Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987):

“…it is written that animals are divided into:

those that belong to the Emperor

embalmed ones

those that are trained

suckling pigs

mermaids

fabulous ones

stray dogs

those that tremble as if they were mad

those that have just broken a flower vase

Taxonomy- the field of science that classifies life into groups

Systematics- studies diversity of life

It is the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

Biological Kingdoms

2 Kingdoms

Traditional view

plants animals

Biological Kingdoms

5 Kingdoms

Whittaker, 1969

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Five kingdom system:

Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia

Six kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Three domain system:

Eu-bacteria

Archae-bacteria

E U K A R Y A

Eight kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Arc

hez

oa

FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Ch

rom

ista

Pro

tist

a

Biological Kingdoms

Classification: Six kingdom system:

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Archaebacteria

E. coli Cyanobacteria

Paramecium Diatom Slime mold

Six kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Monera

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

Primary Grouping Criterion

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Cellular complexity

Other Grouping Criteria

Single-celled vs. multicellular

Mode of nutrition

absorption

photosynthesis

ingestion

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Note: Criteria can overlapNote: Criteria can overlap

Other Grouping CriteriaMode of Reproduction

sexual

asexual

Respiratory System

gas exchange across skin

lungs

gills

Other Grouping Criteria

Skeleton

internal/external

bone/cartilage/chitin…

Circulatory System

none

open/closed

Age of Systematics

Flair for creative simplicity

1700’s

Carl Linnaeus

Incurable classifier

Linnaeus

Swedish doctor

14 books in 3 years

Fish book: 3,000 pages

Professor of Medicine & Natural History

Linnaeus

1753: published book describing World’s plants

Start of naming process

ID: flowers - number &structure of the parts

Linnaeus

Descriptions: “poetic precision”

Result: easily applied system

2 word names:“binomial nomenclature”

Binomial Nomenclature

2 word name (genus + species)

1st level classification

Loxodonta africanasLoxodonta africanas

Elephas maximusElephas maximus

Tiger = Panthera tigris

Leopard = Panthera pardus

Lion = Panthera leo

Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Black Bear = Ursus americanus

Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus

Linnaean Hierarchy

KingdomPhylum (or Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Plantae & FungiPlantae & Fungi

Linnaean Hierarchy

“King Philip came over from Germany stoned.”

Common names

Confusing

Ambiguous

Scientific names

Agreed upon system

Names

• Portuguese Man-of-War

• Bluebottle

• Physalia physalis

Names

Language

Latin or Latinized

Giving names

A highly technical process

Name is author’s choice

Commemorate People

Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)

Descriptive

Cardinalis cardinalis (red)Railus aquaticus (watery)Passer domesticus (house)

Geographic Location

Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)Periplanata americana (American cockroach)Zosterops japonica (Japanese white-eye)

Pronunciation

Divide into syllables

Choose where to place emphasis

Example of Coral Classification

Example of Coral Classification

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria

Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia

Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia

Species scutaria

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria

Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia

Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia

Species scutaria

The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria

The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria

Biological Species

Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Offspring is sterile

mule

horse

donkey

Kingdom Monera

Species number low (~17, 000)

Changing as we learn more

Two Divisions

Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic

Single-celled

Diverse energy types:

Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteriaPhotoautotrophic- cyanobacteriaHeterotrophic- E. coli

Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

Asexual reproduction

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera

anthraxanthrax

pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Purple sulfur bacteria

Eukaryotic

Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues

Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms

Kingdom Protista

~ 45,000 species

3 informal groups

Plant-like (algal) protists

Animal-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Kingdom Protista

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Plant-like Protists

• Diatoms

• Dinoflagellates

• Green algae

• Brown Algae

• Red algae

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Sargassum polyphyllum

Sargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Hypnea chordacea

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Galaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Amoeba

Cilliates

Flagellates

Animal-like Protists

13,000 species

Fungus-like Protists

475 species

Downey mildew

Slime molds

Mildew

Water molds

Blights

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeEukaryotic

Multicellular organisms

True tissues.

Photoautotrophic nutrition.

Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.

Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Sea grassesKingdom Plantae

Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves

Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryotic

Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic

Saprophytic (absorptive)

Kingdom Fungi

Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories.

Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi

Shelf fungus

Yeast

Toad stool

Rhizopus

Fungus infection in fish

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic

Multicellular organisms

True tissues.

Heterotrophic nutrition

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.

Cells not surrounded by cell walls.

Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals

Ancestral Protist

segmentation

true tissue

radial symmetry

bilateral symmetry

Deuterostomes:eucoelom

Protostome: schizocoelem

pseudocoelom

Porifera

Cnideria

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Mollusca

AnnelidaEchinodermata

ChordataArthropoda

no true tissues

acoelom

Phylum Porifera

Class Hexactinellida

Class Calcaria

Class Desmospongia

Purple and yellow tube sponge

Boring sponge

Class Sclerospongia

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa

Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Class Cubozoa

CoralsAnemones

HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War

Stinging LimuFire Coral

True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Mollusca

Class Polyplacophora

Class Gastropoda

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

More than 500,000 known species

chitons Snailsnudibranchs

clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus

Phylum Mollusca

Well developed circulatory system

Nervous system with brain

Some with good eyes

Three main parts:

• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the

internal organs

• Mantle cavity- houses gills

mantle

foot

visceral mass

• Grazers (radula- scraping tongue)

• Filter feeding

• Egg eaters

• Active predation

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Cone shell

Triton’s trumpet

Cowery Opihi

periwinkle

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class PolyplacophoraChitins

Class PolyplacophoraChitins

Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

Day octopus

Octopus Intelligence

Mimic octopus from Indonesia

flatfish

lionfish

Sea snake

                                     

Blue-ringed octopus

Highly venomous

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum trilobita

Subphylum Chelicerata

Subphylum Uniramia

SubphylumCrustacea

trilobites Horseshoe crabSea spidersspiders

Crabs KrillShrimp LobsterIspod amphipod

InsectsMillipedesCentipedeBeetles

Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles

Most species; 80% are insects

Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)

Circulatory system with blood, heart

10,000,000? species

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Crustacea

Banded coral shrimp

Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab

Anemone carrying hermit crab

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Astroidae

Class Ophiuroidae

Class Echinoidae

Class Holothuroidae

Class Crinoidae

Sea stars Brittle stars

Crinoids

Sea urchins Sea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata

No circulatory system

No respiratory system

Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion

Simple nervous system, no brain

Water-vascular system

Phylum Echinodermata

Tube feet & associated plumbing

Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food

Water Vascular System

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins

Echinometra mathaei

Colobocentrotus atratus

Echinothrix calamaris

Slate pencil urchin

Collector urchin

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Holothuria atra

Polyplectana kerfersteninii

Linckia sp.

Acanthaster planci

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Phylum Chordata

SubphylumUrochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumVertebrata

tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods

SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata

tunicate

                 

                                                    

      

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

lancet

Phylum Porifera

Class Hexactinellida

Class Calcaria

Class Desmospongia

Purple and yellow tube sponge

Boring sponge

Class Sclerospongia

• No true tissues or organs• No symmetry• No nerves or muscles• Sessile• Reproduce sexually and asexually• Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2

spicules or spongin• Filter feeders

Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:

• spongin fibers• calcareous spicules• silica spicules• a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal

structure at all

No GutSponges

Phylum PoriferaSponges

Phylum Porifera

• A few species of fish• seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles

• Can use toxins to ward off predators

• Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals.

• As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa

Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Class Cubozoa

CoralsAnemones

HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War

Stinging LimuFire Coral

True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps

Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Box Jellies

SeawaspClass Cubozoa

Subclass ZoanthariaOrder ActinariaSea Anemones

Class Anthozoa

Subclass HexacoralliaOrder Antipatheria

Black Coral & Wire Coral

Wire coral

Black coral

Class Anthozoa

“True” Stony Coralslobe

finger

mushroom

Porites rus

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Blind digestive cavity

Bilaterally symmetrical

Thin, simple circulation

Sensory organs at front

Many parasitic

10,000 species

flatworm

nudibranch

• Staurosporine

• Tetrodoxin

Pseudoceros dimidiatus

Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus

Pseudoceros ferrugineus

Pseudobiceros sp.

