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DETERIOGENIC CYANOBACTERIA ON HISTORIC
BUILDINGS DETECTED BY CULTURE AND
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES
Cezar A. Crispim 1, Peter M. Gaylarde 1, Christine C. Gaylarde 1,
Brett A. Neilan 2
1MIRCEN/Soils Dept., Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Brazil, e-mail [email protected]; 2University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria, PCR, dendrogram, biodeterioration, historic buildings
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Abstract
There are few modern analyses of the cyanobacterial communities in biofilms on
external surfaces of buildings. As the classification of cyanobacteria is rapidly
changing, we aimed to identify them on historic buildings in Brazil using both
traditional and molecular techniques. In mature biofilms, cyanobacteria of sub-sections I
and II were generally the major biomass; occasionally filamentous genera
(Scytonemataceae, Microchaetaceae and Rivularaceae) were dominant. Using culture
techniques, mainly filamentous organisms of sub-sections III and IV were isolated. PCR
products from morphologically identified organisms using cyanobacteria-specific 16S
rDNA primers were sequenced. Homologies with deposited sequences were generally
low. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the positions of many of the isolates in the
dendrogram were deeply-rooted. The results show that cyanobacteria on external walls
of historic buildings in Southern Brazil are considerably different from the majority of
those whose DNA sequences that have been deposited in data banks, which are mainly
from aquatic cyanobacteria.
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Introduction
Microbial biofilms on the external walls of buildings cause aesthetic deterioration and
degradation of the structure through production of acidic/alkaline conditions, retention
of humidity and differential heat absorption by coloured surface deposits [17]. When the
buildings are of architectural or historical importance, the resultant losses are not merely
economic, but involve the cultural heritage of a people.
Microrganisms found on external walls are algae, fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes,
myxomycetes and protozoa [5]. Of these, cyanobacteria and fungi usually consitute the
major biomass and can cause degradation of stone by the production of aggressive acid
or alkaline metabolites and surfactants, as well as by physical penetration of the cells
into the substrate [8].
Previous work has indicated that cyanobacteria constitute the major biomass on external
surfaces of ancient stone structures [7, 16]. Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative
photosynthetic prokaryotes that occur in both filamentous and coccoid forms. Some are
capable of fixing nitrogen. As a group, they are particularly resistant to desiccation and
high levels of UV-light [2, 3], giving them a distinct advantage over many other
organisms on exposed surfaces. The resistance to UV is generally associated with the
production of protective pigments, which adds to the deteriorative characteristics of the
biofilm. Cyanobacteria can also be found growing endolithically in stone buildings (See
Gaylarde & Gaylarde, these proceedings) and this leads to degradation of the structure
from within.
We report here the results of investigations on the presence of cyanobacteria, as well as
other photosynthetic microorganisms, on historic buildings in Brazil and try to relate
their presence to the biodeterioration process.
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Materials and Methods
Samples were taken from the external surfaces of the buildings using the non-
destructive adhesive tape sampling method of Gaylarde & Gaylarde [4]. Where obvious
degradation was present, small samples of the material could also be collected for
detection of endoliths. Samples were placed on plates of Modified Knops Medium
(MKM, [4]). They were examined after a few hours of rehydration on this medium,
using a binocular microscope and the lower power objectives of an optical microscope.
This allowed the identification of the major biomass in the biofilms. Plates were then
incubated at 25C with constant illumination for up to 8 weeks. Cyanobacteria were
isolated by micromanipulation and repeated subculture on both solid and liquid MKM.
Cyanobacteria in rehydrated biofilms and in culture were identified by traditional
morphological methods [1, 12]. Cyanobacteria were also identified by molecular
techniques [6]. Single colonies from solid medium, or DNA extracted from isolates,
were subjected to 16S rDNA PCR using the universal forward primer, 27F1, and the
cyanobacteria-specific reverse primer, 408R, [14, 15] and the PCR products sequenced
by the University of New South Wales Genomic Analysis Facility. The sequences were
submitted to the BLAST facility (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) and nearest matches
conforming to the morphological appearance of the cells recorded. Dendrograms were
constructed for the isolate sequences, along with sequences from the BLAST databases,
using the CLUSTAL-X programme [10] and bootstrap with 1000 comparisons.
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Results and Discussion
The cyanobacteria detected in the biofilms are shown in Table 1. The major biomass on
the external surfaces was almost invariably cyanobacteria of subsections I and II, that is,
the coccoid and colonial types. Subsection I cells were also found growing
endolithically. This confirms previous reports [7 ,16]. Many of these genera have been
shown to be capable of boring into natural stone, the Pleurocapsa -group [13],
Synechocystis and Gloeocapsa , as have the filamentous genera, Stigonema , Schizothrix
[11], Scytonema [9] and Mastigocladus [1]. All these genera, apart from Stigonema ,
were detected in our samples, indicating the deteriorative nature of the biofilms.
The dendrogram constructed from the sequences is shown in Fig. 1. Twenty three PCR
products were sequenced and these are indicated in the Fig. 1 as numbers, rather than by
their presumptive identifications, to allow easy comparison with the sequences obtained
from the BLAST databases.
The dendrograms show that the cyanobacteria detected in this study, although they often
conform reasonably well in their morphology to the nearest neighbour group, are
frequently a considerable distance from it. For example, sequences 28 and 32,
morphologically identical and typical of Plectonema , have almost identical sequences to
one another, but are very distant from their nearest sister group, which contains
Leptolyngbya , Phormidium and Plectonema . This shows that morphologically diverse
organisms like these 3 genera may cluster in the dendrogram. On the other hand,
sequences 8 and 38, although both identified microscopically as Plectomena , were
morphologically distinct. The dendrogram placed them close together, with their nearest
neighbour being Phormidium murrayii .
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The results suggest that molecular techniques for the identification of cyanobacteria
require considerable development before they can be considered as a mature tool. In
particular, more sequences of non-aquatic organisms must be deposited. Although our
organisms broadly fit the dendrogram, a number of inconsistencies remain.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the Brazilian agency CNPq for funding for materials and a
postgraduate grant to CAC. BAN thanks the Australian Research Council for financial
support.
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Fig. 1 Dendrogram constructed with incomplete 16S rDNA cyanobacterial sequences
(positions 106 to 340 on the E. coli notation). Morphological identity and code number:
Chlorogloeopsis 48, 50; Chroococcidiopsis 11; Leptolyngbya 34, 40, 51, 52; Lyngbya
14; Nostoc 10, 13, 19, 49; Plectonema 07, 08, 28, 32, 38; Scytonema 16, 25, 26;
Scytonematopsis 44; Subsection II 46; Tolypothrix 23, 24Sequences nos. 11 and 40 and of Microcoleus sociatus (M. soc) are short.
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