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8/17/2019 Crude Oil Transport and Offshore Loading Corrected Logoum1-1
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CRUDE OIL TRANSPORT, OFF - SHORE LOADING
AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Łukasz Lewkowicz
Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski
Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Królikowski
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DIFFERENT TYPE OF OFSHORE AND ONSHORE TERMINALS
TERMINALS, PLATFORMS, OIL RIGS, SHUTTEL TAKERS AND STANDBYVESSELS AS A PART OF OFF – SHORE BUSINESS
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An Example of Off Shore Systems
System SAL(Single Anchor Loading)
System SPM
(Single Point Mooring)
Vessel-Platform
Vessel-Buoy
System Tandem Loading
Ship to Ship
Bow Loading System
System SBM(Single Buoy Mooring)
Vessel-Buoy
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DRAUGEN OIL FIELD
SPM BUOY
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Gullfaks Oil FieldSPM Loading 2 Buoys
SCHIEHALLION OIL FIELDFPSO
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An Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore Systems
Bow Loading Systems
CALM
SPMSAL
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Stationary gravity platforms and jack-up type usually are placed on 100 – 150m
depth. Jackup has long leg structures, which it lowers to and into the seabedraising the rig out of the water
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Another kind of stationary platform is
Guayed Tower Platform – GTP , where
the platform is kept vertically by 16-
24 special anchored lines.
„Troll” is the one of the bigest GBSplatform placed at North Sea 80km north-west of Bregen Norway. The Troll A platform
has an overall height of 472 meters andweighs 656,000 tons and stands on the sea
floor 303 meters (994 feet) below the surfaceof the sea.
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These platforms havehulls (columns and
pontoons) of sufficient
buoyancy to cause thestructure to float, but ofweight sufficient to keep
the structure upright.Semi-submersible
platforms can be movedfrom place to place; can beballasted up or down byaltering the amount offlooding in buoyancy
tanks; they are generallyanchored by combinationsof chain, wire rope and/or
polyester rope duringdrilling and/or production
operations, though theycan also be kept in place
by the use of dynamicpositioning. Operationalwater depths from 200 to
10,000 feet (60 to 3,050 m).
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A drill-ship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It ismost often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water but
can also be used for scientific drilling. Early versions were built on a modifiedtanker hull, but purpose-built designs are used today. Most drill-ships are
outfitted with a dynamic positioning system to maintain position over the well.Drilling water depths unlimited.
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Two types of Tankers
• Shuttle Tanker
• Conventional Tankers
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M/T Kiowa Spirit – build at 09th September 1998 Samsung Heavy Industry,Koje / Korea. Double hull with 113 269 DWT, L = 249.00 m, B= 44.0 m and
T = 14.62 m summer draft.
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M/T Stena Natalita has been build at 25th of May 2001 at Japan.Double hull with 110 000 DWT and L= 247 m, B= 43 m, T= 15 m. Equiped
with DP2 System, which is capable to maintain vessel’s position with accuracy
(±±±±2 m ) and fix heading (±±±±1o) durinig off-shore operations and bad weatherconditions (wave higth 9m).
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VESSELS WITH DYNAMIC POSITIONING SYSTEM
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M/T Stena Spirit – build at 10th January 2001 at Samsung Heavy IndustryShipyard, Koje / Korea. Double hull with 151 293 DWT, L = 277.30 m, B= 48.0 m
and T = 16.42 m summer draft.Vssel equipted with Dynamic Positioning System Class 1 (DP1)
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FPSO „ Bleo Holm ” is located in the Ross Field of UK Central North
Sea. The vessel commenced operations in the first half of 1999 at the
Ross & Parry Fields for Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd.
