CRISIS RESPONSEVOL:13 | ISSUE:4 | AUGUST 2018 WWW.CRISIS-RESPONSE.COM J O U R N A L

P R O T E C T I O N | P R E V E N T I O N | P R E P A R E D N E S S | R E S P O N S E | R E S I L I E N C E | R E C O V E R Y

Humanitarian cargo logistics; Interviews with Waze & DJI; Social media & resilient communities; Data breaches & reporting dilemmas; Modelling critical infrastructure

interdependencies; Maritime future of urban disaster response; Situational prevention & terrorism; Urban resilience in Skopje; Fake alarms & mass alerts; Hybrid attacks

TRAVEL SAFETY RECOGNISING RISKS & HOSTILE SITUATIONS

News ���������������������������������������������������4

CommentDaring to be different �����������������������������8Kirsty McKinlay-Stewart says that now is the time to tell as many people as possible how CRJ, together with its international family of experts, can work together, navigating the choppy waters of crises as we go

Closing the gap ����������������������������������� 10Robert Fagan explores how the concept of operationalising resilience helps first responders to be ready for the impact and surge of an event in the face of acute stress and trauma

ResilienceCommunity cohesion ���������������������������� 14Dennis Davis examines how a disenfranchised and vulnerable community has evolved with cohesion and solidarity after the Grenfell Tower fire

Growing resilience ������������������������������� 16Emily Hough speaks to Deborah Higgins, Head of the UK Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College, to discover her views on resilience, leadership and communities

Cascading consequences ���������������������� 18Donya Hajializadeh announces a predictive model that uses resilience-driven decisions to provide key hazard scenarios for use in consequence planning and risk management

Committing to change ��������������������������� 20Rade Rajkovchevski and Zoran Dorevski look at Skopje’s involvement in an urban resilience project that seeks to mitigate city risks in the face of climate change

Rohingya refugee crisis ������������������������ 24James McArthur and Jörg Szarzynski look at how geospatial technology is helping to make refugee camps safer

Psychosocial care in Syria ��������������������� 28Erika Wichrow says that creative thinking, problem solving, inclusive dialogue, trust-capacity-resilience building, accelerated holistic healing and reconstruction are vital to ensure no one is left behind

Closure after disasters ������������������������� 30Jay Levinson and Abraham Domb look at helping bereaved people who have lost their loved ones in mass casualty disasters

Maritime urban disaster response ����������� 32Brittany L Card and David P Polatty contend that naval forces will increasingly play a critical role in supporting response activities in major disasters

Globalism and world security ����������������� 36Globalism is essential to make the world a safer place, says Monique M Chouraeshkenazi, but more work is needed

Security & TerrorismSituational prevention��������������������������� 40Brian Dillon explains that situational prevention should be considered for more than target hardening

Hybrid warfare as a societal threat ���������� 43We are seeing symptoms of a new societal security environment, according to Ørjan Karlsson

Societal resilience and malicious actors � 44Christo Motz interviews Itay Gil on public preparedness for terrorist and marauding firearms attacks

False alarms and mass alerts ����������������� 48What happens when mass warning messages are made in error, or are deliberately faked? Lina Kolesnikova investigates

Data breaches and disclosure ���������������� 52So, you have had a data breach. Do you fix it and keep quiet, or tell the world and risk the consequences? Tony Jaques discusses

Editor in ChiefEmily Houghemily@crisis-response.com

Business Development DirectorKirsty McKinlay-Stewartkirsty@crisis-response.com

Global Operations DirectorDavid Stewartdavid @crisis-response.com

Design & ProductionChris Petticanchris@crisis-response.com

News and Blog researchLina KolesnikovaLina@crisis-response.com

Web Support Neil Moultrieneil@crisis-response.com

Proofreading assistanceClaire Sanders

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Published by Crisis Management Limited, Sondes Place Farm, Westcott Road, Dorking RH4 3EB, UKCOPYRIGHT Crisis Management Limited 2018. Articles published may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission.Printed in England by The Manson Group, UKISSN 1745-8633

