CriminalProcedureExamNotesMML218

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TableofContents

IntroductionandCriminalJurisdictionsofCourts.........................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.TheCriminalProcessGenerally...............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SourcesofLaw........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.MajorThemesrelatingtoCriminalProcedure........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.RighttoaFairTrial..................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.TheRulesofEvidence.............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ConceptofEvidence.............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Admissibilityofevidence......................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Relevance.............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ExclusionaryRules................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Judicialdiscretiontoexcludeprejudicialevidence...............................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

CriminalJurisdictionsofCourts......................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OriginalCriminalJurisdiction...................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

OriginalCriminalJurisdiction-Magistrates'Court...............................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OriginalCriminalJurisdiction-Children'sCourt...................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OriginalCriminalJurisdiction-CountyCourt........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OriginalCriminalJurisdiction-SupremeCourt.....................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OriginalCriminalJurisdiction-HighCourt...........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

AppellateCriminalJurisdiction................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Summaryvs.IndictableOffences............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Sentencing...............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.VictorianPenaltyScale............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CommittalProceedings...........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

CommencementofCriminalProceedings.....................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ThePowertoArrest................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PrevisionsprovidingthepowertoArrestWithoutaWarrant..............Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ArrestwithaWarrant.............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Provisionsprovidingproceduretoarrestwithawarrant.....................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Provisionsprovidingpowertoissueanarrestwarrant........................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ElementsofaLawfulArrest....................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.DeprivationofLiberty...........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CommunicationofArrest.....................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

UseofForce............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.EntryintoPremises.................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PowertoEnter......................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CommencementProceedings.................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

StatuteofLimitations...........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.HowtocommenceProceedings...........................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SearchandSeizure.........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.TypesofSearches....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SearchofaPerson...................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Consent.................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.PursuanttoArrest................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SearchesWithoutaWarrant...................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SearchofaPersonWithoutaWarrant................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SearchofaPremisesWithoutaWarrant.............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SearchesWithaWarrant........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SearchofaPersonWithaWarrant......................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

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ConsequencesofObtainingEvidenceIllegally........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SearchofaPersonWithoutaWarrant...................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Bail...................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Overview.................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Bail........................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Bailconditions......................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Remand................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

BreachofBail..........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.TheAgreement.....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ForensicProceduresandFingerprinting......................................................................................6Definitions(asofsection464oftheCrimesAct):..................................................................................7Fingerprints............................................................................................................................................8

InformedConsent...............................................................................................................................9PoliceAuthorisation.........................................................................................................................10CourtOrder...........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.InterimOrder........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CompulsoryProceduresonChildrenAbove10butUnder18...............Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Compulsoryprocedure............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Afterconviction....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Admissibilityinevidence.......................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ReasonableForce....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PoliceQuestioning..........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.RighttoSilence........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

RighttoSilence:Pre-Custody................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.RighttoSilence:inCustody..................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Cautioning............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PoliceRegulations...................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.FailuretoCaution....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.RighttoSilenceatTrial............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.QuestioningPersonsinPoliceCustody...................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

WhenaPersonisinCustody................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ProtectionsgiventothoseinCustody.....................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Theymustbecautionedthattheyhavetherighttoremainsilentandthatanythingsaidordonemaybegiveninevidenceagainstthem:..............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Theymustbeinformedtheyhavearighttocommunicatewithafriendorrelativeand/oralegalpractitioner:..........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ExceptionstotheRighttoCommunicate.............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Theymustbeinformedtheyhavetherighttoaninterpreter:.............Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Failuretoprovideaccesstoaninterpreter...........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Theymustbeinformed(iftheyarenotcitizensorpermanentresidentsofAustralia)theyhavetherighttohavetheassistanceofaconsularofficial:...............................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Theymustbeinformed(ifunder17)theyhavetherighttocommunicatewithparent/guardianorindependentpersonandhavethatpersonpresentduringtheinterview:.........Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Failuretoinformapersonoftheserights............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

RecordingofPoliceQuestioning.............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Whomustberecorded?.......................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.RecordingConfessionsandAdmissions................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Suspectrefusingtoberecorded...........................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Admissions..............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

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IdentificationEvidence...................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Definitions...............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.AdmissibilityvsDirections.......................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.JudicialDiscretiontoExcludeIdentificationEvidence............................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Voluntariness........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Threatofforce......................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.PublicPolicyDiscretion.........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Fairness................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

UnfairPrejudicialEffectExceedsProbativeValue..................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.IdentificationEvidence............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PolicePhotographingofSuspects........................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Whenisitokaynottohaveanidentificationparade?.........................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

VisualIdentificationEvidence.................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.BasicRule.............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

PictureIdentificationEvidence...............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.OpinionEvidenceandIdentificationEvidence........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.WarningsaboutIdentificationEvidence.................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

TrialofIndictableOffences............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CommittalProceedings...........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Hand-upBrief.......................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CrossExamination................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.DirectionsHearing................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.WhenDoesaTrialFormallyCommence?.............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Pleasbytheaccused...............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Pleadingguiltytoanalternativeoffence.............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ChangingaPlea....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

