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CST ReviewCST Review
Cluster 1: Development of Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought Modern Political Thought
(Standards 10.1-10.2)(Standards 10.1-10.2)
Roots of DemocracyRoots of Democracy
ContributorContributorss
ContributionsContributions
GreeksGreeks Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws; Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws; development of direct democracy, 3 branches of development of direct democracy, 3 branches of governmentgovernment
RomansRomans Republic & written legal code that applies Republic & written legal code that applies equally to all citizensequally to all citizens
JudaismJudaism Emphasis on individual moralityEmphasis on individual morality
ChristianityChristianity Equality of believersEquality of believers
RenaissancRenaissancee
Growth of individualismGrowth of individualism
ReformatioReformationn
Challenging of traditional authorityChallenging of traditional authority
Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and their impacttheir impact
IdeaIdea ThinkerThinker ImpactImpact BookBookNatural rights-life, Natural rights-life, liberty and liberty and propertyproperty
LockeLocke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment
Right to RebelRight to Rebel LockeLocke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence/American RevolutionIndependence/American Revolution
Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment
Separation of Separation of powerspowers
MontesquieuMontesquieu France, United States, Latin France, United States, Latin American nations use separation of American nations use separation of
powers in constitutionspowers in constitutions
The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws
Freedom of Freedom of thought and thought and expressionexpression
VoltaireVoltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Manof Rights of Man
Ideas contained in Ideas contained in books and essaysbooks and essays
Abolishment of Abolishment of TortureTorture
BeccariaBeccaria U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and or reduced in nations of Europe and
AmericasAmericas
On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments
Religious FreedomReligious Freedom VoltaireVoltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Manof Rights of Man
Ideas contained in Ideas contained in books and essaysbooks and essays
Women’s equalityWomen’s equality WollstonecraWollstonecraftft
Women’s rights groups form in Women’s rights groups form in Europe & North AmericaEurope & North America
A Vindication of A Vindication of the Rights of the Rights of
WomenWomen
Social ContractSocial Contract HobbesHobbes Use of periodic, consistent voteUse of periodic, consistent vote LeviathanLeviathan
Legitimate power Legitimate power comes from the comes from the peoplepeople
RousseauRousseau Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence, Constitution & Independence, Constitution &
RevolutionRevolution
The Social The Social ContractContract
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
Causes of Revolution: Causes of Revolution: Prioritize the listPrioritize the list
Heavy TaxesHeavy Taxes
Desire for privilegesDesire for privileges
Poor harvest & high bread pricesPoor harvest & high bread prices
Gap between rich and poorGap between rich and poor
Poor leadershipPoor leadership
Government debtGovernment debt
Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas
Timeline of EventsTimeline of Events Add the datesAdd the dates
Assembly creates a constitutionAssembly creates a constitution
War with Austria begins when Austria War with Austria begins when Austria offers support to Louis XVIoffers support to Louis XVI
War goes badly for the French and War goes badly for the French and mobs rule Parismobs rule Paris
King is ExecutedKing is Executed
Reign of Terror begins as radicals Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the governmenttake over the government
Terror ends as moderates gain Terror ends as moderates gain controlcontrol
French Legislative French Legislative AssemblyAssembly
RadicalsRadicals ModeratesModerates ConservativesConservatives
*Sat on left side of *Sat on left side of hall; called left-wring, hall; called left-wring, said to be on leftsaid to be on left
*Opposed king & ideas *Opposed king & ideas of monarchyof monarchy
*wanted sweeping *wanted sweeping changes in changes in government & government & proposed that proposed that common people have common people have full power in a republicfull power in a republic
*sat in center of hall, *sat in center of hall, called centristscalled centrists
*wanted some *wanted some changes in changes in government, but not government, but not as many as Radicalsas many as Radicals
*sat on right side of *sat on right side of hall; called right-hall; called right-wring, said to be on wring, said to be on rightright
*upheld idea of a *upheld idea of a limited monarchylimited monarchy
*Wanted few changes *Wanted few changes in governmentin government
Napoleon’s Journey to Napoleon’s Journey to EmperorEmperor
1789-French Revolution breaks out1789-French Revolution breaks out 1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels 1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories 1799-Napoleon seizes power from the 1799-Napoleon seizes power from the
DirectoryDirectory 1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all 1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all
real powerreal power 1804-Napoleon crowned emperor1804-Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon Brings Order After the Napoleon Brings Order After the RevolutionRevolution
The The EconomyEconomy
Government Government & Society& Society
ReligionReligion
Goals of the Goals of the RevolutionRevolution
Equal taxationEqual taxation
Lower inflationLower inflationLess Government Less Government corruptioncorruption
Equal opportunity in Equal opportunity in governmentgovernment
Less powerful Less powerful Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
Religious Religious tolerancetolerance
Napoleon’s Napoleon’s ActionsActions
Set up fair tax Set up fair tax code, national code, national bankbank
Stabilized Stabilized currencycurrency
State loans to State loans to businessbusiness
Appointed officials Appointed officials by meritby merit
Fired corrupt Fired corrupt officialsofficials
Created lycees Created lycees (public schools)(public schools)
Created code of Created code of lawslaws
Catholicism Catholicism “faith of “faith of Frenchmen”Frenchmen”
Signed concordat Signed concordat with Popewith Pope
Retained seized Retained seized church landchurch land
ResultsResults Equal taxationEqual taxation
Stable economyStable economyHonest, competent Honest, competent officialsofficials
Equal opportunity in Equal opportunity in governmentgovernment
Public educationPublic education
Religious Religious tolerancetolerance
Government Government control of church control of church landslands
Government Government recognition of recognition of church influencechurch influence
Napoleon’s Napoleon’s MistakesMistakes
