CRM1301

January 9th

− Fact or fiction− Crime is increasing

− False− Most people are victimized by strangers

− False− People over 65 are most likely to be victims of crime

− Flase− Even less likely to be victims

− Tend to be more secluded and away from society− 18-24 are most likely to be victimized

− Poor people are much more likely to commit crime than middle-class people− False− Official statistics say minorities and lower socio-economic individuals commit more

crime− Perhaps racism is playing a larger role in the arrests and convictions of marginalized

individuals despite middle and upper class people are engaging in the same activities− IT is much easier to focus on street crimes rather than white-collar crimes

− Violent crime is more prevalent than property crime− False− It is much easier to tell the story of a violent crime rather than

− Violent crime inflicts the most harm on people in society− False− Corporate crime costs more money and ruins more crime

− Do we use theory in everyday life?− We use theory to make sense of certain events that take place in life

− Colombine shootings− What was put forth to explain the crime

− The ease of access to weapons− Manson's music− Video games− Bullying− etc.

− What factors contribute to crime− Mental health issues− Peer pressure− Poverty− Substance abuse− etc

− Theory− A particular way of looking at something

− Why do we have theories− They help us provide explanations− Show different perspectives

− Attempt to describe, explain, predict and ultimately to control some class of events− What is theory?

− Theory is− A hypothesis− And understanding− and explanation− Simple− Complex− Abstract− Concrete

− Theory is not − The truth− The answer

− Assumptions in criminological theory− Level of study

− micro− Looking at specific individuals

− macro− Looking at structures within society (The big picture)

− Basis of society− Consensus

− Everyone in society shares general consensus on laws, the CJS, etc. − Conflict

− Society is divided based on coercion and power − Individuals

− Active− active in the decision making processes

− Passive− Something is at work that is pushing an individual to partake in crime

− Criminological nexus− Theory− Research − Policy

− Kitty Genovese− the diffusion of responsibility

− The more people there are around the less likely someone is to intervene− 2 systems of reasoning

− Inductive method− A situation occured− They analyzed it

− Explained it (theory)− Deductive method

− Explain (theory)− Test the theory− Verify or refute the theory

− The experiment− Is variable X a cause of variable Y− Independent variable

− The variable that is manipulated− Dependent variable

− The variable that is measured− Operationalization of variable

− State how your are defining the variable− Prisons are often violent institutions, but does the prison setting itself play a part in

generating violence and disorder− The correlation

− A way to measure how associated two variables are− Systematically measuring two or more variable and assessing the relationship

between them − How much one can be predicted by the other − Positive correlation

− both variables go in the same directions− Negative correlation

− Both variables go in opposite directions− Explain

− A research study foud that having a pet in the childhood is correlated with a reduces likelihood of one becoming a juvenile delinquent− Can be a reflection of the family's socio-economic stance− Can teach the child responsibility− Can teach the child social skills

− Spurious correlation− an apparent but false relationship between 2 (or more) variables that is caused by

some other variables

January 14th

− Intro to Theories - Continued− Crime and Deviance is Related to:

− Time− Place

− Knowledge is Context Bound− 'Reality “ is socially constructed− All knowledge must be understood in the context in which it arises:

− Political Context− Socio-economique context

− Intellectual Context− Personal Context

− Criteria for Evaluating Theory− Testability

− Reliability− Consistent results

− Logical soundness− Tautological reasoning− Time order problem – event that occurs after another event is assumed to have

cause the first− The theorist mistakes what comes first

− Validity− Making sense out of two or more opposing facts− Sensitizing ability

− Focus attention on new direction of inquiry− Scope

− Broad and Simplistic− The Demonic Perspective

− Trephining − Removing a piece of bone in the skull to release evil spirits

− Salem Witch Trials− Two girls claimed to have their bodies by the devil− They said that three of the town's women were witches− Salem witch trials : 1692 **

− What to do with the witches− Questions

− Are you a witch?− Have you seen satan?− If you are not a witch what is responsible with what is happening to the girls?

