CSD 5400REHABILITATION

PROCEDURES FOR THE HARD OF HEARING

Hearing Loss and IdentityPsychosocial Aspects

Personal and Social Effects

Questions to Address

1. Does being deaf cause problems with personality?

2. Do deaf children have more difficulty than hearing children in social development?

3. What is the role of language in the social interaction of deaf children, teens, and adults?

4. What are the barriers to social integration between deaf and hearing people?

Identity and Personality

Self-concept is developed through an ongoing process of social interactions

The key to these interactions is communication

Deaf identity Oral deaf Signing Deaf

Hard-of-Hearing

Personality

Research studies from the 1960s and 1970s have profiled deaf people as egocentric, rigid, immature, lacking empathy, constricted, deficient in social adaptiveness, impulsive, suggestible, and lacking an inner locus of control

Self-Esteem

One of the principal components of mental health

Major factors contributing to the self-esteem of deaf persons:

1. Hearing status2. Family environment3. School environment4. Group identification

Hearing Status and Self-Esteem

Most studies report lower self-esteem among deaf people

Directly related to the degree of hearing loss

Is stigma internalized??

Family and Self-Esteem

Self-image has its origins in the connection between the deaf child and his parents

Deaf children with deaf parents have, overall, higher self esteem than deaf children with hearing parents

Deaf children whose hearing parents use sign language are more likely to have higher self-esteem than deaf children whose parents don’t

School and Self-Esteem

School type is NOT directly related to self-esteem

Self-esteem may be more directly related to academic achievement

Group Identification and Self-Esteem

Group identification involves having friends who share an identity, being involved in a community with shared values and identity, and feeling a sense of shared characteristics with members of a group

Deaf and hard-of-hearing are one of the following: Culturally hearing Culturally marginal Culturally Deaf Bicultural

Social Integration and Social Skills

Studies to understand the state of knowledge about the social skills of deaf children and the impacted of integrated education

Social Abilities and Adjustment

Studies looking at social abilities of deaf children show mixed results

A deaf child’s social ability is strongly related to language ability

AgeRecent studies make the following conclusions:

Social adjustment of deaf children with deaf parents is no better or worse than the social adjustment of deaf children with hearing parents

The social functioning of deaf children is no better or worse than the social functioning of hard-of-hearing children

Deaf students in residential school settings are less socially mature than deaf students in mainstream settings

Social Interaction

In educational settings, social integration is the same as social interaction

Important area of research regarding mainstreamed deaf children

Social Interaction During Preschool and Kindergarten

Deaf children tend to interact more often with their teachers than with their peers

Deaf children with better oral skills interact more often with hearing children than deaf children with poorer hearing skills

Deaf Preschoolers and Kindergarteners

Language is crucial for social interaction1. Deaf children with high language ability are more

likely to engage in play activities that require linguistic interaction

2. Deaf children with high language ability are more likely to choose playmates who also have strong language abilities

3. Deaf children with high language ability tend to use more language and expect their playmates to use more language

Deaf Children and Playmate Preference

Peer relationships developed by deaf preschoolers similar to hearing preschoolersDeaf and hearing preschoolers have two types

of relationshipsMaintained and non-maintained friendships

Deaf preschoolers tend to have fewer long-term friendships than hearing children

Social interaction between hearing and deaf playmates is more dependent on their familiarity with one another than prior experiences with deaf children

Social Interaction During Childhood and Young

Adolescence

An important variable is the primary educational setting

Language level plays an increasingly larger role for social interaction

Which is the best environment for the development of social skills?Residential schoolPublic school

Social Interaction During Late Adolescence and

Young AdulthoodRetrospective studies

A major finding is that deaf people who attended public high schools typically describe their high school experiences as less positive socially and more positive academically than deaf students who attended residential schools

Continues through the college years

Personal and Social Development for the Adventitiously Deaf

Acquired deafness must be considered first and foremost a social and psychological loss which affects all communication and interpersonal interactions, and which deprives individuals of the type of social relationships, occupational goals, and overall quality of life to which he/she was accustomed and which gave life meaning