Total FPSO Length 242.3m Breadth 42m DWT 105 000t,Water Depth 105-110m
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An Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore Systems
Side Loading System
Ship to Ship Ship to Terminal
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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----48484848
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An Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore SystemsAn Example of Off Shore Systems
System STL
(Single Turret Loading)
Submerged turret Loading
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Strategy Covers Impacts from
ShippingCarbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Particulate Matter
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Particulate Matter Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Ballast Water Ballast Water
Engine Room Bilge
Pump Room Bilge
Decanted Slops
Sewage
Grey Water
Engine Room Bilge
Pump Room Bilge
Decanted Slops
Sewage
Grey Water
Garbage
HazardousWaste
Sludge
Garbage
HazardousWaste
Sludge
FuelConsumption
FuelConsumption
Accidental Oil Spills Accidental Oil Spills
Ozone Depleting Substances(i.e., Halons, CFC’s)
Ozone Depleting Substances(i.e., Halons, CFC’s)
Hull Antifouling (i.e., TBT)Hull Antifouling (i.e., TBT)
Fore Castle, SubmergedTurret Loading or Bow
Thruster Space Bilges
Fore Castle, SubmergedTurret Loading or Bow
Thruster Space Bilges
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Overall, 3 Main Types of
Impacts
Emissions to AtmosphereDischarges/releases to Sea
Waste Disposal
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The Impact of Emissions
CO2 C t ib t t Gl b l W i
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CO2 Contributes to Global Warming
Greenhouse Gases(water vapour, carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide)
Traps Infrared Radiation thatwarms the earth.
Result: Global Warming /Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases(water vapour, carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide)
Traps Infrared Radiation thatwarms the earth.
Result: Global Warming /Climate Change
SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting inrelease of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions
Gl b l W i
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Global Warming
SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting inrelease of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions
Ave Global Temperatureincreasing
Atmospheric CO2
Concentration Increasing inthe same time period
Gl b l W i
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Global WarmingIMPACT: Climate Change (i.e., changes in temperature,precipitation/storms, sea level)
Drought,Severe Winter Weather
Flooding
Severe Storms
Tropical Cyclones
Global Warming
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Global Warming
IMPACT: Climate Change THEN Impacts Human Life,Wildlife & Natural Vegetation
Hurricane Katrina Photos from www.katrina.com; Wildlife/Vegetation Photos from WWF WebsiteHurricane Katrina Photos from www.katrina.com; Wildlife/Vegetation Photos from WWF Website
A few Examples:
Human Life Wildlife Vegetation
Changes intemperature candamage vegetationor prevent futuregrowth
Potential extinction due to
loss of habitat, foodsource, disruption inbreeding cycles
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OVERALL, SHIPS ARE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
The Impact of Emissions
This Slide taken from Intertanko ISTEC Committee, Distillates Presentation (Feb 2007)This Slide taken from Intertanko ISTEC Committee, Distillates Presentation (Feb 2007)
Other Examples
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Other Examples …
• 1000 Tonnes of CO2 is producedby:
•• 1000 Tonnes of CO2 is produced1000 Tonnes of CO2 is producedby:by:
Driving a Toyota Corolla 6
million kilometres (150 timesaround the earth’s equator
Driving a Toyota Corolla 6Driving a Toyota Corolla 6
million kilometres (150 timesmillion kilometres (150 timesaround the eartharound the earth’’s equator s equator
An individual flying from NewYork to Tokyo 400 times
An individual flying from New An individual flying from NewYork to Tokyo 400 timesYork to Tokyo 400 times
EXAMPLE Trans Atlantic Voyage
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EXAMPLE - Trans-Atlantic Voyage
• From Sarroch (Italy), Load in Arzew (Algeria), Discharge in Philadelphia(USA)
Ballast Passage: 100 MTLoad Port Consumption: 35 MTLaden Passage: 650 MT
+ Discharge Port Cons: 180 MT
TOTAL: 965 MTx 3.2 = Carbon Footprint of 3088 metric tonnes
How much fuel must be saved in order to reduce Carbon Footprint by 5%?
TOTAL: 965 MT HFO x 0.05 = 48.25 MT.
How can we save this much fuel?
What is Acid Rain?
