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Crop establishment pests

Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

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Page 1: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Crop establishment pests

Page 2: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Why look at crop establishment?

• Crop establishment is the most susceptible growth stage  of plant development to pests & can also be the 

challenging period for applying IPM 

• Canola, medics and clovers are generally more  susceptible to insect attack compared with cereals, 

grasses and pulses 

Page 3: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

What are the IPM options for crop  establishment?

• Cultural• Biological• Chemical

✔?

….can we be more strategic?

Key principles which underpin management strategies (esp.  chemical) include pest ID, monitoring, and understanding the 

‘which’, ‘when’

& ‘how’

about pesticides

Page 4: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Key crop establishment pests

• > 40 invertebrate species threaten seedling establishment  in crops and pastures

• Control tactics for these species presently relies heavily on  the application of pesticides

Pest group Example species

Earth mites redlegged

earth mite, blue oat mite

Lucerne flea lucerne flea

Slugs grey field slug, black keeled slug

Beetles & weevils false wireworm, vegetable weevil, pasture cockchafer

Caterpillars common cutworm, pasture webworm

Other earwigs, millipedes, slaters

& snails

Page 5: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Pest identification is essential to making

decisions

Page 6: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Who am I?1.

RLEM

2.

Blue oat

3.

Lucerne flea

4.

Balaustium

5.

Brown wheat 

6.

Bryobia

Page 7: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Who am I?1.

RLEM

2.

Blue oat

3.

Lucerne flea

4.

Balaustium

5.

Brown wheat 

6.

Bryobia

Page 8: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Who am I?1.

RLEM

2.

Blue oat

3.

Lucerne flea

4.

Balaustium

5.

Brown wheat 

6.

Bryobia

Page 9: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Who am I?1.

RLEM

2.

Blue oat

3.

Lucerne flea

4.

Balaustium

5.

Brown wheat 

6.

Bryobia

Page 10: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Who am I?1.

RLEM

2.

Blue oat

3.

Lucerne flea

4.

Balaustium

5.

Brown wheat 

6.

Bryobia

Page 11: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Key differences for field ID

RLEM‐No spot

BOM‐Globular spot

Balaustium‐Pads front feet

Bryobia‐Long front legs

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

RLEM

BOM

Balaustium

Bryobia

Page 12: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Damage symptoms can assist ID

Balaustium

Lucerne flea

BOM

RLEM

Page 13: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

First: assess pre‐season risk

Page 14: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

High risk Reduced risk Low risk

Seasonal forecast is  for dry or cool, wet  conditions that slow  crop growth

Pasture going into  crop

Susceptible crop  being planted 

(canola, pasture,  lucerne)

Thin/sparse pasture  density in the previous 

spring

Low weeds in paddocks 

and along fence‐lines

Higher sowing rate used

Optimal plant growing  conditions during 

establishment

Following a  cereal or 

pulse rotation  in paddock 

with low  weeds

Sandy soils  (lucerne flea 

only)

Example: Earth mites and lucerne flea

Full Risk profile table in printed resources

Risk profiles for crop establishment

Page 15: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

• Knowing paddock histories will benefit decision‐making for  establishment pests (e.g.

crop selection to reduce pest 

populations and negate the need for chemicals)

o We can predict likely pest issues for ‘resident’

pests (e.g. slugs,  mites and cockchafers) if there is paddock history information

o Predictions are far more difficult for ‘transient’

species that are  more mobile and move large distances

o Records of paddock histories and soil type are particularly useful  when planning to sow susceptible crops, such as canola

Make use of paddock histories

Page 16: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Pre‐season planning & crop selection

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Barley

Canola

Lupin

s

Pastur

e

Whe

at

Num

ber p

er s

q m

Blue Oat MiteBalaustium miteRedlegged earthmite

Number of mites in canola following 2 years of various crops

• Be careful following pastures, unless management in the  previous season controlled mite populations

Micic

et al. 2012. GRDC WA Updates

Page 17: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Earth mites and lucerne flea

