lx=lm/m2)W/m2
E
IlluminanceDefinition of illuminance
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 9
100 lux 2500 lux 5000 lux 10000 lux 100000 lux
Illuminance
Typical illuminance levels in and outdoors (noon on a sunny day).
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 10
Luminous Intensity
Definition of Luminous Intensity (unit: candela (lm/sr,cd), W/sr)
The amount of light radiated
by a light source in a given direction.
1 candela = 1 lumen per steradian
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 11
Luminance: The amount of light radiated by a unit of apparent surface in a given direction.
At same luminous flux: same luminous intensity but different luminance (brightness)
Luminance (Brightness)Definition of Luminance (unit: candela per m2 (cd/m2))
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 12
Color Impression of the Light H
The color impression of light
is characterised by:
•Color temperature (Tc)
•Color rendition (Ri)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 13
Tc = 5500K
Color of the LightColor Temperature
Tc = 2200K
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 14
(Correlated) Color Temperature
• Incandescent (temperature of the filament)
• Gas discharge (correlated color temperature)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 15
Luminous Flux and Color of the Light CIE Chromaticity Diagram: Black Body Line
x
y
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
770
580
600
20 000K
10 000K
7000K
5000K
3000K
2000K
A
D65
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 16
Color Rendition
• Object spectral reflectance
• Light source color distribution
• Adaptation of the eye
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 17
Color Rendition
Sunlight Has a CRI of 100. When
objects are illuminated with sunlight, all
the colors look good.
Low Pressure Sodium has a CRI less
than 0. Objects illuminated by it all
look brown.
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 18
Color Rendition
Test Colors Illuminated by a source with
a CRI of 100, i.e. an incandescent lamp.
Test Colors Illuminated by a red LED
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12 13 14
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12 13 14
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 19
Color Rendering Index (Ra)
• Ra = 90 - 100Excellent color rendering properties
• Ra = 80 - 90Good color rendering properties
• Ra = 60 - 80Moderate color rendering properties
• Ra < 60Poor color rendering properties
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 20
White LEDs
• RGB Mixing
By mixing Red, Green and Blue sources any color light, including White, can be made.
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 21
How a Phosphor LED Works
If the phosphor is thin, some blue photons get
through without being absorbed.
The phosphor emits a yellow photon. This
process is called fluorescence.
Different phosphors emit different colors: blue, green, yellow, orange, red. The color
of the fluorescence photon is always at a longer wavelength than the incident photon.
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 22
White LEDs
• Phosphor Conversion Approach
Blue emission is converted to yellow by the phosphor coating over the chip and reflector cup. The mixture of blue and yellow light appears white.
Blue LED chip
Yellow phosphor
coating
on chip and
reflector cup
Blue + yellow appears white.
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 23
Lamp Performance Terms
• Efficacy
• Lamp Life and Lumen Depreciation
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 24
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
50
100
150
200
Low-pressure Sodium
High-pressure Sodium
Fluorescent
Metal Halide
Compact Fluorescent
High-pressure Mercury
Halogen
Incandescent
lm/W
Lamp EfficacyImprovement
Luminous flux (lm)Efficacy (lm/W) =————————
Power Input (W)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 25
Lamp Life and Lumen Depreciation
operating hours 20 00010 000 15 00050000
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
Lumen depreciation of /Colour 80 series lamps
operating hours 20 00010 000 15 00050000
surv
ivals
in %
100
90
80
70
60
50
Rated average lamp life (‘TL’D on HF gear)
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 26
Lamp Life and Lumen Depreciation
Average Rated Life
• ‘The time after which 50% of a large sample batch have failed when operated under test conditions.’