Effects on EmpireEffects on Empire
Continental SystemContinental System
Peninsular WarPeninsular War
Russian invasionRussian invasion
Weakening of FranceWeakening of France
Great loss of life and Great loss of life and prestigeprestige
Loss of much of armyLoss of much of army
Napoleon’s CareerNapoleon’s Career
Defense of Defense of National National ConventioConventionn
CoupCoup EmperoEmperorr
WinninWinning g
BattlesBattles
TrafalgarTrafalgar LargeLarge
EmpireEmpireRussiaRussia ElbaElba WaterloWaterlo
oo
17951795 17991799 18041804 18051805 18051805 18101810 18121812 18118144
18151815
Metternich’s Plan at Metternich’s Plan at Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
ProblemProblem SolutionSolution
French AggressionFrench Aggression
Power struggles between Power struggles between countriescountries
Lack of legitimate leadersLack of legitimate leaders
Surrounding France with Surrounding France with strong countriesstrong countries
Creating a balance of power so Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate that no country can dominate othersothers
Restoring royal families to Restoring royal families to their thronestheir thrones
RevolutionRevolution CausesCauses HopesHopes OutcomeOutcome
GloriousGlorious
AmericanAmerican
FrenchFrench
CST ReviewCST Review
Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion and Imperialism (Standards 10.3-and Imperialism (Standards 10.3-10.4)10.4)
Seven reasons why Great Britain Seven reasons why Great Britain was the first country to Industrializewas the first country to Industrialize
LandLand CapitalCapital Labor supplyLabor supply ResourcesResources Transportation systemTransportation system EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs Government SupportGovernment Support
Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization
Size of Size of citiescities
•Factories developing near sources of energyFactories developing near sources of energy•Many new industrial cities specializing in certain Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industriesindustries•Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in sizeUrban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size•Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to citiesGrowth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities
Living Living ConditionsConditions
*No sanitary codes or building codes*No sanitary codes or building codes
*Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police *Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police protectionprotection
*Lack of running water and indoor plumbing*Lack of running water and indoor plumbing
*Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums*Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums
*Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper *Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing clothing
Working Working conditionsconditions
*Industrialization creates new jobs for workers*Industrialization creates new jobs for workers
*Workers trying to keep pace with machine*Workers trying to keep pace with machine
*Factories dirty and unsanitary*Factories dirty and unsanitary
*Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in *Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditionsunsafe conditions
*Harsh and severe factory discipline*Harsh and severe factory discipline
*Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working *Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditionsconditions
Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization
Emerging Emerging Social Social
ClassesClasses
*Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and *Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchantsmerchants
*Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of *Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle classrich middle class
*Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled *Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workersworkers
*workers overworked and underpaid*workers overworked and underpaid
*Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded*Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded
QuestionsQuestions 1.1. Which social class benefited most and which Which social class benefited most and which suffered most from Industrialization?suffered most from Industrialization?
2.2. What are some of the advantages and What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization?disadvantages of industrialization?
Industrial Revolution Brings Industrial Revolution Brings ChangeChange
EconomiEconomicc
SociaSociall
PoliticalPolitical
New Social classes emergedNew Social classes emerged
New political philosophies erupted New political philosophies erupted from the Industrial Revolutionfrom the Industrial Revolution
The gap widened between The gap widened between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations and non-industrialized nationsindustrialized nations
New inventions like the railroad New inventions like the railroad changed the way people transported changed the way people transported goods and traveledgoods and traveled
Many of the changes are present in Many of the changes are present in today’s society today’s society
Technological Technological AdvancesAdvances
Kay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weavingKay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weaving Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient
weaving and created the need for factoriesweaving and created the need for factories Cotton gin sped up cleaning of cottonCotton gin sped up cleaning of cotton Steam Engine provided power for factoriesSteam Engine provided power for factories
Capitalism vs. MarxismCapitalism vs. MarxismCapitalist Ideas (Adam Capitalist Ideas (Adam
Smith)Smith)Marxist IdeasMarxist Ideas
--Progress results when individual Progress results when individual follow their own self interest.follow their own self interest.
-Businesses follow their own self--Businesses follow their own self-interest when they compete with interest when they compete with one another for consumers money.one another for consumers money.
-Each producer tried to provide -Each producer tried to provide goods and services that are better goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of and less expensive than those of competitorscompetitors
-Consumers compete with one -Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best another to purchase the best goods at the lowest price.goods at the lowest price.
-Market economy aims to produce -Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest the best products and the lowest prices.prices.
-Governments should not interfere -Governments should not interfere in the economy.in the economy.
-All great movements in history -All great movements in history are the result of an economic class are the result of an economic class struggle.struggle.
-The “haves” take advantage of -The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.”the “have-nots.”
-The Industrial Revolution -The Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggle.intensified the class struggle.