Page 18: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Timerite

for RLEM

MarFebDec

Nov

Sep

AugJul Jun

May

Oct

AprJan

I

II

III

Initiation of egg hatch: <20C & >10 mm rain

Termination of diapause:summer conditions for 30-40 days

Summer eggs

Winter eggs

Diapausing eggs

Post-diapausing eggs

MarFebDec

Nov

Sep

AugJul Jun

May

Oct

AprJan

I

II

III

Initiation of egg hatch: <20C & >10 mm rain

Termination of diapause:summer conditions for 30-40 days

Summer eggs

Winter eggs

Diapausing eggs

Post-diapausing eggs

• Reduces the carry‐over of pest eggs • Timing of spray is critical• Freely available tool

RLEM lifecycle

Page 19: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Timerite

for RLEM (cont.)• Residual chemicals needed to target later emerging eggs • Timerite

provides excellent control of RLEM, in autumn

• Not applicable to other mites and lucerne flea

Adapted from AWI Ltd: Timerite©

Information 

Package (sourced from Bayer)

Page 20: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Roberts et al. 2009. Aust. J Entomol.

Alpha-cypermethrin concentration (g/L)

Mor

talit

y (%

)

196 times

RLEM LF

Insecticide considerationsChemical tolerance of lucerne

flea

Page 21: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Insecticide considerations (cont.)

RLEM Bryobia Balaustium

Om

etho

ate

conc

entra

tion

(g/L

)

Arthur et al. 2008. Aust. J Exp. Agric.

485 times

Chemical tolerance of mites

Page 22: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

cesar

chemical testingChemical RLEM* BOM* Bal. Bry. LF*

Omethoate

(eg. LeMat)

Dimethoate

(eg

Dimethoate) ?

Chlorpyrifos

(eg. Lorsban)

Phosmet

(eg. Imidan)

Bifenthrin

(eg. Talstar)

Alpha‐cypermethrin

(e.g

Fastac)

Lambda‐cyhalothrin

(eg. Karate)

Gamma‐cyhalothrin

(eg. Trojan)

Esfenvalerate

(eg. Sumi

Alpha) ?

Methidathion

(eg. Suprathion)

Imidacloprid

(eg. Gaucho)** ? ?

* Other pesticide products are registered** Tested as seed dressing only

V High

High

Low

V Low

Efficacy

Page 23: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Insecticide resistance in RLEM

• RLEM have been controlled using  chemicals for > 50 years in Australia

• In 2006, chemical control failures  experienced at 1 location

• 4 separate applications over a  period of 3 weeks

• Paddock history: repeated  applications of synthetic 

pyrethroids

> 5 years

Page 24: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

• Resistance also found to be heritable

• Resistance located > 20 properties in WA (>900 km apart)

• Movement is known between WA & east coast

Chemical Population LC50 value Resistance ratio

Bifenthrin Control 0.03243,027WA 6881.97

Control 0.03268,694WA (Gen 2) 7122.17

Alpha‐cypermethrin Control 0.0259,353WA 942.81

Omethoate Control 0.10‐‐‐WA .26

Adapted from Umina 2007. Pestic. Sci

Insecticide resistance in RLEM (cont.)

Page 25: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Decision timeline for earth mites &  lucerne

flea

Previous 

springAutumn Winter

Paddock 

selectionSeed 

treatmentsBare earth 

insecticides

Sowing 

tacticsPost‐emergent  

insecticidesTimerite 

for RLEM

Pasture 

grazing

Timerite 

for RLEM

Seed 

treatmentsBare earth 

treatments

Post emergent 

treatments**

Chemical  control

Pasture 

grazingCrop 

selection

Early 

sowing*

Cultural  control

Summer

* Also consider other sowing tactics (eg. increased seed density)

Sowing

** Consider spot spraying for lucerne

flea

Monitoring

Page 26: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Slugs

Page 27: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

What drives slug numbers?