− Punishments− Burnings

− Middle of the day, where everyone could come watch− Assumptions of Demonology

− Looks for the cause and for the cure of deviant behaviour in the realm of the supernatural

− The Inquisition− Tribunal court system used by the catholic church to root out, to punish the

heretics− Heretic

− Those who go against the teachings of the church− Pagans− Anyone that did anything that went against the church

− In 1616 Galileo was put to house arrest because of his theory that stated the earth

went around the sun and not having the earth as the centre of the Universe− Deviance = sin− Deviance has cosmic consequences

− Harmful to victims− God− The entire cosmos

− Two paths to Demonic Deviance− The individual is an active agent

− They were in control of their actions and could resist temptation− The individual should then be punished because they can resist temptation

− The individual is a passive agent− A result of the devil taking over their body and mind− Once being taken over, the actions are deterministic

− How to Diagnose the Handiwork of the Devil− Trials by ordeals

− Torture− Practiced in the name of God

− God would not allow an innocent man to be condemned and would intervene to allow that man to live

− Trials− Trial by heat

− Walking with a hot iron/walk over coals− 3 days later the preist would come inspect the wound

− If it began to heal the person was innocent, if not they were guilty− Trial by water

− Thrown into a lake and if they floated, they were guilty, if not they were innocent

− The Trials− Accused must testify

− Refusal = proof of guilt− Immediately informed of charges− Anyone could testify against the witch

− were not told who the accusers were− No supporters/legal assistance

− 5 Types of Evidence to Convict − Trial by clever test

− Bring the accused infront of a group and forced to say the lord's prayer− If they slipped up, it was used as evidence

− Individual testimony− Someone who came forth and attributed their own bad fortune to the

demonic activities of the accused− Physical marks of the devil

− Anyone who had any abnormality would show that they are in pact with the devil

− Spectral evidence− Base on testimony that is the result of a dream/vision− Because the devil could not take over an innocent body

− Confession of guilt− May bring them back to the faith and their soul would be saved

− a− Confessions

− Bring the accused back to faith− Forgiveness and/or saving of the soul− Inquisitioners better educated than their subjects and trained in questioning− Industry

− Taking the belongings from witches to pay for the process− The more witches there are, the money is to be made

− Confessional Devices− The headcrusher

− These are not forms of punishment, strictly to get confessions− The Inquisitional Chair

− Composed of little tiny spikes − Iron Spider/Cat's Paw− Judas' Cradle

− Chair with a spike that one would be dropped on− Strappado− The Rack

− Subject stretched out arms above head− Religious Control – More Shame than Pain

− Golden Pear− Ducking Stool

− Bonus assignment− Must be typed

− What was the name and publication date of the book that sets out the prohibitions and dangers of witchcraft

− Witchcraft in Context− Provides explanation

− Changes and Turmoil in society− Black plague, War, etc.− Witches provided a reason to blame all of these things on

− The church put forward the idea of witches to take god off the hook or what was happening

− Gave an answer to a population that was beginning to be uneasy

− Maintain the status quo− protect privileges

− Women were helping each other with contraception, birthing, etc. Without proper training so the church made the idea of witches to help keep the status quo

− Challenge authority = charged with heresy− Divert attention

− Blame witches and the church becomes indispensible− Scapegoat

− Discourage rebellious behaviour − Target powerless or threatening groups

− 2nd bonus assignment − Remember, the material from all videos shown in class will also be on

your exams− Based on this video, make up 2 multiple choice questions:

− you must include 5 options (1-e)− you must indicate the correct answer− questions must be reflective of course content− no numbers or statistics

− Bonus Questions− The _________ set up the inquisition to impose _______

a) Roman Church, the people's willb) Roman Church, their willc) British Monarchy, repressiond) British Monarchy, witch burningse) People, their willANSWER : B

− The _________ was the punishment given to those who fell asleep in church

a) Ducking Stoolb) Mask of Shamec) Rosary Necklaced) Iron Maidene) None of the aboveANSWER : C

− The Burning Times− What groups were particularily vulnerable to the witch hunts?

− Women− Those of other religions who practiced rituals− Healers/Mid Wives− Women were thought to be the main creators of witchcraft− Elderly people− Beggars

− Those who held an opinion that differed from the church− Midwives

− What factors made the witch hunts happen?− The religious persecutions commited by the church of Rome.− The changes taking place in the broader society− The midwives interfering with god's will by using contraception and carrying out

abortions and helping during birthing to reduce the pain. They thought that reducing pain during birth was stopping God's punishment for Eve's sin.

− The thought of women being able to out live men aand their “resistence” to the plague would make disproportionate numbers in the genders and lead to womeen being independent

− Notes from the movie− Women's power was associated with death and evil− Healing witches were relying on catholic faith during their rituals but the rituals

were rooted in the pagan religion− The church of rome set up the inquisition to impose their will. (use as bonus

assignment question)− Those who fell asleep in church wore the Rosary Necklace

Janurary 21st

− “The Burning Times”− What groups were particularily vulnerable to the witch hunts?− What factors made the witch hunts happen?