-Workers are exploited by -Workers are exploited by employers.employers.
-The labor or workers creates -The labor or workers creates profit for employersprofit for employers
-The capitalist system will -The capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The eventually destroy itself. The state will wither away as a state will wither away as a classless society develops.classless society develops.
Which ideas of Marxism seems to Which ideas of Marxism seems to be a direct reaction to the be a direct reaction to the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?
Which system of ideas seems Which system of ideas seems dominant in the world today?dominant in the world today?
The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial RevolutionEconomic EffectsEconomic Effects Social EffectsSocial Effects Political EffectsPolitical Effects
**New inventions and development of factories*Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s*Increased production and higher demand for raw materials*Growth of worldwide trade*Population explosion and large labor force*Exploitation of mineral resources *Highly developed banking and investment system*Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
**Long hours worked by children in factories*Increased in population of cities*Poor city planning*Loss of family stability*Expansion of middle class*Harsh conditions for laborers*Workers progress vs. laissez faire economic attitudes*Improved standard of living*Creation of new jobs*Encouragement of technological progress
*Child labor laws to end abuses*Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth*Trade Unions*Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism and Marxism*Reform bills in Parliament
MovementMovement DescriptionDescription Social Social ConditionsConditions
ArtistsArtists
RomanticismRomanticism Emotional Emotional ApproachApproach
Common Common people in people in heroic fight heroic fight against against tyrannytyranny
Byron, Byron, Beethoven, Beethoven, Victor HugoVictor Hugo
RealismRealism Objective Objective ApproachApproach
Everyday Everyday working working people & people & problems of problems of industrial ageindustrial age
Balzac, Zola, Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Dickens, CourbetCourbet
ImpressionismImpressionism Using light & Using light & color to catch color to catch the fleeting the fleeting momentmoment
A more A more positive view positive view of urban, of urban, industrialized industrialized societysociety
Manet, Monet, Manet, Monet, Degas, RenoirDegas, Renoir
ImperialismImperialism
Forms of Forms of ImperialismImperialism
CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExampleExample
ColonyColony A country or region A country or region governed internally by a governed internally by a foreign power.foreign power.
Somaliland in East Somaliland in East Africa was a French Africa was a French colonycolony
ProtectorateProtectorate A country or territory A country or territory with its own internal with its own internal government but under government but under the control of an the control of an outside poweroutside power
Britain established a Britain established a protectorate over the protectorate over the Niger River DeltaNiger River Delta
Sphere of Sphere of InfluenceInfluence
Area in which an Area in which an outside power claims outside power claims exclusive investment or exclusive investment or trading privilegestrading privileges
Liberia was under the Liberia was under the sphere of influence of sphere of influence of the United Statesthe United States
Economic Economic ImperialismImperialism
Independent but less Independent but less developed nations developed nations controlled by private controlled by private business interest rather business interest rather than by other than by other governmentsgovernments
Dole Fruit company Dole Fruit company controlled Pineapple controlled Pineapple trade in Hawaiitrade in Hawaii
1. Which two forms are 1. Which two forms are guided by interests in guided by interests in business or trade?business or trade?
2. What is the difference 2. What is the difference between a protectorate between a protectorate and a colony?and a colony?
Management MethodsManagement Methods
Indirect ControlIndirect Control Direct ControlDirect Control-Local government officials were -Local government officials were usedused
-Limited self-rule-Limited self-rule
-Goal: to develop future leaders-Goal: to develop future leaders
-Government institutions based on -Government institutions based on European styles but may have European styles but may have local rulelocal rule
-Foreign officials brought in to rule-Foreign officials brought in to rule
-No self rule-No self rule
-Goal: assimilation-Goal: assimilation
-Government institutions based -Government institutions based only on European stylesonly on European styles
Examples:Examples:
-British colonies of Nigeria, India, -British colonies of Nigeria, India, BurmaBurma
-U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands-U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands
Examples:Examples:
-French colonies of Somaliland and -French colonies of Somaliland and VietnamVietnam
-German colonies such as -German colonies such as TanganyikaTanganyika
-Portuguese colonies such as -Portuguese colonies such as AngolaAngola
1. In which management method 1. In which management method are the people less empowered to are the people less empowered to rule themselves?rule themselves?
2. In what ways are the two 2. In what ways are the two management methods different?management methods different?
Resistance to Resistance to ImperialismImperialism
AfricaAfrica Muslim Muslim LandsLands
IndiaIndia Southeast Southeast AsiaAsia
Armed Armed resistance all resistance all over the over the continentcontinent
Attempts at Attempts at modernizationmodernization
Armed rebellion Armed rebellion & information of & information of nationalist nationalist partiesparties
Armed Armed resistance in resistance in some areas; some areas; modernization modernization in othersin others
Imperialism:Imperialism:Europeans exerted influence over the economic, Europeans exerted influence over the economic,
political and social lives of the people they political and social lives of the people they colonizedcolonized
New Imperialism, 1850-1914
Causes
NationalismTo gain power, European
nations compete forcolonies and trade.
Economic CompetitionDemand for raw materials
and new markets, spura search for colonies.
Missionary SpiritEuropeans believe they
must spread theirChristian teachings to
the world.