Contributing factors to pest build‐up: 

o Previous paddock history/pop’n

size

o Low/no cultivation (which otherwise  helps to kill slugs)

o Stubble retention provides habitat and  retains surface moisture

o Heavier soils which more readily retain  moisture

o Rainfall: >450mm/year, summer  rainfall facilitates pop’n

build‐up

Page 28: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Cultivation & slugs

• Cultivation reduces slug numbers 

• Rolling also consolidates seed bed, restricts slug movement 

Adapted from Nash et al. 2008. Biol. Control

31-Aug-05 31-Sep-05 30-Sep-05

No.

gre

y fie

ld s

lugs

(per

trap

)

Sampling date13-Sep-05

Page 29: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Decision timeline for slugs

Previous 

springAutumn Winter

Bare earth 

insecticides

Summer

* Pending monitoring results

Sowing

Crop 

selection

Early 

sowing

Cultural  control

Cultivation

Burning

Soil 

compaction

Re‐baiting*

Chemical  control

Baiting

Monitoring

Page 30: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Beetles and weevils

Page 31: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

• Beetles and weevils are diverse groups, consisting of important  crop establishment pests and many beneficial insects

• ID is very important (e.g. many weevils are crop specific, thus  assessments can be made about likely damage & need to 

spray, beneficials often mis‐identified as pests)

• Minimum tillage and stubble retention can favour their  survival

Beetles and weevils

Page 32: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Decision timeline for beetles &  weevils

Previous 

springAutumn Winter

Bare earth 

insecticides

Chemical  control

Crop 

selection

Cultural  control

Summer

* For limited species where applicable (e.g. BHPC)

Sowing

Cultivation

Burning

Soil 

compaction

Seed 

treatmentsPost emergent 

treatments*

Monitoring

Page 33: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Caterpillars

Page 34: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Decision timeline for caterpillars

Previous 

springAutumn WinterSummer

* For soil‐dwelling species (e.g. corbies) 

Sowing

Chemical  control

Post emergent 

treatments

Cultural  control

Cultivation*Autumn weed 

controlSummer weed 

control

Monitoring

Page 35: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Establishment pests ‘Best  Bet’

IPM strategy

Page 36: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Pre‐season (previous 

spring/summer)Pre‐sowing  Emergence Crop 

establishmentAssess riskHigh risk when:

History of high mite 

pressure Pasture going into crop

Susceptible crop being 

planted (eg. canola, pasture)

Seasonal forecast is for dry 

or cool, wet conditions that 

slow crop growth.

If risk is high:  Ensure accurate ID  Use Timerite

(RLEM)

Heavily graze pastures in 

early‐mid spring

If high risk:

Use seed dressing on 

susceptible crops 

Plan to monitor more 

frequently until crop 

establishment

Use higher sowing rate to 

compensate for seedling 

loss

Consider scheduling a 

post‐emergent insecticide 

treatment 

If low risk:

Avoid seed dressings (esp. 

cereals/pulses) & plan to 

monitor until crop 

establishment

• Monitor susceptible crops 

through to establishment 

(direct visual searches)

**• Be aware of edge effects; 

mites move in from weeds 

around paddock edges

If spraying: • Ensure accurate ID before 

deciding on chemical • Consider border sprays 

(mites) and ‘spot’

sprays 

(lucerne flea)• Spray prior to the 

production of winter eggs to 

suppress populations and 

reduce risk in the following 

season

• As the crop 

grows, it 

becomes less 

susceptible 

unless growth 

is slowed by 

dry or cool, wet 

conditions

‘Best Bet’ example: Earth mites and lucerne flea

Full ‘Best Bet’

table in printed resources

Page 37: Crop establishment pests - IPM Guidelines For Grains

Take home messages• Crops are particularly vulnerable at establishment, esp. 

canola and medics

• Planning pre‐season is important (time constraints to monitor  sufficiently at establishment period)

• Pest ID is vital (e.g. mites, weevils, scarabs)

• We have the ability to foresee many establishment pest  issues before they happen…

as they are ‘residents’

• Monitoring, early planting, and stubble management are  often common cultural strategies

• Beneficial species often only play a support role at crop  establishment (diff. b/w crops & pastures)