Cultură Rusă in Era Post

7/24/2019 Cultur Rus in Era Post

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CULTUR RUS IN ERA post-9/11 geopolitice:Masca de Protes Re!isited "#o$% &'Log$li%I%stittl de Stii%te Co(porta(e%tale) U%i!ersitatea di% Colorado la *olderE-(ail: +o$%o,coloradoed

.earoid Tat$ail 0.erard Toal.!er%l 2i A3aceri I%ter%a4io%ale) I%stittl Polite$%ic 5irgi%ia 2i U%i!ersitatea deStat)Ce%trl de Ale6a%dria) 5irgi%iaE-(ail: toalg,!ted5ladi(ir 7olosso!I%stittl de .eogra3ie) Acade(ia Rs8 de tii%4e) Mosco!ae-(ail: !lad,o%li%er" Aceasta cercetare este ssti%ta de % gra%t) %(8rl ;?) di% StateleU%ite Natio%al Scie%ce@%da4ia) .eogra3ie 2i tii%4a Progra(l Regio%al Atorii (l4(esc r Ele%a

Petre%o a 3%da4iei de &pi%ie PBlic8 0@&M) la Mosco!a) % care a lcrat%deaproapeeD!oltarea c$estio%arli pe%tr a%c$eta la %i!el %a4io%al 2i care a sper!iDat 2iITS de sccesLa ti(p de 3i%aliDare1REUMAT

F% aceast8 lcrare) !o( co%stri pe acti!itatea de .ra$a( S(it$ Ci%e a 3osteD!oltarea %i geopolitica critic8di% Rsia F% lcrarea sa post(8 di% 1999 pBlicat % aceast8 re!ist8 Ca 2iS(it$) a( leg8tr8 %tr-

E!ola%d &rie%t8ri geopolitice a Rsiei la c8tarea %ei ide%tit84i post-so!ieticepe%tr %oilede stat 2i co%dcerea sa politic8 F% ti(p ce S(it$ a !8Dt %atra a geopoliticiirse de a a!eaM82ti proteice) arg(e%tl %ostr este c8 co%dcerea statli rs) % specialPre2edi%tele Pti%) Ci%e a adoptat c scces pe o strategie proteic s8 3ac8 apella prostiiele(e%te ale spectrli de 3rec!e%4e geopolitice rse *aDat pe % so%da+ la %i!el%a4io%al % pri(8!ara a%li


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% 1999) .ra$a( S(it$pio%ier i% deD!oltarea %ei geopoliticii critice perspecti!8 aspra gH%diriigeopolitice rse

Articoll li S(it$ a 38ct trei arg(e%te i(porta%te F% pri(l rH%d) a( co%ectatre3or(l8ri sc$i(Bare

% politica e6ter%8 a rsi a descoperit % a%ii 199; la o criD8 de ide%titatesiste(atice (ai %a4io%ale %Rsia 0S(it$ 1999a) G>1 S(it$ geopolitica sa %4eles c8 elita politic8 e6ter%8(ai (lt decHtiscrsl) a 3ost de ase(e%ea despre ide%titatea de Rsia 2i locl s8 % l(e)dp8 pr8B2ireapatriei so!ietice 2i pierderea stattli de (are ptere Politica 2i pBlice ai(plicat a!iDLi alte lcr8ri care (erge paralel ra4io%a(e%t se co%ecteDe la ide%titatea%a4io%al8 geopolitica 0de e6e(pl) i+i%)199JK Ne(a%%) 1999 Ide%titatea %a4io%al8 este (odelat8 de elitele politice 2i

% e6ist8Separati de la discrsl politic 2i lpta politic8 2i) pri% r(are) aceasta ca%%%ot 3istatic saeter% 0e!ele!)