Imperialism:Imperialism:Europeans exerted influence over the economic, Europeans exerted influence over the economic,
political and social lives of the people they political and social lives of the people they colonizedcolonized
New Imperialism1850-1914
Effects
ColonizationEuropeans control land and people in areas of
Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Colonial EconomicsEuropeans control tradein colonies and set up dependent cash-crop
economies.
ChristianizationChristianity spreads toAfrica, India, and Asia
Transformations Around the Transformations Around the GlobeGlobe
Foreign Influence
ChinaChina Fails to prevent Britain from
pursuing illegal opium trade in 1839 Opium War
Deals with internal unrest during almost two decades of Hong Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion
Attempts to build self-sufficiency during 1860s in self-strengthening movement
Violently opposes foreigners in 1900 Boxer Rebellion
Begins to establish constitutional government in 1908
Latin AmericaLatin America Depends on exports to fuel
economy Receives much foreign
investment Gains U.S. military support in
1898 Spanish-American War Becomes crossroads of world
trade when U.S. completes Panama Canal in 1914
Transformations Around the Transformations Around the GlobeGlobe
Foreign Influence
JapanJapan Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa,
opening Japanese ports to foreign trade
Modernizes based on Western models during Meiji era(1867-1912)
Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War seeking control of Korea
Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War seeking control of Manchuria
Annexes Korea in 1910
MexicoMexico Fights to hold Texas
territory from U.S. colonialism (1835-1845)
Tries to establish a national identity in the early 1850s under Benito Juarez’s La Reforma
Overcomes French occupation in 1867
Stages Mexican Revolution in 1910
Cluster 3: Causes and Cluster 3: Causes and effects of the First World effects of the First World
WarWar
Standards 10.5-10.6Standards 10.5-10.6
Causes of World War ICauses of World War I
MilitarismMilitarism Alliance SystemAlliance System NationalismNationalism ImperialismImperialism Assassination Assassination
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy
Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia
Causes of World War ICauses of World War I
Events that led to WWIEvents that led to WWI 1882-Triple Alliance 1882-Triple Alliance
formedformed 1890-German foreign 1890-German foreign
policy changedpolicy changed 1890s-European arms race1890s-European arms race 1907-Triple Entente 1907-Triple Entente
formedformed 1908-Austria annexed 1908-Austria annexed
Bosnia & HerzegovinaBosnia & Herzegovina 1914-Archduke Franz 1914-Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and wife Ferdinand and wife assassinatedassassinated
Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan German plan for German plan for
possible two front possible two front war: Large part of war: Large part of German army German army races west to races west to defeat France then defeat France then return to fight return to fight Russia in the east.Russia in the east.
Causes of World War ICauses of World War I
War DeclarationWar Declaration Reason for DeclarationReason for Declaration
Germany on RussiaGermany on Russia Saw Russian troops on German Saw Russian troops on German border as a threatborder as a threat
Germany on FranceGermany on France Wanted a quick victory in the Wanted a quick victory in the westwest
Britain on GermanyBritain on Germany Outraged over violation of Outraged over violation of Belgian neutralityBelgian neutrality
Comparison of Western and Comparison of Western and Eastern FrontsEastern Fronts
Both Fronts:Both Fronts: Huge number of soldiers killedHuge number of soldiers killed Mass destruction of landMass destruction of land Deplorable conditionsDeplorable conditions StalematesStalemates
Western FrontWestern Front Eastern FrontEastern Front-Trench Warfare-Trench Warfare
-Small land gains-Small land gains
-Germany vs. Britain & -Germany vs. Britain & FranceFrance
-Absence of trenches-Absence of trenches
-Larger land gains-Larger land gains
-Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. -Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians & SerbsRussians & Serbs
-More mobile warfare-More mobile warfare
AlliancesAlliances
Allies/Allied PowersAllies/Allied Powers Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia United StatesUnited States
Central PowersCentral Powers GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks
Reasons for U.S. entry into World War IReasons for U.S. entry into World War I Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American
passengerspassengers Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S. Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S.
shipsships Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up
arms against the U.S.arms against the U.S. Strong feeling of sympathy for the alliesStrong feeling of sympathy for the allies
Total War Affected Warring Total War Affected Warring Nation’s EconomiesNation’s Economies
Governments took control of economies, telling Governments took control of economies, telling factories what & how much to producefactories what & how much to produce
Civilian factories were turned into munitions factoriesCivilian factories were turned into munitions factories Rationing was commonRationing was common Women became a significant part of work forceWomen became a significant part of work force More people were put to workMore people were put to work
Wilson’s Fourteen Wilson’s Fourteen PointsPoints
End to secret treatiesEnd to secret treaties Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas Free TradeFree Trade Reduced national armies and naviesReduced national armies and navies Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward
colonial peoplescolonial peoples Specific suggestions for changing & creating new Specific suggestions for changing & creating new
nations guided by self-determination principlenations guided by self-determination principle General association of nations that would protect General association of nations that would protect
great & small states alike (League of Nations)great & small states alike (League of Nations)
Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles:Major ProvisionsMajor Provisions
1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany?1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany? 2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?
