Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
CSLOs Course Student Learning Outcomes (CSLOs) for BIOL 2320 LECTURE:
1. Describe distinctive characteristics and diverse growth requirements of
prokaryotic organisms compared to eukaryotic organisms.
2. Provide examples of the impact of microorganisms on agriculture,
environment, ecosystem, energy, and human health, including biofilms.
3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control
microbial populations.
4. Explain the unique characteristics of bacterial metabolism and bacterial
genetics.
5. Describe evidence for the evolution of cells, organelles and major metabolic
pathways from early prokaryotes and how phylogenetic trees reflect
evolutionary relationships.
6. Compare characteristics and replication of acellular infectious agents
(viruses and prions) with characteristics and reproduction of cellular infectious
agents (prokaryotes and eukaryotes).
7. Describe functions of host defenses and the immune system in combating
infectious diseases and explain how immunizations protect against specific
diseases.
8. Explain transmission and virulence mechanisms of cellular and acellular
infectious agents.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Syllabus
1. BIOL 1406 PreRequisite Form Signup
2. Discuss Main Points in Syllabus
3. Why so many RULES ?
4. NO CELL PHONES
MOBILE DETOX CLASS
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Syllabus
GRADING3 lecture exams (3 out of 4 -lowest dropped) 20 % each 60%District Final Exam (Comprehensive and Mandatory) 10%MasteringBiology Assignments/Homew 20%
Comprehensive Case Study Script (SAVE BUGGS) Includes Class Quiz/Group Discussion/Activities ~7.5%Attendance/Conduct ~2.5%
TOTAL 100%
Extra Credit:
EC1: Virtual Research Project Modules (Scientific Method/Application/Debate Assignment) 1.0%EC2: TBA (at instructor’s discretion) 1.0%
FINAL DEPT EXAM stats – Average 50 %, top 80 %
Even 70 % in final can get A
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bloom’s TaxonomyThe different levels
describe the types of
assessments we use in
class.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Traditional-Learning vs Active-Learning
HCC is a learner-centered college, which means that instructors
don't just lecture, but include the students in the learning process.
There is a major movement in higher education called “the learning
college” movement or community-centered learning. Learning has
become learner, or student-centered rather than instructor-
centered.
This can happen in many ways, including questioning, activities,
and student discovery strategies. Students who are engaged gain
a deeper understanding of the material.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
CONCEPT
FACT
On your way to work you used ______to notify
your instructor that you are running late.
(A) laptop
(B) email
(C) cell phone
(D) smoke signaling
Most of cell phone are ______-based.
(A) windows
(B) android
(C) iOS
(D) Black berry
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
CONCEPTs
FACTs
EXAMs
Quizzes
Mastering Microbiology
Format of questions
based on
PowerPoint® Lecture
Presentations prepared by
Mindy Miller-Kittrell,
North Carolina State
University
C H A P T E R
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief
History of
Microbiology
1
CSLO 1. Describe distinctive
characteristics and diverse growth
requirements of prokaryotic
organisms compared to
eukaryotic organisms.
CSLO CHECK
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
What are Microorganisms ?
Or
What are Microbes ?
CONCEPT 1.1
Microbiology is study of
microorganisms
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bacteria
Microbes ?
Red Blood Cells
Microbes ?
need a microscope to see them = microscopic
Entire living organism is microscopic
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Microbes are really small – measured in microns
1 millimeter = 1000 microns
Microbe pictures come with scale
CONCEPT 1.2How small are Microbes ?How small is a micrometer or micron ?
1 µm (micrometer) = 1.00 µ (micron)
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Red Blood Cells
~10 um
1.5mm = 1500 micron = 1500 bacteria
width of penny can hold 1500 bacteria
~1 um
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
(lay-won-hook)
1674: First to see the microbial world
FACT 1.1
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/leeuwenhoek
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoek's microscope.
Lens Specimen holder
http://physicsmuseum.uq.edu.au
/van-leeuwenhoek-microscope-
replica
Leeuwenhoek made
simple microscopes
Often made a new
microscope for each
specimen
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3 The microbial world.
"animalcules“ = protozoa
“beasties“ = bacteria
Leeuwenhoek observed a
drop of pond water
Pond Scum Under the Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MFGGBBxSf8
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Leeuwenhoek’s saw all of the following microorganisms
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Small multicellular animals
Except viruses
FACT 1.1
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
cell(s) are of 2 types
All living organisms have cell(s) – except viruses
(1) prokaryotic (2) eukaryoticMembrane around nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
CONCEPT 1.3
What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prokaryotic
bacterial cellsNucleus of
eukaryotic cheek cell
Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus (dark blue) and two human cheek cells.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 major types of living
cellular organisms – called domains
321
CONCEPT 1.4What are the 3 domains ?
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
321prokaryotic
eukaryoticMembrane around nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
CONCEPT 1.5
Which organisms belong to
the 3 domains ?
Membrane around nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13
(a) Domain Bacteria
(c) Domain Eukarya
2 µ
m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 µ
m
100 µm
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi Protists
ALL microbes ALL microbes
Some Eukarya are microbes
Prokaryotic
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
What are the differences and
similiarities between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells ?
