CTI Sponsored Educational Program...Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2011)), International Energy Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2011) CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air

CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago

Originally Presented January 23, 2012

Slide No.: 1

CTI Sponsored Educational Program



Slide No.: 2

CTI Mission Statement

To advocate and promote the use of environmentally responsible Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS) for the benefit of the

public by encouraging: Education Research Standards Development and Verification Government Relations Technical Information Exchange



Slide No.: 3

CTI Objectives Maintain and expand a broad base membership of

individuals and organizations interested in Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS). Owner/Operators Manufacturers Suppliers

Identify and address emerging and evolving issues concerning EHTS.

Encourage and support educational programs in various formats to enhance the capabilities and competence of the industry to realize the maximum benefit of EHTS.



Slide No.: 4

CTI Objectives Encourage and support cooperative research to improve

EHTS technology and efficiency for the long-term benefit of the environment.

Assure acceptable minimum quality levels and performance of EHTS and their components by establishing standard specifications, guidelines, and certification programs.

Establish standard testing and performance analysis systems and procedures for EHTS.

Communicate with and influence governmental entities regarding the environmentally responsible technologies, benefits, and issues associated with EHTS.

Encourage and support forums and methods for exchanging technical information on EHTS.



Slide No.: 5

CTI Certification Program

STD-201 The standard sets forth a program whereby the Cooling

Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line of evaporative heat rejection equipment offered for sale by a specific Manufacturer will perform thermally in accordance with the Manufacturer’s published ratings.

Applies to Mechanical Draft Evaporative Heat Rejection Equipment such as Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers (and Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers).



Slide No.: 6

Please visit our website atwww.cti.org



Slide No.: 7

Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2012

The information contained in the following publication, paper or presentation is intended for education by the author or presenter, however information given is in no way an

endorsement of the Cooling Technology Institute. The publication, paper or presentation has been reviewed by the

CTI staff and program committee for commercial content, however there may be differing opinions regarding the

content of information. The Cooling Technology Institute accepts no liability for its content.



Slide No.: 8

Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems vs Air-Cooled Systems for Air Conditioning Applications

Lisa TiffinBaltimore Aircoil Company



Slide No.: 9

Overview

US Energy Policy Energy Comparison Codes and Standards Benefits of Water Cooled Equipment Energy Savings Tips



Slide No.: 10

U.S. Government commitment to energy independence and reduced greenhouse gas emissions can have a significant impact on HVAC system design.



Slide No.: 11

U.S. Commitment to Energy Sustainability

For decades it has been clear that the way Americans produce and consume energy is not sustainable. Our addiction to foreign oil and fossil fuels puts our economy, our national security, and our environment at risk.



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The Recovery Act was signed into law on February 17, 2009 and has invested over $90B in the clean energy economy. Development of renewable energy and

clean technologies Smart electric grid and energy efficient

homes, offices, and appliances High speed rail and advanced car

batteries



Slide No.: 13


Leadership in Sustainability President Obama signed an Executive Order on

Federal Sustainability, committing the Federal Government, the largest user of energy in the country, to lead by example and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2020, increase energy efficiency, and reduce fleet petroleum consumption.



Slide No.: 14

U.S. Government Plan to Reduce CO2Emissions from Power Plants

Convert to less carbon intensive fuels or non-carbon fuels Taxation of carbon fuels Regulation of emissions for

new plants More research and funding

for renewable energy Reduce energy demand

New energy-saving technologies

Improve efficiency of equipment and systems



Slide No.: 15

Optimize Energy Costs

Market trends suggest that the demand for energy resources will rise dramatically over the next 25 years: U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to

increase by 19% within 25 years. Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow

by nearly 50% from 2009 through 2035.

Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2011)), International Energy Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2011)



Slide No.: 16

Air-Conditioning Energy Consumption

Air-conditioning systems, one-sixth of U.S. electricity demand, drive many power plant peak loads and have been identified as an energy reduction opportunity.