League of League of NationsNations
Territorial Territorial LossesLosses
Military Military RestrictionsRestrictions
War GuiltWar Guilt
--International peace organization; membership included Allied war powers & 32 allied & neutral nations-Germany & Russia excluded
--Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French border extended to west bank of the Rhine river.-Germany surrenders all of it’s overseas colonies in Africa & Pacific
-Limits set on size of the German army-Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material-Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force
--Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders-Germany forced to pay the allies 33 billion in reparations over 30 years
The Great WarThe Great WarLong-Term CausesLong-Term Causes Immediate CausesImmediate Causes
-Nationalism spurs competition -Nationalism spurs competition among European nations.among European nations.
-Imperialism deepens national -Imperialism deepens national rivalries.rivalries.
-Militarism leads to large standing -Militarism leads to large standing armies.armies.
-Two alliance system divides -Two alliance system divides Europe into two rival camps.Europe into two rival camps.
-Assassination of Archduke Franz -Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on SerbiaAustria to declare war on Serbia
-Alliance system requires nations -Alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European to support their allies. European countries declare war on one countries declare war on one anotheranother
Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects-Many nations feel bitter and -Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace betrayed by the peace settlements.settlements.
-Problems that helped cause the -Problems that helped cause the war-nationalism, competition-war-nationalism, competition-remain.remain.
-A generation of Europeans are -A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded.killed or wounded.
-Dynasties fall in Germany, -Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and RussiaAustria-Hungary, and Russia
-New countries are created.-New countries are created.
-League of Nations is established -League of Nations is established to help promote peace.to help promote peace.
Effects of WWIEffects of WWI
Millions of lives lostMillions of lives lost $338 billion in cost$338 billion in cost Land, towns, & villages destroyedLand, towns, & villages destroyed Widespread disillusionmentWidespread disillusionment
World Between the Wars:World Between the Wars:ContributionsContributions
FieldField ContributorsContributors
PhilosophyPhilosophy -Sarte-Sarte
-Jaspers -Jaspers ExistentialismExistentialism
-Nietzsche-Nietzsche
LiteratureLiterature -Kafka-people in threatening -Kafka-people in threatening situations situations
-Joyce-stream of consciousness-Joyce-stream of consciousness
ArtArt -Klee-expressionism-Klee-expressionism
-Kandinsky-expressionism-Kandinsky-expressionism
-Braque-cubism-Braque-cubism
-Picasso-cubism-Picasso-cubism
-Dali-surrealism-Dali-surrealism
ArchitectureArchitecture -Wright-Wright
-Gropius-Gropius
MusicMusic -Stravinsky- -Stravinsky- The Right of SpringThe Right of Spring
Schoenberg-created 12 tone scaleSchoenberg-created 12 tone scale
-Ellington-Jazz-Ellington-Jazz
-African American Musicians-jazz-African American Musicians-jazz
Science Between the World Science Between the World WarsWars
Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?
Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
--Theory of Relativity changed Theory of Relativity changed scientific thoughtscientific thought
-Upset absolute laws of -Upset absolute laws of ScienceScience
-Findings used to develop -Findings used to develop atomic weaponryatomic weaponry
-Developed new theory of -Developed new theory of human mindhuman mind
-Ushered in era of -Ushered in era of psychoanalysispsychoanalysis
-Created new understanding of -Created new understanding of human behaviorhuman behavior
The Great DepressionThe Great DepressionLong-Term CausesLong-Term Causes Immediate CausesImmediate Causes
-World economies are connected.-World economies are connected.
-Some countries have huge war -Some countries have huge war debts from WWI.debts from WWI.
-Europe relies on American loans -Europe relies on American loans and investments.and investments.
-Prosperity built on borrowed -Prosperity built on borrowed moneymoney
-Wealth is unequally distributed.-Wealth is unequally distributed.
-U.S. stock market Crashes. -U.S. stock market Crashes. (1929)(1929)
-Banks demand repayment of -Banks demand repayment of loans.loans.
-Farms fail and factories close.-Farms fail and factories close.
-Americans reduce foreign trade to -Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy.protect economy.
-Americans stop loans to foreign -Americans stop loans to foreign countriescountries
-American banking system -American banking system collapses.collapses.
Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects
-Nazis take control of Germany-Nazis take control of Germany
-Fascist come to power in other -Fascist come to power in other countriescountries
-Democracies try social welfare -Democracies try social welfare programsprograms
-Japan expands in East Asia-Japan expands in East Asia
-World War II breaks out-World War II breaks out
-Millions become unemployed-Millions become unemployed
-Businesses go bankrupt-Businesses go bankrupt
-Governments take emergency -Governments take emergency measures to protect economiesmeasures to protect economies
-Citizens lose faith in capitalism -Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracyand democracy
-Nations turn toward authoritarian -Nations turn toward authoritarian leadersleaders
Cluster 4: Causes and Cluster 4: Causes and Effects of the Second Effects of the Second
World WarWorld War
Standards 10.7-10.8Standards 10.7-10.8
Causes and Effects of the Two Causes and Effects of the Two Russian RevolutionsRussian Revolutions
1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the 1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the Russian Revolutions occurred?Russian Revolutions occurred?
2. What similarities exist between the causes of the 2. What similarities exist between the causes of the Revolution and the effects?Revolution and the effects?