Service Life
• ‘Takes into account lumen maintenance curves and lamp survival curves’
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 27
Dimensions of Lamps and Light Emitting Area
Accent lighting
Narrow beam
accents
Medium beam
accents
“Compact”
Downlighting
Linear systems
& tiles
General lightingLocalised lighting
Compactsource
Pointsource
Linearsource
“Small” Spots “Power” Spots “Floods”
DiffuseWide beam / Directional
size
Smaller lamp gives luminaire size reduction or improved optical performance
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIALCopyright © 2008, Cree, Inc. pg. 28
Control Gear
Discharge lamps must be used with control gear to:
1. limit lamp current2. create ignition peak3. power-factor correction
Gear may be electronic or conventional
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Dfc, Damage Factor, is a relative ranking of light sources related to their potential for causing a fading of illuminated objects. The factor is calculated using equal conditions of illumination and exposure time, and the sensitivity characteristics
of paper.
Effect of UVPermitted Exposure Time
PET* is the Permitted Exposure Time a human being can spend beneath a given source at 1000 lux illumination without experiencing eye or skin irritation/damage.
Lamp type PET*
(hr x klux)
TL /840 65
CDM-T /830 24
SDW-T 34
Damage Factor
Lamp type Dfc
TL /840 .21
CDM-T /830 .20
SDW-T .10
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Improved Ecological Balance
1. Efficacy improved
2. Miniaturization: less material in products and packaging reduced
3. Less hazardous materials
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Performance:Image & Comfort
FluxSize
Color Quality
Costs:Cost of Ownership
EfficacyLife
Maintenance
Lamps - Performance/Cost Balance
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Light Generation
Metal Halide Lamps
Incandescence
MercurySodium
Gas Discharge
Tungsten Tungsten
Halogen
Low Pressure Sodium
‘SOX’
High Pressure Sodium
‘SON’
Low Pressure Mercury
‘Fluorescent’
High Pressure Mercury
‘HPL’
LED
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 120 - 18 800 lm
Luminous efficacy < 19 lm/W
Color temperature 2700 K
Color rendering Ra 100
Lamp power 15 - 1000 W
Rated average lifetime 1000 hrs
Incandescent Lamps Lamp Characteristics
Issues
• Dimming is possible
• Voltage fluctuations do influence luminous flux, power consumption and rated average lifetime
• Lumen depreciation during lamp lifetime because of evaporating tungsten (lamp blackening)
• Instant start and restart
• Cheap
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Halogen Cycle
W + 2 Br WBr2
WBr2
bulb wall 2Br
dissociation
tungsten halide
molecules
>250°C
1000°C
formation
W
Tungsten Halogen Lamps Working Principle
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 60 - 48 400 lm
Luminous efficacy < 27 lm/W
Color temperature 2900 / 3200 K
Color rendering Ra 100
Lamp power 5 - 2000 W
Rated average lifetime 2000 - 5000 hrs
Tungsten Halogen Lamps Lamp Characteristics
Issues
• Dimming is possible
• No lamp blackening during lamp life
• Voltage fluctuations do influence luminous flux, power consumption and rated average lifetime
• Low voltage halogen lamps require a transformer
• Halogen lamps without double envelope should not be touched with bare fingers
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
bend insulation cap
discharge tube
outer bulb
dimple filled with sodium
electrode
getter
lamp cap
Low-Pressure Sodium LampsLamp Construction
___
+++
+_
anodecathode
electrons
positive ions
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 1800 - 32 500 lm
Luminous efficacy < 203 lm/W
Color temperature 1700 K
Light color monochromatic yellow
Color rendering Ra not applicable
Lamp power 18 - 180 W
Rated average lifetime 18 000 hrs
Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps Lamp Characteristics
Issues
• Control gear required
• Run-up time of 12 minutes approx
• Re-ignition time of 1-10 minutes
• Most efficient light source, but with worst light quality
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
support wire
getterdischarge tube
of sintered aluminalamp cap
electrode PIAPhilips Integrated Antenna
„Hg free‟indication
outer bulb
High-Pressure Sodium LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 1300 - 90 000 lm
Luminous efficacy < 150 lm/W
Color temperature 2000, 2200, 2500 K
Light color orange, warm white
Color rendering Ra 25 - 80
Lamp power 35 - 1000 W
Rated average lifetime 10 000 - 24 000 hrs
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• Control gear required
• Run-up time of 3 - 6 minutes
• Re-ignition within 30 seconds - 4 min.