Planocera cf. oligoglena

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum NematodaRoundworms

Primitive body cavity

Gut & Anus

No circulatory system

Nervous system

Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem

Many are parasites500,000? species

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Annelida

Class Hirudinea

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

earthworms leachesmarine worms

Spaghetti worms

Sabellastarte sanctijosephi

Fireworm

Fan worms (feather duster)

Eurythoe complanata

Christmas tree worm

Spirobranchus giganteus

Lanice conchilega

Phylum Mollusca

Class Polyplacophora

Class Gastropoda

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

More than 500,000 known species

chitons Snailsnudibranchs

clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus

Phylum Mollusca

Well developed circulatory system

Nervous system with brain

Some with good eyes

Three main parts:

• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the

internal organs

• Mantle cavity- houses gills

mantle

foot

visceral mass

• Grazers (radula- scraping tongue)

• Filter feeding

• Egg eaters

• Active predation

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia

Cone shell

Triton’s trumpet

Cowery Opihi

periwinkle

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia

Class PolyplacophoraChitins

Class PolyplacophoraChitins

Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

Day octopus

Class Cephalopoda

Octopus Intelligence

Mimic octopus from Indonesia

flatfish

lionfish

Sea snake

                                     

Blue-ringed octopus

Highly venomous

Phylogeny of Arthropods

Arthropoda

Worm-likeAncestor

Trilobites(extinct)

Annelids(worms)

Onychophorans(worms w/legs)

Chelicerates(spiders)

Crustaceans(lobsters)

Insects(butterflies)

Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles

Most species; 80% are insects

Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)

Circulatory system with blood, heart

10,000,000? species

Phylum Arthropoda

Existed 550-250 mya

Trilobites

Chelicerates

Horseshoe crab

Pycnogonida

ostracodbrine shrimp

mantis shrimps

copepods

barnacles

Crustacea

Banded coral shrimp

Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab

Anemone carrying hermit crab

Crustacea

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Astroidae

Class Ophiuroidae

Class Echinoidae

Class Holothuroidae

Class Crinoidae

Sea stars Brittle stars

Crinoids

Sea urchins Sea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata

No circulatory system

No respiratory system

Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion

Simple nervous system, no brain

Water-vascular system

Phylum Echinodermata

Tube feet & associated plumbing

Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food

Water Vascular System

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins

Echinometra mathaei

Colobocentrotus atratus

Echinothrix calamaris

Slate pencil urchin

Collector urchin

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Holothuria atra

Polyplectana kerfersteninii

Linckia sp.

Acanthaster planci

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Classification

Phylum Chordata

SubphylumUrochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumVertebrata

tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods

Chordate Characteristics

SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata

tunicate

                 

                                                    

      

SubphylumUrochordataSubphylumUrochordata

tunicate

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

lancet

SubphylumCephalochordata

SubphylumCephalochordata

lancet

                                 

                                                         

Hagfish

Class Agnatha

SubphylumVertebrata

Class Agnatha

SubphylumVertebrata

lamprey

Characteristics

• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)

Sharks, skates, rays, chimera

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes

Class Chondrichthyes

SubphylumVertebrata

Characteristics• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid

Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

Class Osteichthyes

Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

Dwarf moray

Porcupine

trumpetfishAchilles tang

White mouthed

morey

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold

3,500 species

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Rana cancrivora

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)

6,500 species

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Sea snake

Marine turtle

Marine iguana

Saltwater crocodile

Class AvesClass Aves

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell

Class AvesClass Aves

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Dugong

manatee

Sea otter

Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Seals & sealions

Inquiry

1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

2. Which kingdoms are prokaryote and which are eukaryote?

3. Define a species.

4. How do fungus feed?

5. What are some key characteristics of mammals?

6. Which class of cnideria are true jellyfish?

7. Name four mollusk classes.