Slide No.: 17

ParameterWater Cooled

SystemAir Cooled

System

Chiller Efficiency [Full Load] (kW/ton)1 0.6 1.255

Chiller Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 0.4 0.941

Condenser Pump (HP) 30 --

Cooling Tower Fan (HP) 30 --

System Capacity (Ton) 500 500

Average Capacity (Ton) 290 290Hours of Operation [Integrated Part Load Value] 4380 4380

1. Efficiencies based on ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Table 6.8.1C. Water Cooled based on Path B.

500 Ton System Analysis Parameters



Slide No.: 18

Equations IPLV = 0.01A+0.42B+0.45C+0.12D

A = COP@100%, B = COP@75%, C = COP@50%, D = COP@25% Chiller Energy Usage = IPLV Efficiency * Weighted Avg Capacity Peak Chiller Demand = Full Load Efficiency * System Capacity Fan Energy = Power (HP) * 0.44 * 0.7457 kW/HP Peak Fan Demand = Power (HP) * 0.7457 kW/HP Pump Energy = Power (HP) * 0.7457kW/HP

Annual Energy = Hours of Operation ∑ Energy Total Peak Demand = Peak Chiller Demand +

Peak Fan Demand + Pump Energy



Slide No.: 19

Energy Consumption

Reduction in annual energy consumption by 46% Peak energy demand reduced by 45%


SystemAir Cooled

SystemChiller Energy Usage (kW) 116 273Condenser Pump Energy Usage (kW) 22 -Fan Energy Usage (kW) 10 -Annual Energy Consumption (kWh for 4380 Hours of Operation) 648,240 1,195,740Peak Energy Demand (kW) 344 628



Slide No.: 20

Total Annual Cost

Savings of $40,000 annually Approximately 30% savings on annual operating costs


SystemAir Cooled

SystemEnergy Charge $ 66,769 $ 123,161 Demand Charge $ 4,623 $ 8,440 Total Annual Electricity Cost $ 71,392 $ 131,601 Annual Water Cost (4 cycles of con) $ 9,186Annual Sewage Cost $ 4,047Annual Chemical Treatment Cost $ 7,000Annual Water Related Costs $ 20,233Total Annual Operating Costs $ 91,625 $131,601



Slide No.: 21

Total Cost Comparison

Payback Period of 1.3 years Approximating system life span at 20 years, the total water

cooled benefit is approximately $516,400.00 The water cooled system shows a clear financial advantage

over the air cooled system

500 Ton SystemWater Cooled

SystemAir Cooled

System

Equipment and Installation (First Cost) $ 242,033 $ 188,200

Total Annual Operating Cost $ 91,625 $ 131,601



Slide No.: 22

Other Comparative Examples

A Comprehensive Comparison of Air- and Water-Cooled Chillers Over a Range of Climates by Mark Hydeman, PE, FASHRAE Water-cooled chillers save significant energy in

most climates. In some climates, source water usage equal



Slide No.: 23

Other Comparative Examples

PG&E study simulating three sizes of chiller plants in three climatic zones. Recommended chilled water plants greater than

300 Tons shall employ water-cooled chillers



Slide No.: 24

Standards Impacting HVAC Systems and Equipment

ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standards for Buildings Except Low-Rise

Residential Buildings ASHRAE Standard 189

Standard for Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings

California Title 24 California’s Energy Standards for Residential and

Nonresidential Buildings



Slide No.: 25

California Title 24

Limitation on Air Cooled Chillers Only 100 tons provided by air cooled for applications

with more than 300 tons of total capacity Also adopted by Oregon Energy Code Issue currently being studied by ASHRAE 90.1



Slide No.: 26

Air-Conditioning System Selection

Large Buildings (> 300 tons) Water cooled systems provide clear-cut economic and

environmental justification. Mid-size Buildings (100-300 tons)

Air cooled systems may offer first cost incentive to sacrifice energy efficiencies of water cooled systems.



