Crime Prevention Part I SECURITY LIGHTING ©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2010)

Crime Prevention Part ICrime Prevention Part I

SECURITY SECURITY LIGHTINGLIGHTING

©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2010)

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice Studies

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesTexas School Safety CenterTexas School Safety Center

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice Studies

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesTexas School Safety CenterTexas School Safety Center

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives• Learning Objective(s): The student will be able to

identify, define and explain define watt, lumen, and foot-candle.

• Learning Objective(s): The student will be able to identify explain and distinguish the difference between the following types of light sources; Incandescent, Mercury, vapor, Fluorescent and Low and high-pressure sodium vapor.

• Learning Objective(s): The student will be able to identify and define photoelectric cell and timer.

• Learning Objective(s): The student will be able to make cost-effective recommendations for proper security lighting


SECURITY LIGHTINGSECURITY LIGHTING

SECURITY LIGHTINGSECURITY LIGHTING: Provides a level of illuminationillumination to clearly identify persons or objects (Large or small)


SECURITY LIGHTINGSECURITY LIGHTING

SECURITY LIGHTINGSECURITY LIGHTING: Creates a psychologicalpsychological deterrent to criminal activity in the area being protected.


AREAS INCLUDEAREAS INCLUDEParking lots: five foot-candles to two foot-candles

Driveways four to five foot-candles

Sidewalks four foot-candles

Windows and doorways: four foot-candles


SECURITY LIGHTING HISTORYSECURITY LIGHTING HISTORY

Idea that “LIGHT” provides protectionprotection is as old as civilization.

Lighting has evolved from candle and wood power, to gas lights to our modern day electricelectric lights.

Today exist a multitude of lighting tools



Ideally “GOOD LIGHTING” system reproduces reproduces daylightdaylight.

HighHigh visibility – lowlow glare

Transitional LightingLighting providing gradual gradual light level change from a brightly lit area to dark area

““OBJECTIVES of Lighting”OBJECTIVES of Lighting”


Glare reduces our eyes’ ability to Glare reduces our eyes’ ability to see properly at nightsee properly at night

Glare adds excess clutter that Glare adds excess clutter that contributes to visual confusioncontributes to visual confusion

Well designed lighting does not Well designed lighting does not add glare to the environmentadd glare to the environment

We see the objects being lit and not We see the objects being lit and not the light source itself.the light source itself.

Good Lighting is a cost-efficient deterrentdeterrent to crime

What is good lighting?

The lighting system must furnish highhigh visibility and lowlow glare.

The evennessevenness (balance) of outdoor light is more important than the absolute level.

““TRANSITIONAL Lighting”TRANSITIONAL Lighting”


Too much lightinglighting can be a hazardhazard.

If resultant glare of brightness makes visibilityvisibility difficult, it is hazardous because of the difficulty in seeing clearly in to the surrounding area.



When an individual leaves a brightly lit area and walks into a dark area, his/her visionvision is momentarily reducedreduced and vulnerability increased.




Transitional lighting merely provides a gradualgradual light level change from a brightly lit area to a dark area.

A lower lower light level is employed adjacent to the brightbright area to help provide a safe transition.




The coverage factor is the minimum number of directionsdirections from which a point or area should be lit depending upon the use of the area.

Coverage factor of twotwo is required for parkingparking areas and for protective lighting to reduce the effect of shadows between automobiles, etc.

““COVERAGE FACTOR”COVERAGE FACTOR”



WattWatt – term used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed. LumenLumen – The lamps (light bulbs) used in lighting equipment are rated in lumens. The lumen is frequently used as a term to express the output of a light source. Lumen is actually an expression of a light’s efficiency as measured by lumens per watt.

““DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS””


Foot-candleFoot-candle – This is another unit of illumination. It is defined as the illumination on a surface of a square foot in area on which one lumen of lights is uniformly distributed

KilowattKilowatt: 1000 watts

LPW – Lumen Per WattLPW – Lumen Per Watt

““DEFINITION - Continued”DEFINITION - Continued”



ReflectorReflector – A device used to redirect light by the process of reflection

RefractorRefractor – A glass band, globe, or bowl designed to control the direction of light by using prisms




LuminariesLuminaries – A complete lighting device consisting of a light source, together with its globe, reflector, and housing. The pole, post, or bracket is not considered a part of the luminaries



This term refers to the distributiondistribution of brightnessbrightness and colorcolor rendition in a particular area.

The term is generally used to describe how light can favorably contribute to visual performance, visual comfort, ease, scene, safety, and aesthetics for specific tasks.