− Questioning of the church− Needing an explanation for the bad things that were happening during the time− False admissions of guilt

− Rationale for Punishment− Rooted in Christianity

− Biblical Law – Lex talionis− Lex talonis = Retribution (an eye for an eye)

− Penance through physical pain− Nothing sacred about the body

− Restore order of the world− Maintain balance

− In order to maintain, punishment was necessary− Cosmic Consequences

− When one commited a crime, it harmed the entire universe− Eliminate evil spirits through death

− Symbolism of Fire− Symbolizes the flames of Hell

− Deterrence− General

− Making an example of an individual so others do not commit similar acts− Specific

− Preventing a specific individual to no longer commit crime− Social Control

− Rid Society of undesirable/deviant− The Demonic Era

− Authority/power?− The Church

− What was considered a crime?− Anything that went against what the church said. Anything that was a sin was a

crime, anything the was a crime was a sin− Explanations of deviance?

− Tempatation or possession− How were the guilty determined?

− Spectral evidence− Testimony− Confessions− Trial by ordeal− etc

− Rationale/purpose of punishments− Nature of Punishment?

− Physical− Symbolic− Public

− Modern Day “Witch Hunts”?!− A “witch hunt” occurs any time a group of people persecutes another group unfairly,

usually blaming that group for larger problems.− Socially Constructed Problems: The Moral Panic

− What is moral panic?− An intense feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to

threaten the social order− The population is in fear and that society is breaking down

− Moral Entrepreneur− Organizations/individuals that want to impose their morality by trying to create a

moral panic to change society− Folk Devils

− The Age of the Monarchy− The Late Middle Ages

− King Harold ruled− England broken up into principalities

− Princes held absolute power within their own borders− Communication was very poor

− Law was localized− Was completely up to the Prince within his principality

− 1066 – Battle of Hastings

− William of Normandy becomes the new ruler− The Rise of the Monarch

− Society based on feudalism− Lords and Serfs

− Serfs were more or less slaves and could not do anything without the permission of the Lord

− Lord's courts were developed− Instead of battling one another

− Church was centralized and uniting power− Monarch needed blessing of the Church

− Absolute Monarchy− Monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized

direct opposition in force− It was believed that this would prevent religious wars

− Local autonomy taken away in exchange for peace and safety− The divine rights of kings

− God chose the kings− They inherited the right directly from God

− What does this imply to the masses?− If you defy the king, you defy God.

− Sinful for subjects to resist the Monarch = Heresy or treason− A form of social control

− If a ruler didn't like a certain group, he could punish them however they wanted to without consequences

− The Emergence of the King's Court− Henry II streamlined procedures and made them fairer

− He tried to make it much faster and the decision be much fairer− Barrens local courts diminished in popularity− Circuit judges --> Deciding cases on the basis of situations of similar facts− Established Common Law *

− Stare Decicis − Established by the judges that went on circuits

− What is...− The earliest codified law system governing human behaviour in the world

− − The concept/reasoning what guided the punishments found in this 'system'

− Trial by battle− Two wealthy* people would pay two people to battle and the winner was deemed to

be innocent− Trial by cursed morsel

− The clerigy was given food with a hidden feather and that person ate the food without choaking it was shown as a sign of innocence

− Trial by Wager

− They would have to gather 12 reputable people and get them to testify for the offenders good behaviour and this proved innocence

− The King's Courts− Trial by wager was replaced by trial by jury

− Grand Assize− Men chosen by the king and would go out into the community to find people

that were committing wrong doings− Petit Assize

− Had the responsibility of judging the accused. − Grand Assize could serve on the petit assize (made the system unfair)

− Three different types− Exchequer− Court of Common Please− King's Bench* (only one of the three we will look at)

− Composed of the King's advisers where criminal cases would be heard− Equvalent to the Supreme Court

− The King's Justice− All crimes became against the King's peace− Massive Criminalization of previously non-criminal acts− WHY???

− Because, the more people are guilty, the more property is confiscated and the monarch becomes richer

− What is the Bloody Code?− A time period where the amounts of crimes that were punishable by death

− By over 100 crimes− Why so bloody?