DoubleJeopardy.....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.DPPandtheCourtofAppeal...................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

TaintedAcquittal..................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.FreshandCompellingEvidence-Acquittal..........................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Administrationofjusticeoffence..........................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

MachineryofProsecution..............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.DecisiontoProsecute..............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.PlaceofTrial............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ThePowertoChangethePlaceofaTrial.............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.JointTrial.................................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Plea-Negotiation.....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Sentence-Negotiation.............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

SentenceIndicationSchemes...............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.SentencingDiscountforpleadingguilty...............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

TheJurySystem..............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.BackgroundintotheJury........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

RoleoftheJury.....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.FunctionsoftheJury.............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

ThoseDisqualifiedfromservingasJurors...............................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ThoseIneligiblefromservingasJurors...................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ThoseExcludedfromservingasJurors...................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.JurySelection..........................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

Pre-TrialJurySelection.........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.AtTrialJurySelection...........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

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Challenges...............................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.ForCauseChallenges............................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.PeremptoryChallenges........................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.CrownsrighttostandJurorsAside.......................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

UnanimousorMajorityVerdict...............................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.NumberofJurors....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

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ForensicProceduresandFingerprintingThereisnopoweratcommonlawforpolicetoconductphysicalexaminationoridentificationparadesortakebodysamples,fingerprintsorvoiceexemplarswithoutaperson'sconsent.Policeareonlyabletotakephotographsofasuspectforidentificationpurposes-butnotbodyparts.

Therearetwostepsinconductingaforensicprocedure:1. First,byrequestingorapplyingforone2. Secondly,havingallowed/authorised/orderedone

ForensicProcedures

Intimate

Sampleofpublichair

Bloodsample

Non-Intimate

Scrapingsfromunderfingernails

Hairsample(non-pubic)

Fingerprinting

ForensicProcedure

Suspect

Suspectedonreasonablegrounds,charged,

summonsedforanindictable

offence

Reasonablegroundstobelieve

Confirmsordisprovesthe

suspectsinvolvements

IndictableOffence

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CrimesAct1958-Section464RForensicprocedureonadult

(1)Apoliceofficermayrequestasuspecttoundergoaforensicprocedureonlyiftherearereasonablegroundstobelievethattheprocedurewouldtendtoconfirmordisprovetheinvolvementofthesuspectinthecommissionofanindictableoffenceandthesuspect—

(a)issuspectedonreasonablegroundsofhavingcommittedtheindictableoffence;or(b)hasbeenchargedwiththeindictableoffence;or(c)hasbeensummonsedtoanswertoachargefortheindictableoffence.

Thingstothinkaboutinthecontextoffingerprintingandforensicprocedures:• Whatmustbesatisfiedbeforemakingarequest?• Whatmustbesatisfiedbeforetheforensicprocedureisauthorised?• Whomayauthoriseit?• Whatinformationhastobeprovidedtothesuspect?• Doestheprovisionofthatinformation(orresponsestoquestionsasked)havetoberecorded?• Doesitapplytosuspectsofanycrime,oronlycertaincrimes?• Doesanyonehavetobepresentduringtheforensicprocedure?• Canreasonableforcebeused?• Doesthesuspecthaveanopportunitytoopposetheforensicprocedure?• Howlongcanthesamplebekept?• Whatistheeffectofnon-compliancewiththeprocess?

Definitions(asofsection464oftheCrimesAct):ForensicProcedure:Meansthetakingofasamplefromanypartofthebody,whetheranintimateornon-intimatesampleoranyothertypeofsample,ortheconductofanyprocedureonphysicalexaminationofthebodybutdoesnotincludethetakingofafingerprintIntimateSample:a. Abloodsampleb. Asampleofpubichairincludingtherootifrequiredc. Aswab,washingorsampletakenfromtheexternalgenitaloranalregionofamaleorfemale

orfromthebreastofafemaled. Asampleofsalivae. Ascrapingtakenfromthemouthf. Adentalimpression

Non-IntimateSample:a. Asampleofhair,otherthanpubichair,includingtherootifrequiredb. Asampleofmattertakenfromunderafingernailortoenailc. Aswab,washingorsampletakenfromanyexternalpartofthebodyotherthanthegenitalor

analregionofamaleorfemaleorthebreastofafemaleTherelevancebetween'intimate'and'non-intimate':• Thepowerofseniorpoliceofficertorequirenon-intimatesamples• Requirementtofilmintimateprocedureandtohaveanindependentmedicalpractitioner

present

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Fingerprints

Generally,forsuspects≥15years,policemaytakefingerprintifthesuspect:

a. IsbelievedonreasonablegroundstohavecommittedOR

b. beenchargedwithOR

c. summonsedtoansweracharge

foranindictableoffenceorasummaryoffencelistedinSchedule7oftheCrimesAct1958(Vic)

Schedule7:SummaryOffencesforwhichapersonmaybefingerprinted:

