CTCN: Introduction to Climate Technologies in Buildings

Presented by :

Mili Majumdar and Tarun Garg

TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute)

India

• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism

• Consortium of organizations from all regions

• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the development and

deployment of technologies in developing countries

• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill needed for

reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for adapting to climate change effects

• Core services include:

o Technical assistance to developing countries

o Knowledge platform on climate technologies

o Support to collaboration and partnerships

The Climate Technology Centre and Network

CTCN Technical Assistance

Provided: • To developing countries upon their request • Free of charge (value up to 250,000 USD)• State of the art and locally relevant expertise • To academic, public, NGO, or private entities• For a broad range of adaptation and

mitigation technologies

At all stages of the technology cycle: • From identification of needs;• policy assessments; • selection and piloting technology solutions; • to assistance that supports technology

customization and widespread deployment

Fast and short (3 pages) application process for countries

An introduction to climate technologies…

CTCN Webinar Series

Cities

Ecosystem based

technologies

Coastal

management

Building

Energy

Water

Agriculture

Forestry

Industry

Disaster and

early warning

Transport

WastePoverty

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Overview of the presentation/webinar

Overview

• Global overview of energy consumption in building sector

• Sectoral energy consumption at global level

• End use consumption breakup for select countries

• Classification of key end uses that consume maximum energy in buildings (lighting/space cooling and heating/cooking)

Role of technologies in reducing consumption patterns (in new and existing buildings)

• Mitigation options in new and existing buildings

• Solar passive measures

• Orientation, site planning

• Building envelope (walls/roof/fenestration)

• Other solar passive measures : some examples from India (Earth air tunnel/solar chimneys/PDEC etc)

• Energy systems ( lighting ,space conditioning, controls etc)

Gaps and barriers and tools to address barriers

Case studies

Global overview of energy consumption in building sector

• Globally, buildings account for :

– 40% energy use

– 42%water consumption

– 40% solid waste

– 50% raw material use

– 50% of air pollution

– 42% GHG emission

– 50% water pollution

• Total energy use in buildings is growing rapidly due to :

– Economic development

– Increasing urbanization

– Improved lifestyles

– Increased space conditioning load

In 2030, share of buildings related emissions will stay at approximately 1/3 of energy related CO2 emissions

CO2 emissions including through use of electricity, A1B Scenario

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report

Contribution of building sector to total final energy demand globally

World regionsShare of residential sector in %

Share of commercial sector in %

Share of total buildings sector in %

Residential and commercial energy demand per capita, MWhr/capita-yr

USA and Canada 17% 13% 31% 18.6

Middle East 21% 6% 27% 5.75

Latin America 17% 5% 22% 2.32

Former Soviet Union

26% 7% 33% 8.92

European Union -27

23% 11% 34% 9.64

China 25% 4% 29% 3.20

Asia excluding China

36% 4% 40% 2.07

Africa 54% 3% 57% 3.19

World 23% 8% 31% 4.57

Source: IEA Online Statistics 2007

Sectoral Energy Consumption at Global Level

Annual energy use in residential and commercial buildings in kWh/capita/year

Source: IEA Online Statistics 2007

Annual energy use in cooling and heating in buildings in kWh/sq m/year

Source: IEA model estimations

End use consumption breakup for select countries

India: Electricity consumption in commercial buildings

HVAC market has increased from € 800 Million in 2005-06 to € 1.5 Billion in 2008-09 – nearly double in 4 years- (Source: Report on “Tri generation in India- Market Assessment Study, February 2010)

HVAC55%

Lighting25%

Internal loads15%

Others5%

Electricity consumption distribution in commercial buildings

• 55% of electricity consumption is due to HVAC

• 25% of electricity consumption is due to lighting

Role of technologies in reducing consumption patterns (in new and existing buildings)

Buildings: GHG emissions reduction potential for buildings stock in 2020

Building sector offers mitigation benefits at net negative costs

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report

Mitigation options for new and existing buildings

Energy saving potential- New and existing buildings

Efficiency in buildings

Regulatory Framework

Energy Standards

Design Standards

Rating

system

(LEED,

GRIHA etc)