CausesCauses Russian Revolutions Russian Revolutions of 1917of 1917
EffectsEffects
-Widespread -Widespread discontent among all discontent among all classesclasses
-Agitation from -Agitation from revolutionariesrevolutionaries
-Weak leadership of -Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II
-Defeat in Russo--Defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1905)Japanese War (1905)
-Bloody Sunday (1905)-Bloody Sunday (1905)
-Losses in WWI-Losses in WWI
-Strikes and riots-Strikes and riots
-Abdication of Czar -Abdication of Czar Nicholas IINicholas II
-Failure of provisional -Failure of provisional governmentgovernment
-Growing power of -Growing power of SovietsSoviets
-Lenin’s return to -Lenin’s return to RussiaRussia
-Bolshevik takeover -Bolshevik takeover under Leninunder Lenin
-Civil War (1918-1920)-Civil War (1918-1920)
-Czar & family killed--Czar & family killed-end of czarist ruleend of czarist rule
-Peace with Germany -Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)Litovsk (1918)
-Bolshevik control of -Bolshevik control of governmentgovernment
-Russian economy in -Russian economy in ruinsruins
Significant Events from End of Significant Events from End of Czarist Rule to Communist RuleCzarist Rule to Communist Rule
1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway 1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway beginsbegins
1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar 1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule 1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed
Totalitarianism
Key Traits Description
Dictatorship & One-Party Rule
-Exercises absolute authority-Dominates the government
Dynamic Leader -Helps unite people towards meeting shared goals or realizing common vision-Encourages people to devote their unconditional loyalty & uncritical support to the regime-Becomes a symbol of the government
Ideology (Set of Beliefs)
-Justifies government actions-Glorifies the aims of the state
TotalitarianismKey TraitsKey Traits Description
State Control Over State Control Over the Individualthe Individual
-business -labor -housing --business -labor -housing -educationeducation
-family life -youth groups -religion -the -family life -youth groups -religion -the artsarts
State Control Over State Control Over the Individualthe Individual
-Demands total obedience to authority & personal -Demands total obedience to authority & personal sacrifice for the good of the statesacrifice for the good of the state
-Denies basic liberties-Denies basic liberties
Dependence on Dependence on Modern Modern TechnologyTechnology
-Relies on mass communication, such as radios -Relies on mass communication, such as radios and loud speakers to spread propagandaand loud speakers to spread propaganda
-Builds up advanced military weapons-Builds up advanced military weapons
Organized Organized ViolenceViolence
-Uses force, such as police terror, to crush -Uses force, such as police terror, to crush oppositionopposition
-Targets certain groups, such as national -Targets certain groups, such as national minorities & political opponents, as enemiesminorities & political opponents, as enemies
Stalin’s Use of Weapons of
Totalitarianism Weapons Examples
Police Terror -Great Purge-Execution of Kulaks
Propaganda -Socialist realism-Training of youth
Censorship -Government-controlled media
Religious Persecution -Destruction of buildings-Elimination of leadership
Aggression in Europe and Asia, 1930-1939
Sept. 1931 Japan invades Manchuria Oct. 1935 Italy attacks Ethiopia Mar. 1936 Germany occupies Rhineland July. 1937 Japan invades China Mar. 1938 Germany annexes Austria Sept. 1938 Germany takes the Sudetenland Mar. 1939 Germany seizes Czechoslovakia Apr. 1939 Italy conquers Albania
Japan’s Move from Democratic Reform to Military Aggression
1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s 1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s bordersborders
1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war 1930-Great Depression puts Military in control1930-Great Depression puts Military in control 1931-Japan invades Manchuria1931-Japan invades Manchuria 1936-Japan allies with Germany1936-Japan allies with Germany 1937-Japan invades China1937-Japan invades China
Germany’s Aggressive Actions
(under Hitler)
European Response
Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty and rebuilds Germany’s armed forces
No response
Germany seizes the Rhineland Great Britain urges appeasement
Germany takes Austria France and Great Britain ignore pledge to protect Austria
After Munich conference Great Britain and France let Germany take the Sudetenland
Comparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism
Fascism/NazismFascism/Nazism CommunismCommunism
Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles Authoritarian; action-oriented;Authoritarian; action-oriented;
Charismatic leader, state more Charismatic leader, state more important than individualimportant than individual
Marxist-Leninist ideas; Marxist-Leninist ideas; dictatorship of proletariat; dictatorship of proletariat; state more important than state more important than individualindividual
PoliticalPolitical Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party rule; supreme leaderparty rule; supreme leader
Internationalist; one-party Internationalist; one-party rule; supreme leaderrule; supreme leader
SocialSocial Supported by middle class, Supported by middle class, industrialist & militaryindustrialist & military
Supported by workers & Supported by workers & peasantspeasants
CulturalCultural Censorship; indoctrination; secret Censorship; indoctrination; secret policepolice
Censorship; indoctrination; Censorship; indoctrination; secret policesecret police
EconomicEconomic Private property control by state Private property control by state corporations or statecorporations or state
Collective ownership; Collective ownership; centralized state planningcentralized state planning
ExamplesExamples Italy, Spain, GermanyItaly, Spain, Germany U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.