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August 2018 | vol:13 | issue:4

contents

CRJ: Daring to be different p8 Rohingya refugees p24

2 Resources, links, pictures, videos and much more are available for subscribers in our digital and online editions www.crisis-response.com

Charles Taylor | 123rf Roger LeMoyne | Unicef

Online enforcement ������������������������������ 54Jason Daniels looks at how partnerships and collaboration are helping to keep consumers safe from dangerous and fraudulent products

Humanitarian cargo logisticsExploring complex interactions �������������� 56Nicola Webb, Stuart Smith and Emily Hough report on a fascinating round-table event, hosted by Volga-Dnepr at the Farnborough International Airshow

Logistical challenges ���������������������������� 58Stuart Lane outlines some of the challenges encountered by small, start-up disaster response organisations

Global aviation resource hub ������������������ 60Emily Hough speaks to Pauli Immonen of Aviation sans Frontières to learn more about how it can help during the complex interaction between NGOs and the aviation cargo industry after a disaster

Big data and analytics��������������������������� 62The humanitarian sector has a great opportunity to apply the advances pioneered by the commercial world, writes David Prior

Travel risk managementBeyond the smoke and mirrors ��������������� 66Lloyd Figgins discusses how to make employees – and employers – more risk intelligent when it comes to travel

Low threat, high fear ���������������������������� 70International travel and tourism are still growing, despite political instability, terrorism and crises, says Rob McAlister. But what are the effects of these events in terms of sector resilience?

Beware the negligence trap ������������������� 74International employers are potentially liable for the safety of their staff, wherever they are. Richard C Pendry asks, is your organisation up to scratch?

Spotting trouble ����������������������������������� 78Casey Brunelle recounts the story of the Airport Watch programme and the invaluable support that volunteers provide at airports

Travel risk planning ������������������������������ 81Paul Higgins provides details of essential research that everybody should undertake before travelling abroad, whether for business or pleasure

Survival packing ���������������������������������� 82Colin McGowan and Mike Greville say you should be constantly alert to avoid danger, and make sure you have a plan to survive

Air crash in Nepal �������������������������������� 84Peter McMahon speaks to Suneeta Bhardwaj about lessons learnt after a major accident occurred at Tribhuvan International Airport

CRJ R&DThe sky’s not the limit ��������������������������� 88Romeo Durscher of drone giant DJI speaks to Emily Hough about drones being used in safety and security applications

Social ties ������������������������������������������ 92Danaë Metaxa, Paige Maas and Daniel P Aldrich describe how they worked with Facebook, using geolocation data to understand evacuation, based on the structure of people’s social networks

Reducing congestion, saving lives ���������� 94Emily Hough interviews Avichai Bakst from Waze to trace the journey of this crowdsourced, community-driven app and how it is now helping emergency responders

RegularsEvents������������������������������������������������ 96Frontline �������������������������������������������� 98An interview by Claire Sanders with Peter Kohler, founder of the Plastic Tide

The UK’s Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee has published

its first interim report on its Disinformation and Fake News Inquiry, with its findings confirming the creeping, yet acute malaise that so many have been feeling for so long. Damian Collins, MP, Chair of the Committee, noted: “We are facing nothing less than a crisis in our democracy – based on the systemic manipulation of data to support the relentless targeting of citizens, without their consent, by campaigns of disinformation and messages of hate.”

We all know rumours and fake news are easily spread and rapidly amplified online, and they can have appalling consequences – on p3 you can read how false allegations spread on a social messaging app, have contributed to mob attacks and murders in India.

The interim report notes that murky forces have attempted to influence many elections around the world. Indeed, disinformation has been called an “active threat” and is a tactic of unconventional warfare in its use of technology to disrupt, magnify and distort our views of the truth. On p43 Ørjan Karlsson discusses such hybrid warfare and attacks.