““QUALITY OF LIGHTING”QUALITY OF LIGHTING”




The ease with which objects are seen as largely dependent upon four visualvisual factorsfactors.

These factors play an important part when planning effective security lighting.

““VISUAL FACTORS”VISUAL FACTORS”


©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of CSCS-ICJS (2009)©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

Understanding these visual factors is important for designing new buildings or modifying existing buildings.

Keep these four factors in mind when recommending security changes even if it is merely the blueprint that is presented to you for suggestions.

““VISUAL FACTORS”VISUAL FACTORS”


1.1. SizeSize – larger objects are more readily seen and reflectreflect a greater amount of light.

2.2. BrightnessBrightness – bright or light-colored surfaces reflect more lightlight than darkdark colored objects. Brightly polished silver surfaces reflect a greater intensityintensity of light than a dark or tarnished reflector surface.

““4 - VISUAL FACTORS”4 - VISUAL FACTORS”



““4 - VISUAL FACTORS”4 - VISUAL FACTORS”3.3. ContrastContrast – is important in that an

object placed against a strongly contrasting backgroundbackground seems to reflect more light to the eye than when the object and the background are alikealike.

4.4. TimeTime – is critical because it requires less time to seesee accurately under good illuminationillumination than it does with poor lighting



TYPES OF OUTSIDETYPES OF OUTSIDE LIGHTINGLIGHTING

Continuous LightingContinuous Lighting

Emergency LightingEmergency Lighting

Moveable LightingMoveable Lighting

Stand-by LightingStand-by Lighting©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

ContinuousContinuous lightinglighting, the most familiar type of outdooroutdoor security llightingighting

Designed to provide either of two specific results:

greater projectiongreater projection (glare method)

controlled lightingcontrolled lighting.

““CONTINIOUS LIGHTING”CONTINIOUS LIGHTING”



It is described by some security experts as a “barrierbarrier of lightlight” and is particularly effective for lighting

boundariesboundaries around a facility

approachesapproaches to the site.

““CONTINIOUS LIGHTING”CONTINIOUS LIGHTING”


GlareGlare method originated in prisonsprisons and correctionalcorrectional institutions

Continuous Lighting - Continuous Lighting - Cont’dCont’d



Used when light glare does not annoyannoy or interfereinterfere with neighboring or adjacent properties institutions

Limits intrudersintruders ability to see inside a protected area

Strong visualvisual and psychological psychological deterrent

Continues Lighting - Cont’dContinues Lighting - Cont’d



A second type of outside security lighting is stand-by lighting.

Stand-by lighting systems generally consist of continuouscontinuous systems, but are designed for reservereserve or stand-bystand-by use or to supplement continuous systems.

““STANDBY LIGHTING”STANDBY LIGHTING”


These systems are engaged either automatically or manually when the continuous system is inoperative or when there is a need for additional light.

““STANDBY LIGHTING”STANDBY LIGHTING”


©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of CSCS-ICJS (2009)

Permission obtained from FotoSearch to use picture in this presentationPermission obtained from FotoSearch to use picture in this presentation©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

Engaged automaticallyautomatically or manuallymanually for system failure failure or for additional lighting

Most useful to provide selective lightselective light to a particular portion of an area

Standby Lighting - Cont’dStandby Lighting - Cont’d



A third system uses moveable A third system uses moveable lighting hardwarelighting hardware.

This system is manuallymanually operated and usually is made up of moveable searchsearch or floodflood lightslights

Temporary lighting located in selected places.

Also know as portable lighting

“ “ MOVEABLE LIGHTING”MOVEABLE LIGHTING”



Portable lighting hardware Portable lighting hardware (hand-held or can be towed)(hand-held or can be towed)

Adjustable search or flood Adjustable search or flood lights that can be focusedlights that can be focused

Very useful at construction Very useful at construction sites, road-side vehicle search sites, road-side vehicle search stations or entry process stations or entry process points, such as gates to points, such as gates to military installationsmilitary installations

Moveable Lighting - Cont’dMoveable Lighting - Cont’d



The fourth system is The fourth system is emergencyemergency lighting.lighting.

Emergency lights may duplicateduplicate any or all of the other three types of lighting.

Generally, the emergency lighting system is used in time of powerpower failurefailure or other emergenciesother emergencies when other systems are inoperativeinoperative.

““EMERGENCYEMERGENCY LIGHTING” LIGHTING”““EMERGENCYEMERGENCY LIGHTING” LIGHTING”

The unique feature of the The unique feature of the emergency system is that is it emergency system is that is it based on an alternate power based on an alternate power source such assource such as;

–gas-gas-powered generatorgenerator or

–batteriesbatteries.