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What is Acid Rain?
SOURCE : SOx, NOx, Soot Emissions from Engine DuringFuel Combustion
Acids can be blown to other areas by wind, thenWet Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with rain, fog, snowDry Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with dust or smoke
Acids can be blown to other areas by wind, thenWet Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with rain, fog, snowDry Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with dust or smoke
US EPAUS EPA
NOxSOxSoot
NOxSOxSoot
Water,
Oxygen, andOther
AtmosphericChemicals
Water,
Oxygen, andOther
AtmosphericChemicals
++
==
Mild Sulphuric
Acid and Nitric Acid
Mild Sulphuric Acid and Nitric Acid
Acid Rain
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Acid Rain
Lakes, Rivers and Streams
Disrupts lake ecosystems and kills
wildlife Depletes natural oxygen levels in lakes.
Destroys food source (micro organismsor larger marine life)
Harms birds that live or feed in affectedwaters.
Soil / Vegetation
Washes away soil nutrients.
Damages tree roots affecting nutrientabsorption
Changes the colour of leaves affectingphotosynthesis.
Lakes, Rivers and Streams
Disrupts lake ecosystems and kills
wildlife Depletes natural oxygen levels in lakes.
Destroys food source (micro organismsor larger marine life)
Harms birds that live or feed in affectedwaters.
Soil / Vegetation
Washes away soil nutrients.
Damages tree roots affecting nutrientabsorption
Changes the colour of leaves affectingphotosynthesis.
IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;Effects to wildlife and human life
Acid Rain
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Acid Rain
Human Life:
Lung disorders, such as asthma andbronchitis.
Sickness from contaminated seafoodfrom affected lakes or rivers.
Can leach metals (i.e., copper, lead oralumnium) into potable water sources
Deterioration of buildings, statues,
bridges, etc.
Human Life:
Lung disorders, such as asthma andbronchitis.
Sickness from contaminated seafoodfrom affected lakes or rivers.
Can leach metals (i.e., copper, lead oralumnium) into potable water sources
Deterioration of buildings, statues,
bridges, etc.
IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;Effects to wildlife and human life
LEGISLATION UPDATE
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LEGISLATION UPDATE
CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Legislation
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CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Legislation
• Currently, CO2 emissions not regulated inshipping.
• Worldwide focus on global warming• Public perception that shipping has not
done much to reduce emissions.• Expect IMO regulations perhaps in 4-5
years
NOx Legislation
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NOx Legislation
• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May2005
• Proposed amendments to be finalized in2008
SO L i l i
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SOx Legislation• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May
2005
• Proposed amendments to be finalized in2008
VOC Legislation
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VOC Legislation
• Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May 2005. Noreduction targets stated
• Proposed Amendment – VOC Management Manual
• Vapour Emission Control Systems (VECS) fitted but lackof port reception facilities to collect VOC’s
• Shuttle tankers in the North Sea must adhere to
reduction targets for cargo loading in the NorwegianContinental Shelf.
• Emissions during transit not addressed
NOTE: Global warming potential of methane from VOC’sis 20 TIMES HIGHER THAN CO2.
Strategies for Reducing
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Strategies for Reducing
Emissions
* Reducing CO2 Emissions is a PRIORITY from 2008-2012* Reducing CO2 Emissions is a PRIORITY from 2008-2012
Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)
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• Vessel Performance Program for Optimizingengine/equipment efficiency
Opt g ue Co su pt o (CO ss o s)
Trim Optimization Tool~60 MT of fuel saved per vessel/year
Trim Optimization Tool~60 MT of fuel saved per vessel/year
Use Vessel Performance System
(VPS) and CASPER to monitorperformance
Use Vessel Performance System
(VPS) and CASPER to monitorperformance
Trim Optimization Tool
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Success Stories:
Trim Optimization Tool
Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)
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SFOC vs Pmax
132.0
132.5
133.0
133.5
134.0
134.5
135.0
135.5
115 117.5 120 122.5 125
Pmax in Bar
S F O C 1.8%
reduction
10 bar increase in Pmax10 bar increase in Pmax 1.8% drop in Specific Fuel Consumption1.8% drop in Specific Fuel Consumption
Source: MAN B&WSource: MAN B&W
==
1.211
1.134
1.05
0.984
0.925
0.819
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.05
1.15
1.25
S C O C i n g m s / b h p h r
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fleet Average Cylinder Oil Consumption
Specific Fuel Oil Cons.Specific Fuel Oil Cons.
