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Variable
• Declare Variables before you use ittype variable_list;e.g. int i, j, k;
• Numeric Ranges (textbook page 9)int: double:
• Check its range before you use this type of variable. Make sure the value you want to store in this variable will not be out of its range.
Input one word or string
cin>>s;//can only input one word, e.g., only my first name.
getline(cin, s);//can input the whole string, e.g., my first and last name
cin.ignore(10000, '\n')
Use cin.ignore(10000, '\n') after reading a number if the next input will be of a string (using getline)
Arithmatic
• Division: 5/2=2; 5.0/2=2.5– as long as one of the number is a “double” we
have a “double” division.• Mod: 5%2=1 (remainder)• Casting: – int a = 2.5 a = ? 2– (double)5/2 = ? 2.5– (double) (5/2) = ? 2
iostream precision
• Default is 6 digits• If “double a = 1234.56789”; “cout << a” will
only display 1234.57• Here you can use “cout.precision(9)” to set the
output as 9 digits.• See the example below.
header file
• #include <string> //standard built-in libraries• #include “ccc_time.h” //user-defined libraries
if…else… if (expression) statement;else statement;
Nested if statement:if(){ if() {…} else {…}}else if(){}else{}
Boolean expression
• Greater than or equal: “>=“• Less than or equal: “<=”• Equal: “==”• Not equal: “!=”• Logic expression:– AND: &&– OR: ||– NOT: !
priority• Arithmetic operator > relational operator
10 > 1+2 ↔ 10 > (1+2)• “<<“ operator > logic operatorcout << “true AND false is ” << (true && false);
“continue”
skip the current round loop, go to the next round loop
for(…){
code 1;code 2;continue;code 3;
}
“break”
stop the current loop and get out of the loop.
for (…){
code 1;code 2;break;code 3;
}
code 4
another exampleJump out from a deep nested loopfor(…){
for(…){
while(…){
if(…) goto stop;…
}}
}stop:
cout << “Error in program. \n”;//”break” can only jump out from only one loop
Online reference
• Some websites are really helpful for you to learn C++, like http://www.cplusplus.com/
• More detailed reference: Microsoft MSDN library – http://
msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/hh388567– http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cscc687
y(v=vs.80).aspx
– http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/3bstk3k5.aspx
My webpage for CS31 1K
http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~youlu/CS31-1K.html