There are even more disturbing implications to this manipulation and malign influence, as Lina Kolesnikova notes on p46. She reveals how false alarms in mass warning systems could create panic, mistrust or even galvanise specific groups into acts of civil unrest or revolution. Whether accidental or deliberate, the consequences could be dire.

Along with the documented human tragedies of this pernicious trend, the values of trust and truth are also significant casualties.

So, what can be done to counter this tsunami of disinformation and misinformation? As a start, we all need to rediscover our natural scepticism. We need to question, check facts and overcome our ingrained biases to believe what we want to believe. The Committee report is correct to say that digital literacy should become the “fourth pillar of education” alongside reading, writing and maths.

No single body can reclaim the narrative of truth and transparency alone. It behoves us all – governments, organisations, institutions, service providers, the media and, critically, individuals– to work together. Or else we risk entering an age of denialism, characterised by sociologist Keith Kahn-Harris as: “A dystopian vision of a world unmoored, in which nothing can be taken for granted and no one can be trusted.” And this truly would be a global crisis of epic magnitude.

contents comment

Maritime & urban response p32 Humanitarian logistics p58

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Cover story: Travel risk & security

Cover image: Nick Lowndes

Kaitlyn E Eads | US Navy Team Rubicon

Get your packing list togetherSo, you’re off on an assignment abroad. You may have done this hundreds of times before, but familiarity can breed contempt – you should still be constantly alert to avoid danger, on and off duty. And always make sure you have a plan to survive, according to Colin McGowan and Mike Greville

As other articles in this issue have outlined, you must do your homework on your destination. The UK’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) issues travel advice on 225 countries and territories,

giving frequently updated information on safety and security, terrorism, local laws and customs, entry requirements, health, natural disasters, money, sources of help and support and emergency service phone numbers.

The US Bureau of Consular Affairs similarly profiles 208 destinations, of which 31 are currently ranked Level 4 (‘Do not travel’) or Level 3 (‘Reconsider’). The UK shares Level 2 status (‘Exercise increased caution’) with Sierre Leone, Spain, France, Bangladesh, Mexico, Ukraine and another 42 countries. The UK’s terrorism threat status remains ‘Severe’ – one step down from the highest possible level – and is expected to stay at this level until 2020. You need not be travelling to a premier-league danger zone to be at risk.

Globally, online extremists are inciting would-be terrorists remotely to carry out low-tech lone wolf attacks. The time span between planning an atrocity and executing it is shrinking. It can be a matter of days, making counter-terrorist interception increasingly harder.

For the traveller heading to one of the Level 2 or 3 destinations, good personal safety advice is easy to find (if not always so easy to put into action when crisis strikes).

Not all online governmental guidance is about terror attacks – you will find out about driving standards. For example, the FCO describes them as poor in Afghanistan and erratic in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories. This is significant because a remote road crash, where rescue services might take hours to arrive, could leave you bleeding to death. Have a contingency in place and carry a compact trauma kit to deal with catastrophic bleeding and penetrating wounds. And learn to use it before you need to. It can also save a life if the injury is from a stabbing, shooting or explosion.

Likewise, packing a lightweight device for breaching a sealed window can allow you to escape from a crashed vehicle or a building under attack.

Vigilance and sound security measures will reduce your risk of coming to harm. But, if disaster strikes, your survival will be down to you. In many parts of the world,

rescuers normally will not be allowed into a hot zone until it’s been declared safe. In a siege situation, that can take hours. Casualties may not survive such a long wait.

When gunmen stormed the Bataclan concert hall in Paris on November 13, 2015, they held the audience hostage for nearly three hours, claiming 89 lives before the security forces launched their counter-attack. When the mobile medical teams were finally able to enter, the demand for tourniquets was so high, they came back without their belts.

By contrast, lives were saved after last May’s Manchester Arena bombing in the UK, because the hot zone protocol was breached. In his review of the emergency response, Lord Kerslake praised the decision to allow emergency staff and members of the public to remain in the foyer while it was still a hot zone (CRJ 13:3).