1. Wherethemaximumpenaltyisorincludesaperiodofimprisonment.

2. Offenceundersection3(2)or3(4)oftheCourtSecurityAct1980.

3. Offenceundersection6(2)oftheControlofWeaponsAct1990.

4. Offenceundersection36AoftheDrugs,PoisonsandControlledSubstancesAct1981.

5. Offenceundersection97ofthePoliceRegulationAct1958.

6. AnoffenceunderspecifiedsectionsofthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsAct1986.

ForensicProcedure

Informedconsent

Suspects464R(2)(a)

Volunteers464ZGB

Policeauthorisation

Non-intimateprocedures464SA

Courtorder

Intimateprocedure

Forensicsampleoffence

Personaged10-18yrs

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WatkinsvStateofVictoria[2010]VSCA138UseofForce

Facts: • Watkin'sgirlfriendwenttothepolicestationtocomplainthathehadstolenfromherandassaultedher

• Laterthatdayhewentintothepolicestationvoluntarilylookingforhisgirlfriend • Hewasarrested,cautionedandsearched&chargedwithassultand

theft/intentionallycausinginjury.Policeofficerrequestedhisfingerprintstobetaken.Herefused

• Butthetimeheleft,hehadsufferedextensiveinjuries • Policeallegedlawfuluseofreasonableforcewasusedgettinghisfingerprints.But

Watkinssuedintortforassultandclaimeddamages

Issue: Wastherealawfuluseofforce?Orwasitunlawful?

Held: AppealbyWatkinswassuccessful-CourtofAppealHeld:PolicehadunlawfullyassaultedWbecause:• Noauthorisationoftheuseofforce(contrarytos464K(7);theonlypurported

authorisationwasafalsedocumentpreparedthedayaftertheassault(andbackdated).AuthorisationmustbeattimeofrequestforfingerprintsNOTBackdated

• s464Krenderslawfulwhatwouldotherwisebeunlawful(assault)‘theprocedureslaiddownbys464Kshouldberigorouslyadheredto’[46]breachmeantthat3POswerenotentitledtousereasonableforceintakingW’sfingerprints

InformedConsent

CrimesAct1958-Section464SInformedConsent

(1)Apersongivesinformedconsenttoarequesttoundergoaforensicprocedureifheorsheconsentstotherequestafterapoliceofficerinformsthepersoninlanguagelikelytobeunderstoodbytheperson—

(a)ofthepurposeforwhichtheprocedureisrequired;and(b)ofthenatureoftheproceduresoughttobeconducted;and(c)thatthepersonmayrequestthattheprocedurebeconductedbyorinthepresenceofamedicalpractitionerornurseormidwifeofhisorherchoiceor,wheretheprocedureisthetakingofadentalimpression,adentistofhisorherchoice;and(d)oftheoffencewhichthepersonissuspectedofhavingcommittedorwithwhichthepersonhasbeenchargedorforwhichthepersonhasbeensummonsedtoanswertoacharge;and(e)thattheprocedurecouldproduceevidencetobeusedinacourt;and(f)thatthepersonmayrefusetoundergotheprocedure;and(g)wherethesampleorexaminationsoughtmaybeobtainedbyacompulsoryprocedureandthepersonrefusestoundergotheprocedure,thatanapplicationmaybemadetotheMagistrates'Courtforanorderauthorisingtheconductoftheprocedure;and(h)wherethesampleorexaminationsoughtmaybeobtainedbyanon-intimatecompulsoryprocedurewithinthemeaningofsection464SAandthepersonrefusestoconsenttotheprocedure,thataseniorpoliceofficermayauthorisetheconductoftheprocedure.

Theprovisionofthisinformationneedstoberecorded.

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PoliceAuthorisation

CrimesAct1958-Section464SASeniorpoliceofficermayauthorisenon-intimatecompulsoryprocedureforcertainadults

(2)Aseniorpoliceofficerwhoisnotinvolvedininvestigatingtheoffenceforwhichthecompulsoryprocedureisrequiredmayauthorisetheconductofanon-intimatecompulsoryprocedureonapersoniftheseniorpoliceofficerissatisfiedthat—

(a)thepersonisarelevantsuspectwhois—(i)underlawfularrestbywarrant;or(ii)underlawfularrestundersection458or459oraprovisionofanyotherAct;or(iii)inthecustodyofaninvestigatingofficialinaccordancewithanorderoftheMagistrates'Courtundersection464B(5)and,atthetimeoftheapplicationforthatorder,thepersonwasheldinaprisonorpolicegaol;and

(b)thepersonisnotundertheageof18years;and(c)thepersonisnotincapableofgivinginformedconsentbyreasonofmentalimpairment;and(d)thepersonhasrefusedtogiveconsenttoarequestundersection464R(1);and(e)therearereasonablegroundstobelievethatthepersonhascommittedtheoffenceinrespectofwhichtheauthorisationissought

Beforetheprocedureiscontinued,thepoliceofficermustinformthesuspectofcertainthings:• Anauthorisationhasbeengiven• Thatreasonableforcecanbeused

Policeauthorisation

ForensicProcedure

Snr POnotinvolvedininvestigation ≥Snr Sgt:

s464(2)

NON-INTIMATE:s464(2)

Relevantsuspect:s464(2)

Underarrestorincustody

Refusedconsent

Reasonablegroundstobelievesuspect

committedoffence

Inallthecircumstancs

justified