““EMERGENCYEMERGENCY LIGHTING” LIGHTING”““EMERGENCYEMERGENCY LIGHTING” LIGHTING”



TAKE A 10-MINUTE BREAKTAKE A 10-MINUTE BREAK

TYPES OF LIFGTING TYPES OF LIFGTING SOURCESSOURCES

IncandescentIncandescent

Mercury VaporMercury Vapor

Metal HalideMetal Halide

FluorescentFluorescent

High-Pressure Sodium VaporHigh-Pressure Sodium Vapor

Low-Pressure Sodium VaporLow-Pressure Sodium Vapor©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)


Low initial cost and provide good Low initial cost and provide good color rendition. color rendition.

Short life- span (500 to 10,000 Short life- span (500 to 10,000 hours) and are low in AMP hours) and are low in AMP efficiency (17 to 23 LPW) as efficiency (17 to 23 LPW) as compared to other light sources.compared to other light sources.

High end expensive in operating High end expensive in operating costs. Used in homes and small costs. Used in homes and small lighting systemslighting systems

““CANDESCENT LIGHTING”CANDESCENT LIGHTING”““CANDESCENT LIGHTING”CANDESCENT LIGHTING”


““CANDESCENT LIGHTS”CANDESCENT LIGHTS”““CANDESCENT LIGHTS”CANDESCENT LIGHTS”


Emits a Emits a purplishpurplish--whitewhite color cause color cause by electric current passing by electric current passing through tube of conducting through tube of conducting luminous gas. luminous gas.

Good lumen maintenance and Good lumen maintenance and long life span (24,000 hours) (45-63 long life span (24,000 hours) (45-63 LPW).LPW).

““MERCURY VAPOR”MERCURY VAPOR”““MERCURY VAPOR”MERCURY VAPOR”



Similar in appearance to Mercury Similar in appearance to Mercury vapor but provides a light source vapor but provides a light source of higher luminous efficiency and of higher luminous efficiency and better color rendition. better color rendition.

Rated hours are short when Rated hours are short when compared to 24,000 hours plus of compared to 24,000 hours plus of mercury lamps. Rated at (80-100 mercury lamps. Rated at (80-100 LPW).LPW).

““METAL HALIDE”METAL HALIDE”““METAL HALIDE”METAL HALIDE”

Best source of available street lighting forboth highway safety and crime preventionis Metal Halide!


Good color rendition and high Good color rendition and high lamp efficiency (67 to 83 LPW) as lamp efficiency (67 to 83 LPW) as well as a long life well as a long life (12,000 to 20,000 hours). (12,000 to 20,000 hours).

Temperature sensitive and low Temperature sensitive and low ambient temperatures decrease ambient temperatures decrease their efficiency. their efficiency.

Cannot project light over long Cannot project light over long distances, commonly used distances, commonly used indoors indoors

““FLOURESCENT”FLOURESCENT”““FLOURESCENT”FLOURESCENT”


FLOURESCENTFLOURESCENT



Used for exterior lighting such as Used for exterior lighting such as parking garages used inside for parking garages used inside for commercial and industrial commercial and industrial applications. applications. Constructed on same principal as Constructed on same principal as mercury vapor but emits golden mercury vapor but emits golden white to light pink color (100 to 140 white to light pink color (100 to 140 LPW) life expectancy 24,000 LPW) life expectancy 24,000 hours).hours).

HIGH PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPORSODIUM VAPOR

HIGH PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPORSODIUM VAPOR


High-Pressure Sodium VaporHigh-Pressure Sodium Vapor




Similar in principle to other type Similar in principle to other type vapor lights but provides much vapor lights but provides much brighter LPW ratio (135 to 180) life brighter LPW ratio (135 to 180) life expectancy 18,000 hours. It expectancy 18,000 hours. It distorts or inhibits color rendition.distorts or inhibits color rendition.

““LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LOW PRESSURE SODIUM VAPORVAPOR

““LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LOW PRESSURE SODIUM VAPORVAPOR



Never recommended for all night gasNever recommended for all night gasStations or convenience stores Stations or convenience stores because it distorts color rendition.because it distorts color rendition.


Three methods of automatic light control used to regulate hours of operations are;

TimerTimer

Photoelectrical cell Photoelectrical cell operates a set operates a set of contacts through a pre-set Turn on/off of contacts through a pre-set Turn on/off cycle and responds to light level to turn on cycle and responds to light level to turn on and off.and off.

Motion detectorMotion detector

Automatic Lighting ControlAutomatic Lighting Control


A timer is essentially an electricelectric clockclock which operates a set of contactscontacts through a presetpreset turn on/turn off cyclecycle.

