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Higher Education and the Global Agenda: Alternative Pathways to the Future
IAU 14th General Conference
‘TNE, branch campuses and hubs:Drivers and trends’
William LawtonThe Observatory on Borderless Higher Education
Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico
30 November 2012
INTERNATIONAL BRANCH CAMPUSESDATA AND DEVELOPMENTS
WILLIAM LAWTON
ALEX KATSOMITROS
JANUARY 2012
IN ASSOCIATION WITH EVERSHEDS LLP
Joined i-graduate in 2010
Outline
TNE typologies TNE growth TNE drivers International branch campuses (IBCs) Education hubs: Role of governments New collaborations MOOCs
Types of TNE
online & distance articulation twinning franchising validation branch campuses
Global demand for UK Higher Education
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Study in own country
Study in UK
Growth of UK TNE
Anthony Böhm et al, Vision 2020: Forecasting international student mobility (BC, UUK, IDP, 2004)
Australia (2011) UK (2010-2011)0
100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000
1,000,000
225,000428,000 (including
130,000 EU)
108,000
504,000
TNEOnshore
Sources: AEI, HESA
Australia & UKOnshore and TNE numbers in higher
education
Source: British Council c.2010
Top 5 TNE markets
Australia
• Singapore• China• Malaysia• Vietnam• Hong Kong
UK
• Malaysia• Singapore• China• Pakistan• Hong Kong
Sources: AEI (08.2012), BC (2011)
Drivers of TNE
For universities
For students and families
For host governments
INTERNATIONAL BRANCH CAMPUSESDATA AND DEVELOPMENTS
WILLIAM LAWTON
ALEX KATSOMITROS
JANUARY 2012
IN ASSOCIATION WITH EVERSHEDS LLP
• 200 degree-awarding IBCs in operation worldwide in 2011
• (162 in 2009)• 40 more to open over the next two years.
• number of ‘home’ (source) countries was 24 (22 in 2009)
• number of host countries was 67 (52 in 2009)
Observatory’s branch-campus report
2006 2009 2011 20140
50
100
150
200
250
300
82
162
200
250-260225+
Number of international branch campuses (IBCs) 2006-14
International branch cam-puses 2009-2011 (2009 def-inition)
International branch campuses 2006 - 2014 (estimate)
Number ofIBCs
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
Number of IBCs hosted, by world region
Number of IBCs originating, by world region
Central & South Amer-
ica (10)
North Amer-ica (10)
Europe (33)
Africa (13)
MENA (62)
Asia (70)
Australia (2) Central & South Amer-
ica (2)
North Amer-ica (82)
Europe (69)
Africa (2)
MENA (7)
Asia (26)
Australia (12)
2011
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
UAE Singapore China (M) Qatar Malaysia UK India Mauritius0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
40
1210
9
5 5
0 0
37
1817
10
76
5 5
20092011
Host countriesNumber of IBCs, 2009 and
2011
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
USA France UK India Australia Netherlands Malaysia Iran Canada0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 78
11 13 1114
5 41 3
78
27 25
17
12
6 6 6 4
20092011
Home countriesNumber of IBCs, 2009 and 2011
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
6
39
12.5
8.5
3
13.5
17.5
Number of IBCs as share
of world total, 2011
AustraliaUSAUKIndiaMalaysiaFranceOther
25
24
19.5
11
8.5
4.5
7.5
Estimated world market share
by number of students, 2011
AustraliaUSAUKIndiaMalaysiaFranceOther
200 IBCs
34 South-to-South IBCs
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi
Dubai Knowledge VillageDubai International Academic City
Dubai International Financial City
Dubai Health Care City
Dubai Silicon Oasis
Bahrain
Education City, Qatar
New York City
Education City, near Kuala Lumpur
Iskandar, south Malaysia
Global Schoolhouse, Singapore
Incheon Free Economic Zone, Korea
Jeju Global Education City, Korea
Botswana
Mauritius
Sri Lanka
City of Knowledge, Panama
Education Hubs: Governments in on the act
Newcastle University Medical school (NUMed)Iskandar, Malaysia, April 2012
New York University IBMNYU – Poly CiscoCity University of New York OthersCarnegie MellonTorontoWarwickIIT Bombay
CUSP in New York CityCenter for Urban Science & Progress, Brooklyn
• Multinational university hub• Integrated academic programmes
Coursera – Partners to date
US• Berklee College of Music• Brown University• CalTech• Columbia • Duke• Emory• Georgia Tech• Johns Hopkins• Mount Sinai School of Medicine• Ohio State• Princeton• Rice• Stanford• UC, Irvine• UC, San Francisco• Florida• Illinois at Urbana-Champaign• Maryland, College Park• Michigan• Pennsylvania• Pittsburgh• Virginia• Washington• Vanderbilt• Wesleyan
UK
• Edinburgh• London
Canada
• UBC• Toronto
India• IIT Delhi• Indraprastha
Institute of Information Technology Delhi
Australia
• Melbourne
Hong Kong
• HK University of Science and Technology
Israel
• Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Switzerland
• EPFL
August 2012
Coursera – Where do students come from?