Integrated Approach

Wall optimization

Daylight optimization

Efficient HVAC equipment selection

Optimized Electrical load(kW)

Building design

Artificial lighting

Roof optimization

Fenestration optimization

Daylight integration

Low energy strategies

Envelope optimization

Lighting system optimization

Inside temperature optimization

Heat load optimization

Optimized Cooling load (TR)

Optimized energy consumption (kWh)

HVAC system optimization

Final building loads and consumption

Passive Design of Building

Use of Efficient Systems

Use of Renewable Energy

Cheapest Solution

Most Expensive

Equipment selection

3 E Approach-

Effective, Efficient and Economically viable

Bioclimatic Architectural Principles

• Site planning/Landscaping

• Orientation

• Positioning of windows , shading

• Selection of materials for wall , roof, windows, including insulation

• Optimized Building envelope

• Passive cooling – Advanced techniques

• Daylighting

Low Energy Design Features

Favorable Orientation, Roof shading, Window Shading

Building design examples

AIIS , New Delhi

Shading of walls, roofs and glass using existing site features and proper building design

Solar Passive buildings

Building Envelope

• Walls / Opaque surfaces

• Roof

• Windows / Fenestration / Aperture

Energy Efficient wall

• Wall with insulation

• Wall with high thermal mass

• Wall with Air Cavity

200 mm AAC

U Value- 0.388 W/m2/deg KU Value- 1.98 W/m2/deg K

230 mm

brick25 mm

Plaster

25 mm

Plaster

Conventional wall Building Wall

U value of conventional wall is 5 times higher

Energy efficient roof

Conventional roof

U value 1.83 W/m2/deg K

Building roof

U Value 0.261 W/m2/deg K

200 mm RCC

100 mm Brick coba

200 mm RCC

75 mm insulation

U value of conventional

roof is 9 times higher

• Roof with over-deck insulation

• Cool Roofs

• Green Roof

Cool Roof

• Cool Roofs (minimum solar reflectance of 0.7and thermal emittance of 0.75)

– Roof coatings

– Broken china mosaic terracing

– Cool colours

– Traditional methods (lime wash)

Fenestration and Shading Devices

• Most vulnerable to heat gains and losses.

• Window size and location should be determined by:

– Orientation

– Daylight requirement

– Glazing type

– external shading

– wind direction

– Thermal comfort

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Heat gain through glass

Optimize Energy Performance

Building Envelope optimization- Glass

Conventional Glass

U value 1.08 W/m2/deg K

SC 0.87

Building Glass

U value 0.58 W/m2/deg K

SC 0.29

Daylighting

Courtesy: Skyshade Daylights

56 %

Light Pipes Light Shelves

After Light Pipe& Light Shelves

integration Daylight Area

Increased

79 %

Results

TERI-Retreat, Gurgaon

Energy systems ( lighting ,space conditioning, controls etc.)

Approach to Efficient Lighting

Indoor lighting shall provide required visual comfort in all the spaces in a building

Lighting design

Conventional design Green design

Achieve Visual comfort

Efficiency in design and controls

Fixture Efficiency Vs. Coefficient Of Utilization

Fixture

Efficienc

y refers to

light output

emitted by

fixture to

light output

of lamp

Coefficient

of

utilization refers to

lumen output

reaching

work plane to

the output of

fixture

150

lumen

50

Lumens

100

Lumens

Environmental

factors

Surface ( wall,

ceiling,

furniture)

absorption

Lumen Depreciation

Luminous Efficacy - CFL

Luminous Efficacy : 900/(13+5) = 50 lm/W

5 W

13 W

18 W

900 lm

Indoor lamps comparison

Light Source Efficacy (lm/w)

Average Life (hours)

CRI CCT(K)