Some timers multi-programmablemulti-programmable turning lights off and on many times within a 24-hour period.

““TIMERTIMER””““TIMERTIMER””


Timers are versatile and used to operate appliances such as radios and televisions as well as lights.

““TIMERTIMER””““TIMERTIMER””




With the photocell, the amount of light falling on the cellcell determines whether the light is off or on.

The photocell works on currentcurrent and resistanceresistance principles.

““PHOTOELECTRICPHOTOELECTRIC””““PHOTOELECTRICPHOTOELECTRIC””


LIGHT SENSORSLIGHT SENSORS


If there is a low light level hitting the photocell, the resistance of the cell is lowered and current flows to energize the light.

As the light level increases, the resistance also increases and cuts off the current turning the light off

““PHOTOELECTRICPHOTOELECTRIC””““PHOTOELECTRICPHOTOELECTRIC””



Flood lights or front door lighting Flood lights or front door lighting now on the commercial market now on the commercial market that have a motion detector built that have a motion detector built into the luminaries and turn the into the luminaries and turn the lights on and off.lights on and off.

““MOTION DETECTOR”MOTION DETECTOR”““MOTION DETECTOR”MOTION DETECTOR”


MOTION DETECTORMOTION DETECTOR


The locationlocation of lights, the directiondirection of beams, and the types of generalgeneral and backupbackup systems that you recommend depends upon a number of variables.

When considering these variables remember cost factors verses security and hit a balance

““GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A LIGHTING SYSTEM”A LIGHTING SYSTEM”

““GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A LIGHTING SYSTEM”A LIGHTING SYSTEM”


These variables include: These variables include: the sizesize for the secured areaarea; the amount of light light needed to adequately protect the facility; the nature of other protectiveprotective systems that the facility is already using; the type & naturetype & nature of the facilityfacility protected.

““GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A LIGHTING SYSTEM”LIGHTING SYSTEM”

““GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A GUIDELINES TO RECOMMENDING A LIGHTING SYSTEM”LIGHTING SYSTEM”

Guidelines to Recommending a Lighting System - continued

As a rule of thumb, consider the following formula:

Approximately oneone to twotwo foot-candles is typical light level for high traffic streets and interchanges

Level of fourfour foot-candles is typical for residential streets.


Guidelines to Recommending a Lighting System - continued

As a rule of thumb, consider the following formula:

Crime deterrent lighting, by comparison, usually approaches a lighting level of 10 foot-candles.


Mounting HeightsMounting heightsheights selected for outdoor lighting can have a significant impact on the costcost and qualityquality of the illuminationillumination provided.

HigherHigher mounting heights permit use of higherhigher wattagewattage light sources which are more efficient and so lessless costly to operate.



Mounting HeightsUsing higher wattagehigher wattage light sources also means that fewerfewer of them are needed.

EfficiencyEfficiency cannot becannot be the only factor considered in selecting a mounting height or device.

The suitabilitysuitability of the techniquestechniques must be assessed first.




Mounting Heights - continued

Thus, while taller polespoles are more expensiveexpensive, their additional cost may be offset because fewerfewer poles are needed.

Cost is offset by life-cycleCost is offset by life-cycle economies resulting from lower lamplamp operating costcost and reducedreduced maintenance requirement.





QQUUEESSTTIIOONNSS

1. Define watt, lumen, and foot-candle.

2. Distinguish the difference between the following types of light sources:A. IncandescentB. Mercury vaporC. FluorescentD. Low and high-pressure sodium vapor

3. Define photoelectric cell and timer.4. What is a lumen?5. What is LPW mean?

DEFINE & PROCESSDEFINE & PROCESS


SOURCESSOURCESHandbook of Loss Prevention and Crime Prevention (Fourth Edition) Lawrence J. Fennelly.

Healy, Richard J. Design for Security. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 142-144, 151. The discussion on types of lighting was drawn entire from this publication. It should be noted that all reference to residential lighting was added to the discussion by Koepsell-Girard and Associates.

Conservation and Crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Government printing Office, 16. Light Concepts for Conservation #123.

Siemon, Joyce and Larry Vardell. “A Bright Answer to the Crime and Energy Question”.


Contact InformationContact Information

INSTITUTE for CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES350 N. Guadalupe, Suite 140, PMB 164

San Marcos, Texas 78666.

512-245-6232 www.criminaljusticestudies.com

©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

http://www.criminaljusticestudies.com/

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Crime Prevention Part I SECURITY LIGHTING ©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Curriculum Part I is the intellectual property of ICJS (2010)