SFOC units in gms/bhp hr SFOC units in gms/bhp hr
Optimizing Cylinder Oil Consumption~30% reduction in Ave consumption since 2001. $3.7 Million saved
Optimizing Cylinder Oil Consumption~30% reduction in Ave consumption since 2001. $3.7 Million saved
Going forward:
Retrofit with AlphaLubricators
Going forward:Going forward:
Retrofit with AlphaRetrofit with AlphaLubricatorsLubricators
Examples of Optimization
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p p
Example of a vessel with silicone
coated propeller and rudder to improve
performance and avoid fouling
Example of a vessel with silicone
coated propeller and rudder to improve
performance and avoid fouling
Model testing benefits
establishment of improvedguidelines on vessels draft and
trim condition for optimization of
fuel consumption and speed
Model testing benefits
establishment of improvedguidelines on vessels draft and
trim condition for optimization of
fuel consumption and speed
Examples of Alternatives
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p
Propellers• Propeller Boss Cap Fin (PBCF)
Reduces stern vibrations, propeller noise and rudder erosion.
(Estimated 5% fuel savings or 2% increase in speed)
• Teekay Model Tests followed by on board test to come
Environmental Leadership Program
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6-year study onboard Dania SpiritPlant decommissioned, study ongoing
MONITOR & RESEARCH: Other NOx technologies(i.e., slide valves, Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
Onboard test: Selective Catalytic Reduction Plant
ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce NOx Emissions
Environmental Leadership Program
Environmental Leadership Program
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•Use Low Sulphur (1.5%) Fuelsused where required in SulphurEmission Control Areas (SECA)
•Baltic (May 2006)•North Sea (Aug/Nov 2007)
•Teekay policy that purchasedbunkers not exceed 3.5% sulphur(this is 1% below Marpolregulation)•Research Seawater Scrubbers
ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce SOx and Particulate MatterEmissions
Seawater Scrubber(Mainly for SOx but can removeNOx & Particulate Matter)
Seawater Scrubber(Mainly for SOx but can removeNOx & Particulate Matter)
p g
Environmental Leadership Program
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Shuttle Tanker VOC Plants Conventional Tanker Methods Vapour Emission Control
Systems (VECS), but lack of
shore reception facilities VOCON Procedure (SVP)
RESEARCH: Teekay Norway, Technologies and Projects Group VOC reduction during transport, w/ GBA recirculation system and tank
overpressure
ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce VOC emissions from cargo
Stena Sirita Plant used during loadingOther Shuttle Tanker Plant types:
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
The Impact of Vessel
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p
Discharges/Releases
Potential Oil Pollution
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HAZARDS: Discharge of treated bilge water; DecantedSlops; Cargo/Bunker Spill
Potential Oil Pollution
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IMPACTS: Potential Contamination of the Seas/Shorelines;Effects to Marine Life; Criminal Charges
TREND: WORLDWIDE CRIMINALIZATION OF MARINERS
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USA• Department of Justice
CANADA
• Bill C-15
European Union• Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-Source Pollution
FRANCE – Perben 2 Law – Captain Mathur of ERIKA
– VANCOUVER SPIRIT / AEGEAN SPIRIT
SPAIN• Captain Mangouras of PRESTIGE
Penalties
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PenaltiesIncarceration
• prison sentences for vessel personnel (maximum to date – 5years)
• shore side personnel (maximum to date – 37 months)
Fines
• both individuals and companies
• maximum individual to date - $100,000
• maximum company to date - $40,000,000
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Ballast Water, when discharged at load port
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IMPACTS: Disruption or changes to marine ecosystems
EcologicalNew bio-invasion every 9 weeks
EconomicalLosses in 100s of billions USD per
year globally
Human healthParalytic shell fish poisoning
Cholera outbreaks
Strategy / Practices for Minimizing
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Discharges
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Environmental Leadership Program
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Ensuring overboard discharge contains less than 15 ppm oil.
ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System
Alfa Laval, EcostreamCentrifugal Separator
Alfa Laval, EcostreamCentrifugal Separator White BoxesWhite Boxes
Legislation Update – Ballast
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Water • Proposed international convention.
• Still awaiting ratification by IMO member states.
Ballast Water
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ELP OBJECTIVE : Minimize the transfer of invasivemarine organisms
In place today:
Ballast Water ManagementPlans
Ballast exchange
2008 ELP Evaluate Alfa Laval Pureballast
System (IMO Approved) and
others
Advanced Oxidation Technology (AOT)
Alfa Laval Pureballast System Alfa Laval Pureballast System
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GarbageIMPACT: Potential Pollution of the Seas Depletion of
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IMPACT: Potential Pollution of the Seas, Depletion ofLand Fills and Natural Resources, Disruption toMarine Life
photo’s by: Dirk Bruin, SBB Vlieland
Visual Pollutionand Disruption toMarine Life
Visual Pollutionand Disruption toMarine Life
EntanglementEntanglement
IngestionIngestion
Garbage
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industrial
plastic
user
plastic
non plastic rubbish
pollutants
chemical ?
Litter types in Fulmar stomachs
Strategies / Practices for Waste
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Management
* Reduce Garbage Disposed at Sea Where Possible* Reduce Garbage Disposed at Sea Where Possible
Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea
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Categories 2, 3 and 4Categories 2, 3 and 4Food Wasteis OK, butshould still
minimize.
Food Wasteis OK, butshould still
minimize.
Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea
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• 2006, Teekay averaged fleet wide adisposal of approximately 12 m3 of
category 2, 3 and 4 waste overboard.• 2007, our objective/target was to reduce
this to 8 m3. Achieved: 8.16 m3 Great !!
• 2012 Target 6 m3
Ave per ship
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Łukasz Lewkowicz
Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz RutkowskiDr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Królikowski
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KONCEPCJA OBSŁUGISTATKÓW DO PRZEWOZU LNG
W REJONIE ZATOKI GDAŃSKIEJ
dr inż. kpt. ż. w. Andrzej Królikowski
dr inż. kpt. ż. w. Grzegorz Rutkowski
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Schemat terminalu odbiorczego LNG z funkcją regazyfikacji
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Schemat terminalu LNG
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Przykłady magazynowania LNG
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Crude Oil Export & Import
Crude Oil Daily Consumption
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Crude Oil Top Producing
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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----31313131
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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----33333333
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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----43434343
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FPSO PFPSO PFPSO PFPSO P----43434343
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Pump room Bilges
ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System
Deck Bilge Water
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Pump room Bilges
• Approval to transfer to slop tanks
• Dispose Ashore
• CANNOT be combined with engine room bilges
RESEARCH/PILOT: Deck retention tanks for pump room and other options
for STL and Bow Thruster Space
Fore Castle Clean up spills/leakages and dispose of contaminated
materials accordingly
Submerged Turret Loading, Bow Thruster Space Discharge to sea permitted
EXERCISE: How can you contribute to achieving the Strategy?
Split up into 8 groups. Use flip charts to identify ways toreduce energy consumption and minimize garbage
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p p g p p y yreduce energy consumption and minimize garbage
onboard in below areas. Choose the best option in each
area as per below (15 minutes). Nominate a speaker to
present.
Reduce Energy Minimize Garbage
Cargo Ops
Engine Room
Accommodations