CS & KB, CECOTOX, EPFL Impact of compost on the collembola Folsomia candida Carine Staempfli, Fodé Niang, Kristin Becker van Slooten Laboratoire de chimie

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13.4.93

CS & KB, CECOTOX, EPFL

Impact of compost on the collembola Folsomia candida

Carine Staempfli, Fodé Niang, Kristin Becker van SlootenLaboratoire de chimie environnemental et d’écotoxicologie (CECOTOX)

ENAC-ISTE Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Suisse

FAL, Reckenholz

Discussion «Compost project», 29.10.04



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Objectives

• Evaluate the impact of compost on the collembola Folsomia candida Tests with a mixture compost/natural Swiss soil Tests with aqueous extracts



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Evaluation of the substances according to soil function

• Living space for soil communities Microbial Fauna tests (soil or extracts)

• Living space for plants Plant tests Root symbioses tests

• Retention capacity of the soil and risk for the ground water Aquatic tests with soil extracts



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Collembole: Folsomia candida

ManubriumDentes

MucronFurca

Rétinacle

Tube ventral

Thorax Abdomen

Organe post-antennaire

Antenne (4 parties)



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Avantages

• Ecological importance

• Well known biology and ecologie

• Wide geographical distribution

• Easy to culture

• Rapid life cycle

• High reproduction rate

• Parthenogenic reproduction

Disavantages

• Parthenogenic reproduction

• Small size

• Sensibility to salt?



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Breeding of Folsomia candida



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Obtention of juveniles of 10 days old

1. Transfer adults in a new breeding container 2. Layed eggs can be observed 3 days later

3. Transfer the eggs 9 days later 4. Take out the unhatched eggs and wait 10 days



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Characteristics of three Swiss reference soils

reference soils number

Composition

pHorganic matter

(%)

WHC (%)

CE (mmol/kg

dw)clay (%)

silt (%)

Sand (%)

Schlag 110 1 24.4 39 36.6 6.21 3.5 50.11 ND

Schlag 110 (used) 1 24.4 39 36.6 7.61 3.5 50.11 2.71

A493 Verf 2 2 18 23.4 58.6 4.61 1.4 34.40 1.28

STABIO Verf D2 3 21 32 47 4.93 3.7 35.04 2.78



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Reproduction test with Folsomia candida (ISO protocole)

1. Choice of a natural soil

Dilution with compost or adding an extract

2. Contamination of the soil

3. Introduction of the individuals

10 collembola, 10 days old Water and

bromophenol blue

4. After 28 days, adults and juveniles are counted



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Adult and juvenile collembola at the end of the test



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Validity of the test

Mortality of adults should not exceed 20% at the end of the test

Reproduction rate should reach a minimum of 100 juveniles

Coefficient of variation of reproduction should not exceed 30%



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Reproduction rate of Folsomia candida in the three Swiss soils compared to the artificial soil

Soils

Mean of 5 replicates

mortality of adults

(%)

number of juveniles

coefficient of variation of

reproduction (%)

Artificial soil (ISO) 20 148 +/- 18 12

Schlag 110 14 122 +/- 21 17

A493 Verf 2 24 87+/- 36 41

STABIO Verf D2 12 120 +/- 15 13



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Soil contamination with compostWorst case

Weight of treated soil volume x density (1.5)

1 ha x depth (5 cm)

Ratio compost/soil (dry weight) 1g compost - 7.5g soil

Aplication rate

100 000 kg

500000000 cm3

750000000 g

EXPLANATIONS

Deployed amount 10 tons -> kg

Volume of treated soil

Aplication rate : 100 tons / ha



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Tested Composts

compost Type d'échantillon Matières premières

1 Compost Déchets de cuisine, déchets verts

5 Digestat Déchets de cuisine en majeure partie



17 CompostDéchets verts en majeure part, déchets de cuisine et cendres de bois

19 Digestat avec post-maturation Déchets de cuisine, déchets verts



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Characteristics of mixture soil-composts

Salt concentration of 26 mmol/kg dw can reduce the egg survival

soil/compost WHC pH CE (mmol NaCl/kg dw)

1 58.15 7.61 8.76

5 57.66 7.67 10.26

10 60.76 7.73 11.75

16 57.71 7.64 11.11

17 57.77 7.7 10.47

19 60.52 7.56 13.25



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Results of reproduction tests