Allies Axis Powers
Great BritainGreat Britain
FranceFrance
Soviet UnionSoviet Union
United StatesUnited States
GermanyGermany
Japan Japan
ItalyItaly
Early Events of WWII
Cause Effect
First BlitzkriegFirst Blitzkrieg -The fall of Poland-The fall of Poland
Allies stranded at DunkirkAllies stranded at Dunkirk -338,000 soldiers saved-338,000 soldiers saved
-British forces leave Western -British forces leave Western EuropeEurope
British radar detects German British radar detects German aircraftaircraft
-British able to hold off -British able to hold off German occupationGerman occupation
Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act -U.S. supplied Allies with war -U.S. supplied Allies with war goodsgoods
-U.S. decision to favor Allies-U.S. decision to favor Allies
War in the Pacific: 1941-1943
Which event was the most important in turning the Which event was the most important in turning the tide of the war against Japan? Why?tide of the war against Japan? Why?
Event 1Event 1 Japan bombs Pearl HarborJapan bombs Pearl Harbor
Event 2Event 2 United States bombs TokyoUnited States bombs Tokyo
Event 3Event 3 Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway
Event 4Event 4 Battle of GuadalcanalBattle of Guadalcanal
World War II Battles
Which battle was the most important turning point? Which battle was the most important turning point? Why?Why?
BattlesBattles OutcomesOutcomes
Battle of El AlameinBattle of El Alamein Rommel’s army defeated in North Rommel’s army defeated in North AfricaAfrica
Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad Held by SovietsHeld by Soviets
D-Day InvasionD-Day Invasion Allies held beachheadsAllies held beachheads
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Allies eventually pushed Germans backAllies eventually pushed Germans back
Aftermath of War in Europe Aftermath of War in Europe and Japanand Japan
Both Europe and JapanBoth Europe and Japan Destruction of land and propertyDestruction of land and property Natural resources depletedNatural resources depleted Heavy loss of lifeHeavy loss of life Major cities in shamblesMajor cities in shambles
EuropeEurope JapanJapan
-Displaced persons looking for -Displaced persons looking for familiesfamilies
-Famine-Famine
-Rise of Communism-Rise of Communism
-Japanese emperor no longer a -Japanese emperor no longer a godgod
-Japanese people humiliated-Japanese people humiliated
-Radiation poisoning from the -Radiation poisoning from the atomic bombatomic bomb
Events of WWIIEvents of WWIIEuropeEurope PacificPacific
Aug.- Nonaggression pactAug.- Nonaggression pact
Sept.- Germany invades Sept.- Germany invades PolandPoland
19319399
May-Evacuation of British May-Evacuation of British forcesforces
at Dunkirkat Dunkirk
June-France surrendersJune-France surrenders
Battle of Britain beginsBattle of Britain begins
19419400
June-Germany invades June-Germany invades Soviet Soviet
UnionUnion
19419411
Dec.-1941 Japanese attackDec.-1941 Japanese attack
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
Aug.-Hitler orders attack on Aug.-Hitler orders attack on
StalingradStalingrad
Nov.-Allies land in North Nov.-Allies land in North AfricaAfrica
19419422
Apr.-Allies surrender inApr.-Allies surrender in
Philippines, Bataan Philippines, Bataan Death Death
marchmarch
May-Japanese turned back May-Japanese turned back atat
Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea
June-Japanese defeated atJune-Japanese defeated at
MidwayMidway
Events of WWIIEvents of WWIIEuropeEurope PacificPacific
Feb.-Germans surrender at Feb.-Germans surrender at
StalingradStalingrad19419433
Feb.-Japanese abandon the Feb.-Japanese abandon the
island of Guadalcanalisland of Guadalcanal
June-Allies invade EuropeJune-Allies invade Europe
on D-Dayon D-Day
Dec.-Battle of the Bulge Dec.-Battle of the Bulge beginsbegins
19419444
Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese at at
Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf
May-Germany surrendersMay-Germany surrenders 19419455
Mar.-Allies capture Iwo JimaMar.-Allies capture Iwo Jima
Aug.-Atomic bombs Aug.-Atomic bombs dropped ondropped on
Hiroshima and Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nagasaki
Sept.-Japan SurrendersSept.-Japan Surrenders
Cluster 5: International Developments in the Post World War II Era
Standard 10.9-10.11
Superpowers Aims in Europe Post World War II
Encourage democracy in other Encourage democracy in other countries to prevent rise of countries to prevent rise of CommunismCommunism
Encourage Communism in Encourage Communism in other countries as part of other countries as part of world wide workers revolutionworld wide workers revolution
Gain access to raw materials & Gain access to raw materials & markets to fuel booming markets to fuel booming industriesindustries
Rebuilt its war-ravaged Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy using Eastern economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment Europe’s industrial equipment & raw material& raw material
Rebuild European Rebuild European governments to promote governments to promote stability & create new markets stability & create new markets for American goodsfor American goods
Control Eastern Europe to Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders & protect Soviet borders & balance the U.S. influencebalance the U.S. influence
Reunite Germany to stabilize it Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase the security of & increase the security of EuropeEurope
Keep Germany divided to Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war againprevent its waging war again
Causes of the Cold War
Incompatible political & economic philosophiesIncompatible political & economic philosophies Conflicting aims in EuropeConflicting aims in Europe Desire for world dominationDesire for world domination Soviet defiance of Yalta agreementSoviet defiance of Yalta agreement Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade
Stalin’s Objectives in supporting Communist Governments in Eastern
Europe