− The wealthy were not sympathetic to those who were found guilty because they felt these people were lazy and undeserving of sympathy

− The wealthy were trying to control the poor− They wanted the laws to protect their own interests− They wanted the penalties to be very strict so that it would deter people from

commiting them− The King's Justice: A Demonstration of Power

− Spectacle and Impress− Public executions

− Sometimes performances were played with music− Power of King's mercy

− Take or grant life, lessen pain− Protect emerging economic/social/political systems

− The Use of Torture− Justification of torture

− State's need to protect the community from further wrath of angry God− Suspected of crime

− Only half proof− Inquisition

− Questions asked under oath, while enduring physical pain− Torture – 2 stages

− Preparatory− They wanted the individual to admit guilt

− Preliminary− After the guilty plea − A stage where they wanted to get all the names associated with the crime

− England− Avoid torture by consenting to trial by jury

− Reluctant because it was a jury of the King's advisors− Refuse trial by jury --> subjected to pressing

− Pressing = putting weights on the individual − Why?

− If accused died w/o being convicted, State couldn't confiscate property− Gibbeting

− Methode of displaying the dead bodies (cast iron body shape that the body is in)− Placed near the water or on the road ways to show the power (deterrence)

− Corporal punishment − Branding

− brand applied to the offender depending on their offence (specific/general deterrence)

− Banishment − Removed of all properties− Unable to return home

− Transportation− Convict shipped to the colonies− Must work on the land they must work as a servant for typically 7 years− Stopped working after colony revolutions

− Hulk− Old warship converted to a floating prisons− Sleep during the night, during the day they would go on the land and work− Horrible living conditions

− The Age of the Monarchy & Implications for Justice− Change in administration of justice

− The Monarchy− King holds all of the power (No longer the church)

− Although the Church must approve of the monarch − Explanation of Deviance

− All crimes become against the King's peace− Definition of Deviance

− Bloody codes

− Many more capital crimes− Many more actions are criminalized

− Response to Deviance− Shift away from burning towards being put to death without burning

− Braveheart notes− King's court

− When the King sends his men to find William Wallace and kill him (Grand Asize) ?

− When William Wallace is being heard in front of a tribunal (King's Bench)− King's justice

− Accused of treason towards the king (Against the King's peace)− When the Princess goes to beg for William's life and mercy (Power of King's

Mercy)− The show that is taking place before the torture and execution of William

(Public exections)− When William was brought into the square everyone was watching him and

started to spit and throw food at him (Public Executions)− When the executioner says “This is the price of treason” and asks William to

beg for the King's mercy (Deterrence)− Torturing William before his execution (Public Executions)− Being Pulled by the horse (Torture)− Placed on the gross and being cut (torture)− William's beheading (Exectuion)− William's body was torn to pieces and sent to different parts of the country as

a warning to the people and deter them (Gibbeting)− His torture was meant to be purified by the King

POP QUIZ

1. What is the name of Cesare Beccaria's famous book?Essays on crimes and punishment

2. Which theorist greatly influenced him3. Becarria argued that the role of the judge is to interpret the law and determine an individual's

guilt

January 28th

− Classical Criminology− Economic/Social Context: Life during the 18th Century

− Shift from Feudalism to modern nation state− Moving away from the wealth in the hands of the few and the lords own the land− Emergence of democracy

− Protestant Reformation− Man does not need the Pope to communicate with God

− Protestant Work Ethic− Part of the Reformation− In life, people were predestined to be saved and go to heaven or damned and go

to hell− The common belief was that people who worked hard throughout their life and

saved their money were predestined to be saved.− Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

− Moving away from agriculture and tending towards industry− People moving to metropolitan centres to get jobs in factories

− New forms of social control are necessary− The Church is losing it's power− Higher population means more anonymity

− Intellectual Context: The Enlightenment (1650-1800)− Reason is idealized

− The idea that God controlled human behaviour is now becoming less generally accepted by society and they start to question the Church

− Doctrine of free will and rationality− Humans are rational and have free will

− Very contrary to the previously accepted theory that there were supernatural forces that made decisions for them.

− Natural rights exist and must be protected by the rule of law− People are now ready for a democratic elected government− Humans think logically and are naturally good people− Corruption is caused by bad institutions

− Humans are hedonistic − Someone who wants to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain

− Agree or Disagree− Offenders make choices about committing crimes based on the anticipated rewards

− Agree− They get money− Can provide with relief of anxiety by committing a crime− Can give the feeling of power over others− Advancement in criminal sub culture− Acquiring goods for themselves or selling them

− Individuals will decide NOT to commit crimes when the risk are too high or the rewards are not adequate − Agree

− People become stigmatized − Fear of incarceration− Criminal record

− Finding employment− Cannot access certain things in society because of it

− Can be very easy to fall back into the criminal world− Social interactions may fall because of being associated to criminality− Adjusting to the changing world

− What is the Social Contract

− An imaginary agreement wherein people freely give up some of their individual autonomy and rights in order to ensure their own safety and well being of the entire group− The greatest good for the greatest number of people

− With some laws and regulations we will live in less chaos − What was the “Justice System” like during the middle ages?