Coursera
207 courses
35 university partners (25 US, 2 UK, 2 Can,
2 Indian, 1 Aus, 1 HK, 1 Israeli, 1 Swiss )
1,950,000 students (11/12)
38% USA, 6% Brazil, 5% India, 4% China (08/12)
Udacity
19 Courses
Colorado State University
c1,000,000 students
42% USA, 7% India, 5% UK, 4% Germany (08/12)
Two important considerations about MOOCs
• How quickly MOOC completion certificates will be integrated into formal credit at universities
• How MOOC methods may impact on traditional pedagogy
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
‘MOOCs will attract ‘glocal’ students with global aspirations and local experiences… Newer branch campuses will face unexpected competition from MOOCs’
Rahul Choudaha,WES, 05.08
‘MOOCs and IBCs are not mutually exclusive… It might be better to think of MOOCs and international branch campuses as independent internationalisation strategy options’
Observatory, 21.08
‘The branch-campus model is not fading… Without local endorsement of MOOC initiatives, it is doubtful that students will see them as a superior option… They serve different purposes and different clientele’
Jason Lane & Kevin Kinser, SUNY, 06.09
MOOCs and branch campuses
Higher Education and the Global Agenda: Alternative Pathways to the Future
IAU 14th General Conference
‘TNE, branch campuses and hubs:Drivers and trends’
William LawtonThe Observatory on Borderless Higher Education
Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico
30 November 2012
International branch campusesThings can go wrong
• Japan: 38 of 40 IBCs closed during economic crisis in 1990s• RMIT in Malaysia: Malaysian partner’s financial losses in
Asian economic crisis (1997)• Central Queensland University in Fiji: low enrolments &
political instability (2007)• also closed campus in New Zealand in 2008
• Uni of New South Wales in Singapore: low enrolments (2007)
• George Mason University in Dubai: depends on whose story you believe; either poor enrolments or thrown out by UQAIB (2009)
• University of Phoenix in Calgary and Vancouver: Unclear; possible relation to a lawsuit against parent company, Apollo Group of Arizona (2010)
• University of Northern Virginia in HK and Northern Cyrpus: accreditation revoked (2010?)
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
UAE (16/37)
China - M (8/17)
Malaysia (7/7)
Singapore (10/18)
Bahrain (3/3)
Qatar (8/10)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
11,8219,530
7,049
1660
27,500
20,200
15,300
12,700
5,820
2,100
Number of students at IBCs in each country (actual + extrapolations)
EstimateActual - Based on survey data
Host countries
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
UAE (16/37) China - M (8/17)
Malaysia (7/7)
Singapore (10/18)
Bahrain (3/3)
Qatar (8/10) Average0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
739
1,191
2,189
705
1,940
208
730
Average number of students at IBCs in each country
Host countries
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
UAEChina (M)
MalaysiaSingapore
BahrainQatar
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
60
88
75
3757 62
8
7
1
18
13
32
5
24
45 42 35
Where are they coming from? (%)
Students from other countriesStudents from home countryStudents from host coun-try
Host countries
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
Australia (11/12)
USA (36/78)
UK (19/25) India (6/17)
Malaysia (2/6)
France (10/27)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
27,545
13,34017,733
4,802 3,366 2004
30,000 28,900
23,300
13,600
10,100
5,400
Number of students at IBCs from each country (actual + extrapolations)
Estimate
Actual - Based on survey data
Home countries
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
Australia (11/12)
USA (36/78) UK (19/25)
India (6/17)
Malaysia (2/6)
France (10/27)
Average0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2,504
371
933800
1,683
200
730
Average number of students at IBCs originating from these countries
Home countries
© The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2012
UK France
IndiaUSA
Australia
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
79.5
25
52 50.5 64
0.5
51
18.519
5
2024
29.5 30.5 31
Where are they going?
Students from other countriesStudents from home countryStudents from host country
Home countries
Worldwide Access | Opportunity | International Standards
Validation Franchise Supported Campus
Reputation risk High Medium Low Low
Financial risk Low Medium Medium High
Control exerted Low Medium High High
Institutional relationship
Adoptive Parent
Parent - child Diverse Clone
Market responsiveness
High Medium Low High
• US universities still provide the greatest number of IBCs (78)
• but no net change since 2009• UAE still hosts the greatest number (37)
• though three fewer than in 2009
• France is now source country for 27 IBCs• 12 from ESMOD International Fashion group.
• UK has almost doubled its provision, from 13 to 25 • 8 more at least on the way
• shift in activity from the Middle East to the Far East
• number hosted by mainland China has increased by 70%
• (10 to 17) • number in Singapore has increased by 50%
• (12 to 18).
Observatory’s branch-campus report