To protect bordersTo protect borders To counteract U.S. influence in EuropeTo counteract U.S. influence in Europe To have access to raw materialsTo have access to raw materials To Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia To Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia
againagain
Cold War TacticsCold War Tactics
Backing Wars or RevolutionsBacking Wars or Revolutions SpyingSpying Increasing military forces & nuclear arsenalsIncreasing military forces & nuclear arsenals Providing military and economic aidProviding military and economic aid Setting up schoolsSetting up schools
Comparison of Causes and Effects of Wars in Korea and
Vietnam
Both Korea & VietnamBoth Korea & Vietnam American involvement stemmed from Cold WarAmerican involvement stemmed from Cold War Land was destroyedLand was destroyed Millions of people diedMillions of people died
Korea Vietnam
Neither side gained advantageNeither side gained advantage Soviet-supported North Soviet-supported North Vietnam wonVietnam won
U.S. Presidents Contribution to Cold War Tensions
Increased Decreased
EisenhowerEisenhower NixonNixon
KennedyKennedy FordFord
JohnsonJohnson
CarterCarter
ReaganReagan
Chinese Political Opponents 1945
Nationalist Communist
Chiang Kai-shek Leader Mao Zedong
Southern China Area Ruled Northern China
United States Foreign Support Soviet Union
Defeat of Communists
Domestic Policy National liberation
Weak due to inflation & failing economy
Public Support Strong due to promised land reform
Ineffective, corrupt leadership & poor morale
Military Organization
Experienced, motivated guerrilla army
Main Events of U.S. Involvement in Cuba
Castro nationalize U.S. owned sugar millsCastro nationalize U.S. owned sugar mills Eisenhower orders embargo on tradeEisenhower orders embargo on trade Castro turns to Soviets for aidCastro turns to Soviets for aid Bay of Pigs invasionBay of Pigs invasion Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Major Challenges of Major Challenges of Countries after Countries after IndependenceIndependence
NationNation ColonizerColonizer Challenges after Challenges after independenceindependence
PhilippinesPhilippines United StatesUnited States Military BasesMilitary Bases
Bell Trade ActBell Trade Act
Difficulties with Difficulties with DemocracyDemocracy
AssassinationsAssassinations
Marcos stealing Marcos stealing moneymoney
BurmaBurma Great BritainGreat Britain Unstable GovernmentsUnstable Governments
AssassinationsAssassinations
Ethnic conflictsEthnic conflicts
IndonesiaIndonesia NetherlandsNetherlands Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts
CoupCoup
Gap between rich and Gap between rich and poorpoor
Suez CrisisSuez Crisis
July 26, 1956July 26, 1956
Egyptian President Gamal Egyptian President Gamal Nasser Nationalizes Suez Nasser Nationalizes Suez CanalCanal
Declares Martial LawDeclares Martial Law
Six-Day WarSix-Day War
June 1967June 1967
Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and SyriaSyria
Blockade Straits of TiranBlockade Straits of Tiran
Israel gains control of Sinai Israel gains control of Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West BankBank
Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War
October 6-25, 1973October 6-25, 1973
Egyptian and Syrian attack on Egyptian and Syrian attack on Israel Israel
Sadat Peace OfferSadat Peace Offer Egyptian President Anwar El Egyptian President Anwar El SadatSadat
Negotiations with IsraelNegotiations with Israel
Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords
Sept 1978Sept 1978
Peace treaty between Egypt Peace treaty between Egypt and Israeland Israel
Conflict over PalestineConflict over Palestine
Belief of JewsBelief of Jews Belief of ArabsBelief of Arabs Other InfluencesOther Influences
Believe their right Believe their right to a Palestinian to a Palestinian homeland is a homeland is a covenant from Godcovenant from God
Believe land Believe land belongs to them belongs to them since the Jews were since the Jews were driven out in A.D. driven out in A.D. 135135
Believed it Believed it belonged to then belonged to then since their 7since their 7thth century conquest of century conquest of the regionthe region
Oil interestOil interest
Persecution of Jews Persecution of Jews in Europein Europe
Significant Events in the Soviet Significant Events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe from Union and Eastern Europe from
1985-19951985-1995 1985-1987-Gorbachev introduces glasnost, 1985-1987-Gorbachev introduces glasnost,
perestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treatyperestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treaty 1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary, 1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary,
Romania, and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leadersRomania, and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leaders 1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose 1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose
Solidarity; Romania holds electionsSolidarity; Romania holds elections 1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany 1994-Socialist win in Hungary1994-Socialist win in Hungary
Gorbachev’s ReformsGorbachev’s Reforms
Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen participationparticipation
Perestroika promised to improve the economyPerestroika promised to improve the economy Democratic reforms provided more open electionsDemocratic reforms provided more open elections
Break up of the Soviet Break up of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Union, Yugoslavia, and CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Ethnic TensionsEthnic Tensions
Desire for self-rule by various Desire for self-rule by various republicsrepublics
Hard-liners’ loss of control of Hard-liners’ loss of control of peoplepeople
YugoslaviaYugoslavia Ethnic TensionsEthnic Tensions
Loss of Tito’s authorityLoss of Tito’s authority
Serbian aggressionSerbian aggression
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Economic differences between Economic differences between regionsregions