− Guilty until proven guilty− Very brutal− Targeted the weakest links in society; biased− Based on supernatural explanations− Demonstration of power− Very arbitrary− No rights for the supposed criminals

− Critique of Criminal Justice During the 18th Century− Capital Punishments

− Negative effect− Judges reluctant to convict − Deterrence effect

− People began to side with the convicts− Transportation

− What to do with all the prisoners?− Colonies closed their ports to the prison ships

− Jails− Industry $$

− People needed to work to pay off all of the fees for the justice process− Breeding ground

− It was a moral breeding ground, no classification of offenders. − Everyone was together

− It was a physical breeding ground− The spread of disease was horrible

− Cesare Beccaria− Went to the jails at the time and was appauld

− Inspired him to write “Essays on Crime and Punishment”− Book was instantly put on the prohibited books list because of the want for

criminal reform − Jeremy Bentham

− Utilitarianism− He was the one who put forth the idea of giving up some rights for the greater

good of society− Hedonistic Calculus

− Intensity− How intense will the pleasure be

− Duration

− How long will the pleasure last− Certainty

− Is it a guarantee that the pleasure will be atteined− Immediacy

− Will it happen right away− Punishment must be rationally calculated

− Punishment must be just a little more severe than the pleasure derived from the action

− Goal of Punishment?− DETERRENCE

− General (See these defs in previous notes)− Specific

− For Punishment to be Effective, it Must be− Swift− Certain− Proportionate − Which aspect is the most important?

− Certain− Three Strikes and You're Out

− Three felonies and you go to jail for 25 years− Classical Criminologist

− They would not like the disproportionate aspect of it but would like the certainty

January 30th

− PPT Title here− Reform For the Laws

− What is a crime?− Breaking of social contract− Society has agreed that the state us authorized to punish

− Laws must be written and widely available and understandable − Laws must apply to all equally

− Reforms for Punishment− Judges determine guilt only− Punishment deterimed by legistlator − Focus only on the actus reus

− Ex. you went to a bar on a friday night and a person was giving you looks and you get into an altercation with them. They are very intoxicated, you hit them and they tripped over themselves smashed their head and died

− The classical theorist does not care that it is not in your intention to kill somebody; it does not matter because you still killed someone (FOCUS ON THE ACT AND NOT THE INTENT)

− The Death Penalty− Against

− The deterrence was not effective when using this method− Violation of the social contract

− We did not our right to live to the state− A loss of productivity due to capital punishment − Barbaric

− Changes in the Administration of Justice− Establish procedural gurantess

− Avoid torture* & secret accusation− Right to speedy trial and to present evidence

− Coincides with their theory on deterrence− In the age of the monarchy half proof was accepted (Not anymore though)

− right to jury trial− Improved prison conditions− Classification of offenders− Humane treatment

− What was the most celebrated [piece of legistlation?]?− French Penal Code of 1791

− Something to think about...− Are there any classical ideas and/or premises that aare present in the CJS

− No more Death Penalty− Criminal Code− Must be read of your rights− Innocent until proven guilty− Classification of offenders

− What flaws might there be within the Classical perspective− They only focus on the actus reus− They only focus on deterrence which can be somewhat limiting− Everyone was treated the same in terms of punishment and no focus on

rehabilitation− Taking away the judges discretion make it harder to cater the punishment to the

severity of the crime− They do not take the mental state of the offenders into consideration− Repeat offenders vs. First time offenders is not considered

− Neoclassical Theory− Certain factors might inhibit the exercise of free will− Legal Defences

− An individual says they did commit the crime but give a justification is given for carrying out the act

− Self Defence− Mistake of fact− Duress− Necessity− Intoxication (very specific conditions)

− Mitigating factors− Something that makes the punishment less severe

− First time offender− Ties to the community− Extended gap in criminal history with stable consistent employment

− Aggravating factor− Repeat offender− Level of violence− Hate crimes− Amount of remorse− Vulnerability of the victim− Premeditation

− Classical Criminology− What is a crime = Something the breaks social contract− Focus of theory = Actus reus− Nature of offender = rational − Cause of Crime = Hedonism − Purpose of Punishment = Deterrence− Response to crime must be = Swift perportionate

− Test #1 − 35 multiple choice− 26 makrs for short answer questions (1-5 marks each)− Possibility of 4 bonus marks being added to this test − Includes everything to January 30 − Heavy emphasis on class material

− Sample questions − During a trial by wager the accused would?