“When protocols become too constraining,” he said, “there is immense value in empowering and enabling responders to deal with incidents using situationally aware, informed and risk-assessed initiative.”

There’s no guarantee when or if that advice will be followed, or if his call for more first-aid training for members of the public, including children, will be heeded (see p44).

However, crisis managers have been waking up to the evidence that the most critical agents in responding to a disaster are not the trained blue-light personnel but the ‘zero responders’ on the scene at the time of the incident.

With the right training and equipment, staff at higher risk of a strategic attack – travellers to hostile territories as well as those employed in entertainment venues, stadiums, hotels, shopping malls, rail stations, airports and so on – can survive and save others.

The standard-issue first-aid kit is not up to the extreme injuries inflicted in a violent attack. Manchester Arena now has advanced first-aid kits; it’s to be hoped other venues are following suit. These kits should be portable so they can be grabbed at a moment’s notice and taken to a place where casualties can be treated in safety.

When a working trip abroad calls for heightened security and resilience, you should have a compact emergency grab bag to keep with you all the time.

When you’re abroad, always be aware of your surroundings. Remain alert to anything or anyone

AuthorsCOLIN MCGOWAN, former head of emergency planning for

Strathclyde Police, is managing director of Foresee Associates, a resilience and training consultancy delivering emergency planning, training and response in the public, private, government and international sectors.

MICHAEL GREVILLE founded UK training organisation Salvas

Learning in 2009, after a 30 year career with the police. Salvas specialises in terrorist-attack survival, workplace violence reduction, personal safety, and conflict resolution

n www.foresee-associates.com; www.salvas.co.uk; www.runhidesurvive.com

82 Resources, links, pictures, videos and much more are available for subscribers in our digital and online editions www.crisis-response.com

that seems out of place and report any concerns to the local security authorities. Be vigilant in busy public areas and places that attract foreigners. When you go out, tell someone you trust where you are going and when you’ll be back. Avoid routines that make you an easy target.

Wherever you are, take note of emergency exits, where they lead and whether there’s emergency lighting. Identify places to find refuge in an emergency. Don’t linger in the non-airside areas of airports.

Should the worst happen, be prepared for normality bias. You’ll witness it around you: people in denial, unable to take in the enormity of a horrific event and slow to think and act decisively. You’re less likely to succumb if an action plan is filed in your brain from practical training. That’s what saved nearly 2,700 Morgan Stanley staff on the morning of 9/11: they had a well rehearsed evacuation drill to follow, while others in the stricken Twin Towers lost vital time in denial mode.

Make your mantra Run, Hide, Survive. n Run: escape if you safely can. If you’ve checked out your

exits you’ll know where they lead and how safe they are. Insist others leave with you. Call the police immediately.

n Hide: if you can’t escape, the next best thing is to grab your emergency bag and find a room with a door you can lock, wedge or barricade with heavy objects. Hide behind solid objects that will slow bullets. Keep silent – no vibrating phones. Darken the room to make it look empty. Stay clear of doorways and windows; attackers frequently fire through them.

n Survive: Treat life-threatening injuries. Call the police when you safely can.

Your emergency grab bag should contain:

l Travel documents: itinerary, passport(s), a laminated copy of your driver’s licence, insurance papers;

l Hotel and emergency contact details; l A spare cheap cell phone, charged and in credit,

with emergency contacts on the memory and SIM (you can send a text with just a 2G connection);

l Cell phone charger and power bank; l Personal medication and spare eyewear; l Various means of payment – cards

and US$100 in cash; l Food and water; l Personal protective equipment (PPE) for

hands, eyes and mouth (it’s reckoned fatalities from exposure to dust and gasses around the 9/11 site will outstrip the immediate 2,606 death toll in another two years);

l Devices to break sealed windows, and to lock and secure doors;

l Torch/flashlight and whistle; and l Trauma kit to control catastrophic

bleeding and penetrating wounds

1enchik | 123rf

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