Slide No.: 27

Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems

More energy efficient than air-cooled systems Approximately 45%

Reduced plan area Reduced sound Independently certified performance

Water-Cooled AHRI for chillers up to 2,500 tons CTI for cooling towers

Air-Cooled AHRI for chillers up to 400 tons



Slide No.: 28

Considerations for Water Cooled Systems

Higher installation cost Consider pay-back

Water treatment Cooling Tower water use

Water use at tower is offset by water use at power plant to create energy 2 gal/kWh1 on average 4.42 gal/kWh1 in the west

1. Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production (NREL/TP-550-33905)



Slide No.: 29

Water Quality and Control Considerations

Water-cooled systems require treatment to control scale/corrosion and biological growths. Chemical or Non-Chemical Devices

Water and chemical costs must be included in a cost analysis of water-cooled and air-cooled systems.



Slide No.: 30

Cooling Tower Water Usage

Water cooled systems recycle 95% of the total water. The remaining 5% is lost to evaporation & bleed. NO water is destroyed. A small portion of the water is bled from the system to

control the build-up of impurities.

Bleed Rate = Evaporation RateCycles of Concentration -1

Water use is proportional to load, time of day, and weather.



Slide No.: 31

Options to Reduce Water Usage

Hybrid technology Optimizes water use and

energy use based on load, water availability

Materials of Construction Increase cycles of

concentration Use of non-potable

sources, such as grey water, recycled water, or condensate collection



Slide No.: 32

Energy Saving System Designs….



Slide No.: 33

Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency

Energy Saving Tip 1. Installing energy efficient chillers and refrigeration systems can save 1.2% of a facility’s total energy use with an average simple payback of 23 months.



Slide No.: 34


Energy Saving Tip 2. “Free cooling” with cooling tower water can reduce cooling system energy use by as much as 40% depending on location and load profile with an average simple pay back of 14 months. Using cooling tower water in place of the chiller when the

outside temperature is low Cooling tower is sized for winter capacity



Slide No.: 35


Energy Saving Tip 3. Increasing chilled water temperature by 1°F reduces chiller energy use by 0.6% to 2.5%.



Slide No.: 36


Energy Saving Tip 4. For each 1°F decrease in condenser cooling water temperature, until optimal water temperature is reached, there is a decrease in chiller energy use by up to 3.5%.



Slide No.: 37


Energy Saving Tip 5. Installing VFDs in place of constant speed systems can reduce cooling system energy use by 30% to 50%, depending on load profile. Cooling tower fans Chiller compressor



Slide No.: 38

Single Speed BHP & VFD BHP Versus Wet Bulb

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

35404550556065707580

Wet Bulb

BH

P

VFD

Single Speed Motor

Assumes constant load with varying wet bulb temperatures



Slide No.: 39


• Energy Saving Tip 6. Take advantage of ambient wet bulb temperatures.



Slide No.: 40


ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures

Location Wet Bulb

Baltimore, MD 78°F

New York, NY 76°F

Boston, MA 75°F

Los Angeles, CA 70°F

Seattle, WA 66°F

Denver, CO 65°F



Slide No.: 41



Location Wet Bulb CWT

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F

New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F

Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F

Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F

Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F

Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F



Slide No.: 42



Location Wet Bulb CWT Energy

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TR

New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TR

Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TR

Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TR

Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TR

Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR



Slide No.: 43


ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb TemperaturesLocation Wet Bulb CWT Energy Savings

Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TR Base

New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TR $2K

Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TR $3K

Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TR $4K

Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TR $6K

Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR $9KSavings are based on 500 ton cooling tower with 10°F Range.



Slide No.: 44

Energy Saving Tips

Tip #1 – Install energy efficient equipment. Tip #2 – Evaluate additional free cooling hours. Tip #3 – Increase chilled water temperature. Tip #4 – Lower the design condenser water

temperature. Tip #5 – Install VFDs on constant speed fan

systems. Tip #6 – Take advantage of low ambient wet bulb

temperatures.



Slide No.: 45

Conclusions

Cooling system evaluations should take the pending impact of energy regulation into consideration.

Water cooled systems provide the most energy efficient systems and can help protect building owners and operators from uncertainties in electricity pricing.

Documents

CTI Sponsored Educational Program...Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2011)), International Energy Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2011) CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air