• Most efficient light source with acceptable light quality for most functional outdoor lighting applications
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
ultraviolet
radiationlight
fluorescent
powder
mercury
atomelectrons electrode
capglass tube
Fluorescent LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 200 - 5200 lm
Luminous efficacy < 104 lm/W
Color temperature 2700 - 6500 K
Color rendering Ra >80, >90, 60(depending on composition offluorescent powders)
Lamp power 4 - 58 W
Rated average lifetime 14 000 hrs (conv.)
20 000 hrs (electr.)
15 000 hrs (PLE-T)
Fluorescent Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• 80/ Series recycling
• Trend to lower mercury doses
• Fully dimmable (4 pin)
• Not instant start without special circuitry - usually 2.5s min “off”
• Starting, warm-up, flux and even CCT are temperature dependent, usually 1-5 min for 80% flux.
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Fluorescent Lamps Issues
3 different groups of fluorescent powders
• Standard fluorescent lamps
– moderate luminous efficacy
– moderate color rendering (Ra: 50 - 75)
– moderate lumen depreciation
• 3-line fluorescent lamps
– very good colour rendering (Ra > 80)
– very low lumen depreciation
• de-Luxe fluorescent lamps
– moderate luminous efficacy
– excellent color rendering (Ra > 90)
– low lumen depreciation
IncreasingPrice
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
operating hours 20 00010 000 15 00050000
lum
en in %
100
90
80
70
60
50
Super /80
/90 de Luxe
Standard
Fluorescent Lamps Issues
Lumen Maintenance
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
T12
TLD
TL5
PL-L
PL-S / PL-C / PL-T
PLE-C / PLE-T
The Range of Fluorescent Lamps
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
QL Fluorescent Lamps
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Auxiliary amalgam
Main amalgam
Glass bulb
Heat conducting rod
Mounting flange
Fluorescent powder
Lamp cap
Coil
Antenna
Coaxial cable
Mercury
Induction Fluorescent LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 3500 - 12 000 lm
Luminous efficacy < 70 lm/W
Color temperature 2700, 3000, 4000 K
Light color (inc.) warm & neutral white
Color rendering Ra 80
Lamp power 55, 85, 165 W
Lifetime* 60 000 hrs* 10% lamp failure, 30 % lumen depreciation
Induction Fluorescent Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• Run on electronic gear only
• Luminous flux is independent of fluctuating supply voltage
• Fast run-up and instant re-ignition
• Not dimmable
• Limited distance between lamp and HF-generator
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
fluorescent powder
discharge tube support
discharge tube (quartz)
outer bulb
main electrode
auxiliary electrode
resistor
stem
lamp cap
High-Pressure Mercury LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 1770 - 58 500 lm
Luminous efficacy < 61 lm/W
Color temperature 3400, 4000 K
Light color neutral white
Color rendering Ra 40, 55
Lamp power 50 - 1000 W
Rated average lifetime 16 000 hrs
High-Pressure Mercury Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• Control gear required (ballast only)
• Run-up time of 5 minutes approx
• Re-ignition within 5-10 minutes
• Useful lifetime is reached when lamp color shifts to green
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
getter
discharge tube support
discharge tube (quartz)
electrode
outer bulb
stem
lamp cap
Metal Halide LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 5300 - 220 000 lm
Luminous efficacy < 108 lm/W
Color temperature 3000, 4000, 5600 K
Color rendering Ra 65 - 92
Lamp power 70 - 2000 W
Rated average lifetime 4000 - 20 000 hrs
Metal Halide Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• Control gear required.
• Quartz metal halide technology cannot totally avoid visible light color differences between individual lamps.
• Useful lifetime: light color shifts to greenish/blueish color appearance.
• Run-up time of 3 - 5 minutes
• Re-ignition time of 15 - 20 minutes
• Pay attention to limited burning positions!