Incandescent lamp

8-18 1200 100 2800

Fluorescent Lamp

61-104 5000 57-72 3500-6500

Compact Fluorescent

Lamp

40-30 5000-8000 57-72 4000

Metal Halide 69-83 1000 69-72 3000-5000

LED 80-100 24000 85-90 2700-7000

Artificial Lighting Design

• Meeting recommended lux level for visual comfort

• Fixing height

• Reflectance of room surfaces

• Maintenance factor

• Controls

• Separate switch for individual fixtures

• Occupancy based sensors and daylight sensors to be integrated with artificial lighting scheme

Lighting Controls

Occupancy sensors

Daylight Sensors

Timer based controls

Building Lighting system optimisation

T-5 FTL with electronic chokeWattage - 28+2=30 W

Continuous Dimming Sensor

LPD – 10.8 W/ft2LPD – 7 W/ft2

Efficient Space conditioning design

Use low energy air conditioning systems

Optimize plant selection & performance

Optimize air system performance

Optimize building cooling demand

Building cooling demand optimization

Heat gain from roof

Heat gain from walls

Heat gain from glass/daylight from glass

Heat gain from infiltration

Heat gain from equipment/lighting/people

23-26 deg C

65%RH

Building Envelope optimization

Building Lighting system optimization

Inside temperature Optimization

Ventilation Rate optimization

Building Design optimization

Inside temperature optimization

460

480

500

520

540

560

5802

3C

/50%

23C

/60%

24C

/50%

24C

/60%

25C

/50%

25C

/60%

26C

/50%

26C

/60%

1deg C decrease in temperature increases cooling load by 3.5%

Precooling of fresh air

Energy

Recovery Wheel

Supply

air

Outside air

damper

Outside

air

Return

air

Filters

Cooling demand Reduction

16%

Impact on cooling demand

Heat load (TR) Optimization

Base Case 233 TR

30 %Optimized Envelope as per ECBC

Optimized lighting

All

188 TR

127 TR

210 TR 10 %

45 %

20 %Optimized WWR

163 TR

6 %Orientation 220 TR

Building cooling load profile

0 25

214249

284

104

281

478

375

101

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Op

erat

ing

ho

urs

in

a y

ear

% Loading

HVAC plant selection & Performance

Annual average performance at different loading percentage & outdoor conditions shall be better than full load rated performance

Distributed system

Centralized system

Window AC

COP- 3.517

VRFs

COP-4.0

Air cooled

COP-3.5

Water cooled

COP-6

Air conditioning systems

Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRVs)

• One outdoor unit and multiple indoor unit

• Conserve space

• Conserve energy with modular switching (COP = 4.3)

• Higher efficiency at part loads

Outdoor unit

3.444.38

5.344.67

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

100% loading 75% loading 50% loading 25% loading

Efficiency of VRV at different % loading

10 HP

Central water cooled chiller plant

Efficient chillers

High efficiency chillers

Chillers with VFD

Magnetic bearing chillers

Efficient auxiliaries

Pump efficiency >80%

Motor efficiency >90%

Fan efficiency > 60%

Automation in chiller plant

5-7% energy savings

10-15% energy savings

Radiant floor cooling/heating system

Energy and cost analysis-Radiant cooling

Geothermal systems

Resource and cost analysis-Geothermal

Hybrid System

Impact of green design on Energy

Base Case 202

17 %Optimized Envelope as per ECBC

Optimized lighting

All

180

60

134 34 %

70 %

11 %Optimized WWR

168

2 %Orientation 198

Optimized HVAC 87 57 %

EPI (kWh/m2/yr)

Gaps and Barriers and Tools to Address

Barriers

Gaps and

Barriers

Financial costs/benefits

(Incremental costs, access, subsidies, co benefit costs)

Market failures ( Standardised building design

process,

Fragmented market , split and misplaced incentives

Administrative and regulatory )

Behavioral and organizational non-

optimalities

(Organizational failures, lack of awareness, and lifestyle, Lack of enforcement /implementation /monitoring)

Gaps and Barriers

Policies to address the barriers

Control and regulatory mechanisms-normative instruments

• Appliance standards

• Building codes

• Procurement regulations

• Energy efficiency obligations and quotas

Regulatory informative instruments

• Mandatory labeling and certification programs

• Mandatory audit programs

• Utility demand-side management programs

Economic and market-based instruments

• Energy performance contracting/ESCO support

• Cooperative technology procurement

• Energy efficiency certificate schemes

Fiscal instruments and incentives• Taxation (on household fuels)