Mixture soil-compost (ratio 1-7.5)


mortality of adults (%)

number of offsprings

Effect (%)

Schlag 110 (control) 22 119 +/- 16 -

compost 1 24 108 +/- 5 NS

compost 5 30 85 +/- 6 29%

compost 10 34 160 +/- 22 134%

compost 16 22 77 +/- 6 35%

compost 17 24 95 +/- 12 NS

compost 19 20 85 +/- 11 28%



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Preparation of the compost

Air dried for 3 or 4 days under a laminar flow hood

Big pieces of wood were removed

Chopped and sieved at 2 mm

Stored at -20°C



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Step of aqueous extraction of compost samples

1. Ratio water/compost ~ 3 2. The mixture is tumbled for 24 hours

3. Centrifugation 1400 rpm for 30 min4. Supernatant is collected

Lise Samsøe-Petersen: NORDTEST Project: Test for Compost Maturity and Ecotoxicity

The quantity of compost used corresponds to the quantity mixed with 30 g of soil



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Results with the extracts

Extracts




Effect (%)

Schlag 110 (control) 28 85+/- 10 -

extract 1 26 96 +/-17 NS

extract 5 20 87 +/- 5 NS

extract 10 24 78 +/- 7 NS

extract 16 40 58 +/- 11 31%

extract 17 26 71 +/- 14 NS

extract 19 28 76 +/- 15 NS



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Results with the extracts

Extracts




Effect (%)

Schlag 110 (control) 28 85+/- 10 -

extract 1 26 96 +/-17 NS

extract 5 20 87 +/- 5 NS

extract 10 24 78 +/- 7 NS

extract 16 40 58 +/- 11 31%

extract 17 26 71 +/- 14 NS

extract 19 28 76 +/- 15 NS



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Comparison with analytical results

Imazalil LC50 Eisenia foetida 541 mg/kg

Thiabendazole and Dimethomorph LC50 Eisenia foetida >1000 mg/kg

PNEC PCA 0.8 mg/kg (European Union Risk Assessment Report)

Composts

Effect mixture

soil/compost (%)

Effect extract (%)

Imazalil (fongicide)

mg/kg

Thiabendazole (fongicide)

mg/kg

Dimethomorph (fongicide)

mg/kg

PCA mg/kg

1 NS NS ND ND ND 0.028

5 29% NS 0.075 0.022 ND 0.36

10 134% NS 0.092 0.021 0.016 0.025

16 35% 31% 0.016 ND ND 0.027

17 NS NS ND ND ND 0.013

19 28% NS ND ND ND 0.038



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Conclusion

No correlation can be established between the toxicity obtained and the pH, the salinity, and the measured concentration of PCA or fongicide

The pore-water phase seems to be responsible of the toxicity. Heavy metals???

Three soil-compost mixtures (5, 16, 19) induced between 28 and 35% inhibition of the reproduction, one sample (10) stimulated the reproduction

The water extract of the compost 16 induced the same level of effect



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Perspectives

• Test aqueous extract on daphnia (Daphnia magna) and bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri)

• Test effect of the mixture compost/soil on the reproduction of the 2nd generation of F. candida

• Test effect of the mixture compost/soil on the reproduction of Folsomia fimetaria a sexually reproducing species living on agricultural soils

• Other ecotoxicity tests (microbial processes)? To discuss…



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Day 0 Day 10F0: 10 to 12 days old F0: 20 to 22 days old

Exposure in contaminated soil

Extraction of adults by flotation,transfer to clean soil

Day 28 to 38Day 10F0: 20 to 22 days old F0: 38-48 to 48-50 days old

F1: 7 to 17 days old

28 d reproduction in clean soil

Extraction by flotation

Selection of 8 to 12 days old organisms from F1 and transfer to clean soil

Day 28 to 38 Day 56 to 66F1: 8 to 12 days F1: 36 to 40 days old

F2: 0 to 16 days old28 days reproduction in clean soil

Protocol for multigeneration effect testing

Documents

CS & KB, CECOTOX, EPFL Impact of compost on the collembola Folsomia candida Carine Staempfli, Fodé Niang, Kristin Becker van Slooten Laboratoire de chimie