Use self-study guide
CONCEPT 1.6
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Internal membrane present
Membrane around DNA = nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
• Cell wall maybe present and
may contain cellulose
• Cilia, Flagella maybe present
• Internal membrane absent
No Membrane around DNA
– i.e. no nucleus
No Membrane-bound organelles
• Cell wall maybe present but
does not contain cellulose
• Flagella maybe present
prokaryotic eukaryotic
CONCEPT 1.6
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which are the
Prokaryotic
Microbes
and
Eukaryotic
Microbes
FACT 1.2
FACT 1.3
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13
(a) Domain Bacteria
(c) Domain Eukarya
2 µ
m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 µ
m
100 µm
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi Protists
ALL microbes ALL microbes
Prokaryotic
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prokaryotic Microbes
• Bacteria and Archaea • Unicellular and lack nuclei
• Much smaller than eukaryotes
Most have cell walls but
• Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan;
• Archaeal cell walls composed of polymers other than
peptidoglycan
FACT 1.2
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13
(a) Domain Bacteria
(c) Domain Eukarya
2 µ
m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 µ
m
100 µm
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi Protistsmicrofungi
microplants: Algaemicroanimals: Protozoa
ALL microbes ALL microbes
Prokaryotic
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eukaryotic MicrobesFACT 1.3
Algae (microplants)
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Photosynthetic
• Categorized on the basis of pigmentation
and composition of cell wall
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eukaryotic Microbes
Fungi (microfungi)
• Obtain food from other organisms
• possess cell walls
Molds
multicellular;
grow as long
filaments;
Yeasts
unicellular
FACT 1.3
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eukaryotic MicrobesFACT 1.3
Protozoa (microanimals)
• Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure
• Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
unicellular
Pseudopods
cell extensions that flow
in direction of travel
Most are capable of locomotion by:
Cilia
numerous short
protrusions that propel
organisms through its
environment
Flagella
extensions of a cell
that are fewer,
longer, and more
whiplike than cilia
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
But there are also microbes without cells
Cellular microbes Acellular microbes
e.g. virusese.g. bacteria
So microbes can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
And they all are madeup of a cell
CONCEPT 1.7 What are Acellular microbes ?
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Virus
Bacterium
Virusesassemblinginside cell
Figure 1.9 A colorized electron microscope image of viruses infecting a
bacterium.
Viruses (acellular microbes)
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
https://www.you
tube.com/watch?
v=ZrIrf5bAAT4&f
eature=youtu.be
youtube-History-Micro
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Golden Age of Microbiology (late 1800 to 1900)
• Scientists searched for answers to four
questions
1) Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
possible ?
2) What causes fermentation ?
3) What causes disease ?
4) How can we prevent infection and disease ?
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13 The scientific method, which forms
a framework for scientific investigation or
research.
Results
H E R accept OR not accept
experimentation is key
CONCEPT 1.9
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q1- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
possible ?
Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments
NO
But Critics
said
1) sealed
vials did not
allow enough
air for
organisms to
survive and
2) prolonged
heating
destroyed
the "life
force"
Is there growth of microbes ?
CONCEPT 1.10
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.12 Pasteur's experiments with "swan-necked
flasks."
There is NO spontaneous generation
of microbes
Cells come from “parent” Cells
CONCEPT 1.11
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cell theory
Core Principle of Biology
The Cell Theory states:
All living organisms are composed of cells.
They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not
derived from spontaneous generation.)
“cells”
in a cork
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Q2- What Causes Fermentation?
• Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners
• Vintners funded research of methods to promote
production of alcohol and prevent spoilage during
fermentation
• Some believed air caused fermentation; others insisted
living organisms caused fermentation
Louis Pasteur used scientific method to find the
cause of fermentation of grape juice into wine.
CONCEPT 1.12
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.14 How Pasteur applied the scientific method in investigating the nature of fermentation.
Yeast – alcohol
Bacteria – acid
CONCEPT 1.13
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Pasteur's experiments led to the development
of pasteurization
Began the field of industrial microbiology or
biotechnology (Intentional use of microbes for
manufacturing products)
Process of heating liquids just
enough to kill most bacteria
FACT 1.5What is pasteurization ?
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Live Yeast cells are used for fermenting
grapes = wine, grains = beer
But can you use Yeast Extracts ?
Eduard Buchner, a scientist, demonstrated
that fermentation does not require living
cells because enzymes promote chemical
reactions
He began the field of biochemistry and the
study of metabolism
CONCEPT 1.14
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q3- What Causes Disease?
• Pasteur developed germ theory of disease (microbes
cause disease)
now applies to infectious diseases only
• Robert Koch developed etiology (study of causative
agents of disease)
• also developed experimental microbiology
CONCEPT 1.15 FACT 1.6
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert Koch also developed the field of
experimental microbiology
• Simple staining techniques
• Use of Petri dishes
• Techniques to transfer bacteria
FACT 1.7
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
How to find out What Causes Disease?
• Koch's 4 postulates (illustrated on next slide)
1) Suspected causative agent must be found in
every case of the disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
2) Agent must be isolated and grown outside the
host
3) When agent is introduced into a healthy,
susceptible host, the host must get the disease
4) Same agent must be found in the diseased
experimental host
CONCEPT 1.16
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 14.7 Koch's postulates.
Diseased subjects
Agent not typically found
in healthy subjects
Healthy subject
Bacterial
colonies
Petri plate
Streaked plates
Injection The cultured agent must cause
the disease when it is inoculated
into a healthy, susceptible
experimental host (animal or plant).
1
2
3
4
The suspected agent must be present
in every case of the disease.
The agent must be
isolated and grown
in pure culture.
The same agent must
be reisolated from the
diseased experimental host.
1
2
3
4
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the "Golden Age of Microbiology" and the Agents of Disease They Discovered
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
• How Can We Prevent Infection and
Disease?
• Semmelweis and handwashing
• Lister's antiseptic technique
• Nightingale and nursing
• Snow – infection control and epidemiology
• Jenner's vaccine – field of immunology
• Ehrlich's "magic bullets" – field of chemotherapy
Especially prevent
NOSOCOMIAL
Infections
CONCEPT 1.17
FACT 1.8