− Trial by wager would be when you tried to get 12 people to attest to their innocence and good character

− People create and use theories for many reasons except:− To find the riht answer to a problem

February 6th

− The Emergence of Prisons− Something to think about..

− How can we control crime?− Take a look at basic necessities of life and ensure they are met− Taking a look at and addressing mental health issues/addictio

− Conservatives say− Crime is caused by delinquency − CJS is too lenient

− Liberals− Social and economic inequalities− Society is not meeting the basic needs of people

− Hmm...− What should be the function of prisons?

− Rehabilitating criminals− Put in place to protect society from the criminals− A form of punishment− A deterring factor to the general population− Conservatives say

− Focus on the victims and innocent citizens− Individuals commit crime because of free will

− Liberals− Focus on helping the criminals to prevent victimization

− Is the system “too soft on criminals”− Too hard on drug crimes− Should have a separate institution for those who have not committed a violent

crimes in order to rehabilitate− Conservatives

− Reistablish social discipline− Stiffer penalties

− Lib− Focus on social programs to meet the needs of the less educated

− What do you think?− How many prisons in canda?

− 250 jails/prisons− Less federals more provincial

− How much?− To incarcerate a male in a max security prisoner/year

− 109,000$− To incarcerate a female federal prisoner/year

− 210,000$− Due to lower female offenders, it costs more per person due to the fact that they

still need all of the things that male corrections facility ************ (a number's game)

− Precursors to Prisons− Have prisons as a form of punishment existed for more than 300 years?

− No− Dungeons

− Stoned walled cellars

− Clerical Penance− In monestaries to reflect − Studying the bible

− Workhouses− 1601− Poor people would go to these places to work over tedious tasks for very long

houses− Overtime all 'problemed' people were sent here

− Debtors prisons− Prisons for people that couldn't pay their debts− They would make massed produced items (potato sacks, baskets)

− County Jails− Jails that had no classification − Problems of corruptions and exploitation by the guards− Prisoners were expected to pay the fees − Beggards wall

− So the prisoners could beg for money in the hopes of paying their prison fees− Context in which prisons evovled

− What was the crisis in criminal punishment during the Classical Era?− Colonies were closing their ports to prisoners, capital punishement was no

longer working− What lead to the emergence of prisons?

− See above− Beccaria's Essays on Crime and Punishment

− The Emergence of Prisons− Shift from the punishment of the body to the mind

− Deprivation of liberty− The age of enlightenment

− People were questioning the current institutions − People wanted change

− Classical Theory− Needed to have proportionate penalties that were associated with the crimes

− Industrial Revolution− People were needed to help the advancement of the industrial revolution

− John Howard and Elizabeth Fry− Help men who have committed a crime to move back into society (John

Howard)− Elizabeth Fry was the same but for women

− Why were prisons originally called “Penitentiaries”− Very based on a religious influenced− Penance : To express or feel regret or sorrow for committing misdeads

− The moral architecture of the prison− Projection of how the world should be

− The perfect way to control the body and mind of those who were removed from society

− Moral uplifting of the population− Throigh religious instructions in the prisons, it would improve or increase the

moral fabric of society− Remove sources of temptation

− Bad language, etc was strictly forbidden and punished− Impose discipline− Criminal is a rational being who can be trained

− Purpose of prisons− To punish

− Making the inmates endure hard labour and make it as unpleasant as possible− Make the food not very tasty for the inmates but still of high enough nutritional

value− Inmates who would break the rules would be punished (torture or not) very

severly− To Repent

− To make them become victims of their own conscious− Giving them a bible and solitary confeinment

− To Teach− Teach them to be a dossiale body

− To Reform − To resocialize the individual − When they come out they will no longer have the mind of a criminal but one of a

productive individual− The Pennsylvania Model

− 19th century− Large room with all neccesities + a machine to do work during the day

− They stayed here all the time with no human interaction − Problems

− People went crazy− Lots of suicide− VERY expensive to create these rooms

− The Augurn model− Very thin cell maybe 6-7 feet long with a bed and bucket for washroom uses− They would leave during the day but were not allowed to communicate AT ALL. If

they did, they would be severely punished (Wearing a mask to shame them)− The Lockstep Shuffle

− Purpose− To take away their individual identity