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CRUDE OILCRUDE OILA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL
INTRODUCTIONThis Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
CONTENTSCONTENTS• Origin of crude oil
• Fractional distillation
• Cracking
CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL
For more detailed information on the properties of hydrocarbons such as
alkanes and alkenes, see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
Other examples AIR contains different gasesSMARTIES contains different sweets
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
The oxygen in air behaves as oxygenThe orange Smarties® in SMARTIES® taste of orange
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged.
It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including filtration, chromatography, distillation and, for crude oil, fractional distillation.
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS(compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen)
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILWHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
FROM ORGANISMS WHICH LIVED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO
THEIR REMAINS WERE COVERED BY LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR CONVERTED THE REMAINS INTO FOSSIL FUELS
GAS AND OILARE TRAPPEDUNDERGROUND -
THEY CAN’T GETTHROUGH THENON-POROUS LAYERS
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILHOW WAS IT FORMED?HOW WAS IT FORMED?
OILGAS
DRILLING PIPE
POROUS ROCK
NON-POROUS ROCKS
CRUDE OIL CAN BE SPLIT INTO FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS - GROUPS OF COMPOUNDS WITH SIMILAR BOILING POINTS
THE PROCESS IS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
CRUDE OILCRUDE OILHOW IS IT PROCESSED?HOW IS IT PROCESSED?
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
THE DISTILLATION
TOWER
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
CRUDE OIL IS FED INTO THE TOWER
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
THE CRUDE OIL IS HEATED UNTIL IT ALL TURNS TO GAS
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT GASES ENTER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOWER
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER. AS THE TRAVEL UP, THEY COOL DOWN.
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
BITUMEN
THE BITUMEN FRACTION CONTAINS THE LARGEST MOLECULES AND THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST BOILING POINTS – THEY TURN BACK TO LIQUID FIRST
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES IN THE LUBRICATING OIL FRACTION ARE NOT AS LARGE AS THOSE IN THE BITUMEN FRACTION SO CONDENSE FURTHER UP THE TOWER
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FRACTION HAVE VERY LOW BOILING POINTS AND DON’T TURN BACK TO THE LIQUID STATE
FURNACE
CRUDE OIL
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONANIMATIONANIMATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES HAVE FEWER
CARBON ATOMS
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES ARE SMALLER
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES HAVE LOWER
BOILING POINTS
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES ARE MORE VOLATILE
VOLATILE = Having a low boiling point
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES ARE LESS VISCOUS
VISCOUS = not very runny (a bit like syrup)
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES IGNITE MORE
EASILY
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONHOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
MOLECULES REQUIRE LESS
OXYGEN TO BURN PROPERLY
The more carbon atoms there are the more oxygen you need
Boiling C’s per Name of Use(s)range / °C molecule fraction
< 25 1 - 4 LPG Calor / Camping Gas
40-100 4 - 12 GASOLINE Petrol
100-150 7 - 14 NAPHTHA Petrochemicals
150-200 11 - 15 KEROSINE Aviation
220-350 15 - 19 GAS OIL Central Heating
> 350 20 - 30 LUBRICATING OIL Lubrication Oil
>400 30 - 40 FUEL OIL Power Stations, ships
> 400 40 - 50 WAX, GREASE Candles, grease
> 400 > 50 BITUMEN Road surfaces, Roofs
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES
FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER
SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS
THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONWHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES
FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER
SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS
THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE
LARGER MOLECULES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLERONES - THIS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING
CRACKINGCRACKING
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHY IS IT DONE?WHY IS IT DONE?
LARGER HYDROCARBON MOLECULES ARE LESS USEFUL
THEY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES
SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MORE USEFUL
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
LIQUID
HEAT
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
LIQUID VAPOUR
HEAT
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
LIQUID VAPOUR
HEAT CATALYST
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE
LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES
HEAT CATALYST
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION (BREAKING UP BY HEATING) TAKES PLACE
CATALYSTS HELP SPEED UP REACTIONS
LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES
HEAT CATALYST
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE
CALLED ALKANES
ALKANE ALKANE
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE
CALLED ALKENES
ALKENE ALKENE
CRACKINGCRACKINGWHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE
CALLED ALKANES
HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE
CALLED ALKENES
ALKANE ALKENE ALKANE ALKENE
CRUDEOILCRUDEOILTHE ENDTHE END
©©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