• Tax exemption/reductions

• Capital subsidies, grants, subsidised loans

Support, information and voluntary action • Voluntary certification and labelling

• Public leadership programs

• Awareness raising, education, information campaigns

• Detailed billing and disclosure programs

Issues Applicability Case study country

Energy Efficiency Regulatory Framework and Assessment for buildings

Mandatory requirements for energy efficiency in

conditioned and non-conditioned buildings

Singapore, Australia, India

Provisions for Passive Solar Design Measures

Natural and mechanical ventilation rates defined Singapore, Netherlands

Minimum Ventilation opening area Australia

Adequate daylighting provision U.K.

Energy Efficiency Assessment-Artificial lighting

Artificial Lighting efficiency requirements India, UK, Japan, Australia

Energy Efficiency Assessment-HVAC

Efficiency requirements for system selection and design U.K., Ireland, Singapore, Australia

Energy Efficiency Assessment-Appliances

Energy labeling standards for appliances U.K., Austria, Singapore, Japan

International Best Practices

Issues Applicability Case study country

Provisions for renewable energy

Enhanced capital allowances U.K.

Green Power Accreditation label Australia

Implementation and Incentivising

Capital allowances, grants U.K., Germany, Austria

Tax exemption Germany

Efficiency contracting Germany

Low-interest loans Germany

Energy advise sessions Austria

Building approval process Australia

Rebates on electricity bills West Bengal, Karnataka, Rajasthan

Training and Awareness programs

Training and accreditation workshops UK, Australia, Japan

Seminars, workshops, websites, journals U.K., Austria, Australia

Documents on practical examples and solutions on achieving compliance

U.K.

Education system Singapore

International Best Practices

Examples from India

Innovative financing (promotional programme of 50 million

euros by National Housing Bank) for residential sector

No. of loans: >1,912

Value of loans: € 50 mil.

No. of buildings certified: 442

Energy savings: 3,162

MWh/year

CO2 avoided: 2,688 tons/year

EE homesSavings verified

through assessment tool

PLIs on board to disburse

loans

PLIs get loans refinanced from

NHB @ discounted rate

Incentive may be passed on to

consumer

Studies to Justify Incremental Costs

Incremental cost: 0.75% - 4.5%Discounted payback periods not more than 2 years

Results of TERI study on incremental cost and savings for residential buildings

Conventional Efficient Envelope Efficient Lighting Efficient Air-conditioning

Solar Hot WaterSystems

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/sqm/yr)

25 33%38 51%

Cost increment-commercial buildings

Conventional case

• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 82 crores

• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 20500/sqm

Green case

• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 83.7 crores

• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 20925/sqm

• Cost increment (%) 2.1%

Role of voluntary rating system: GRIHA

GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of a green building ,and in turn ….measure “greenness” of a building in India

What gets measured gets managed

Set of 34 criteria focusing on:

• Site Planning

• Building Design

• Energy Efficiency

• Water and waste management

• Sustainable Building Materials

• Occupant Health and comfort

51 - 60

61 - 70

71 - 80

81- 90

91- 100

100 (+4 innovation points) point system with differential weightage on various criteria

GRIHA

Indira Paryavaran BhawanNet zero approach: GRIHA 5 star rated

• Energy performance index: 24 kWh/sqm /year

• 1 MW solar installation

First 5 Star Rated GRIHA Building in IIT Kanpur (RE Integration)

Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Pune

ECBC compliant envelope and systems

Well shaded envelope with 75% areas day lit

Efficient water fixtures and recharge of ground water

Efficient lighting with controls

100% electricity through Solar PVs

Solar PV integration to meet 100% demand

Payback period came down to 2.5 years from 9 years by accounting for

– Government subsidy of 30%

– Transformer eliminated (LT connection could suffice)

– HT metering kiosk, synchronizing panels, UPS ,battery back up, one DG set eliminated

Questions?