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
quartz glass bulb
PCA* discharge tube
electrode
sealing glass
support wire
lamp cap
getter
* Poly Crystaline Alumina
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide LampsLamp Construction
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps Color Stability
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Luminous flux 3300 - 14 000 lm
Luminous efficacy < 95 lm/W
Color temperature 3000, 4200 K
Light color warm, neutral white
Color rendering Ra > 80, 90
Lamp power 35, 70, 150 W
Rated average lifetime 12 000 hrs
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps Lamp Characteristics
• Control gear required
• Stable color impression during lifetime
• Hardly any spread in color characteristics between individual lamps
• Run-up time of 3 minutes approx
• Re-ignition time of 15 minutes approx
• Luminaires for CDM-TP and -R do not need front cover, but all others do.
Issues
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Relative Lamp Sizes
HPI Plus SON HPL-N QL CFL-I SDW-T CDM-R GLS Masterline LED
Plus
„TL‟D
„TL‟5
SOX
MHD
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
Lamp Survey
Incand. Tungsten Linear
fluoresc.
Non
retrofit
CFL
Retrofit
CFL
QL SOX SON SDW-T HPL HPI MHN/MHD
CDM ML
Power[W]
15 -1000
5 - 2000 4 - 58 5 - 55 5 - 23 55 - 165 18 - 180 50 - 1000 35 - 100 50 -1000
250 -2000
70 -2000
35 - 150 100 –500
Luminous flux[lm]
120 -18 800
60 -48 800
200 -5200
250 -4800
200 -1500
3500 -12 000
1800 -32 500
3500 –90 000
1300 -5000
1770 -58 500
19 000 -189 000
5300 -220 000
3300 -14 000
1100 -13 000
Luminousefficacy
[lm/W]< 19 < 27 < 104 < 87 < 65 < 70 < 203 < 150 < 52 < 61 < 94 < 110 < 95 < 26
Light colour warmwhite
warmwhite
warm,neutral,daylightwhite
warm,neutral,daylightwhite
warmwhite
warm,neutralwhite
yellowmonochromatic
orangeish warmwhite
neutralwhite
neutralwhite
warm,neutral,dalightwhite
warm,neutralwhite
neutralwhite
Colour temp.[K]
2800 3000,3200
2700 -6500
2700 -6500
2700 3000,4000
1700 2000, 2200 2500 3300 -4200
4300 3000 -5600
3000,4200
3300 -3700
Ra 100 100 > 80, >90, 60
> 80 > 80 > 80 n.a. 25, 65, > 80 45 , 55 69 75 - 90 > 80,> 90
48 - 72
Rat. aver.Lifetime [hrs]
1000 2000 -5000
13 000 -20 000
8 000 -16 000
6000 -12 000
100 000 18 000 10 000 16 000 <20 000 2000 -9000
6000 -12 000
10 000
Ballast no no yes yes no HFgenerator
Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no
Ignitor no no yes yes no no yes yes yes no yes yes yes no
Run-up time[min]
zero zero zero zero < 1 zero 12 4 - 6 3 5 3 3-5 3 5 - 10
Re-ignitiontime [min]
zero zero zero zero zero zero 1 - 10 30 sec. - 4min.
30 sec 10 15 15 - 20 15 5
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
85-100
GLS
Point
400-1200lm
2700K
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for the Home
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Accent lighting for Shops
85
CDM/TH
Point
1000-14000lm
3000K
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for Roads
20
SON
Point
30K-50K
2000K
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for Residential streets / City centres
20-60
SON/CDM
Point
3500-16k lm
2000-3000
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for Signs / Contours
80
Fluorescent
Linear
300-5000lm
6500K
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for Sports
80 Low end
90 High end
MH
Point
100k-200k lm
4000k Low end
5000k High end
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark
Cree Proprietary - CONFIDENTIAL
TH QLGLSMHCDMSONCFLTL
Lighting for Industry
65
TL
Linear
5k-40k
4000k
CRI
CCT
Lumens
Source size
Benchmark