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? Ei a !8DtRsia ca o ptere a Erasiei c propriile i%terese 2i preocp8ri %ic %a4io%ale artreBi s8-l a2a% 3i ti(id despre a3ir(area ptere ITS % !eci%8tatea apropiat8 rela4iile sale c

&ccide%tl ar treBi s8 3ieco%ds de prag(atis( 2i de realis() Neit$ %ecritic r(a re3le6 Nord-5est&p%e

Aceast8 lcrare re!iDiteaD8 arg(e%tele 2i (%ca de pio%ierat de .ra$a(S(it$) % l(i%aModi3ic8ri % Rsia 2i % geopolitica la %i!el (o%dial % lti(ii ci%ci a%i o8(odi3ic8ri) % special)s%t 3rapa%te Pri(l este pre2edi%4ia li 5ladi(ir Pti% Pre2edi%tele rs care ade!e%it i%teri(arp8 de(isia li *oris El4% a pre2edi%4iei % Dia de A%l No % a%l


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politic rs=5ia4a a2a c( a ap8rt % 1999 5o( discta 2i alte e6plica4ii ale poplarit84ii liPti%) dar pri%cipall %ostr

F%gri+orare % aceast8 lcrare este de a i%telege caracterl e!olti! al cltrii

geopolitice rse catra%Di4ia c8tre o *TS post-so!ietic de ide%titate rs I%trodce-al doilea dece%iA doa (odi3icare este tra%s3or(area i% geopolitica gloBala adse de *s$ad(i%istra4iei ca r8sp%s la atacrile teroriste aspra orld Trade Ce%tre 2iPe%tago%l la 11 septe(Brie


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pri(a li S(it$U%ele di%tre aceast8 literatr8 2i re!iDirea % crs de deD!oltare % aparatco%ceptal de a stdia li(peDitegeopolitica Apoi %e-a( c8ta pe%tr a e6a(i%a e(piric Rela4ia di%tre geopoliticerse

iscrsl 2i co%cep4ii de sc$i(Bare a ide%tit84ii %a4io%ale de pri!irea de laAtitdi%i poplare Rs8% r(a 9 / 11 ese% pe % so%da+ %a4io%al de opi%ie pBlic8 a( realiDat %Rsia) %

Aprilie


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Q Traditii geopolitic: ga(a de relati!a(e%te 3or(aliDa 2i 2coli co%cre%te deco(pris geopolitice creDt c8 cltra %alt8 a cltrii %i stat geopolitic8@iecare traditie este % ca%o% de gH%dire aspra ide%tit84ii de stat) de i%teres%a4io%al 2i %or(ati!ePriorit84ile de politic8 e6ter%8

Q 5isio%s geopolitic: % sBset de Tradi4ii geopolitice) aceasta se re3er8 la cadrl%or(ati!pe%tr o age%d8 de politic8 e6ter%8) ceea ce 3ace de stat 2i c( ar treBi F%caDl % care %a!iga % si%eL(ea de pro!oc8ri 2i criDe geopoliticeS S(it$ articol 1999t$ geopolitice Preocpat c practica atat de do(i%a%ta i%RsiaS co%cept opera4io%al pe%tr discrsl geopolitice el) de2i (-a( re3erit lageogra3icai(agi%a4ie 0c re3erire la opi%ia pBlic8) dar % i%telectali) p G>


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Preocp8ri ale rsilor oBis%iti 0p 1> A!H%d % !edere realitatea acestiapare%t deco%ectare) de ce esteC8 politica e6ter%8 a ad(i%istra4iei Pti% caracteriDat8 pri% Are 3ost % (odco%sta%t de (are?

Ni!elrile de spri+i% poplar R8sp%sl este co%clDia li &'Log$li% Par4ial Astaa 3ost oarec(Arg(e%tl li este sprae!alat eoarece (ai e6act c8 e6ist8 % decala+ %tregeopolitice3a%teDiile de %a4io%al-patriotice dreapta 2i co(%i2tii - pe%tr si(plicities Bi%aral gi%) a3a%teDiile (ilitarist al li 5ladi(ir #iri%o!si 2i ga%o! de co%spira4ii gra%d - 2iPreocp8ri ale rsilor oBis%itiHrtie proprii &'Log$li% ca ilstrat) % caDl li Pti% este di3eritNe prop%e( sa

Aceste EVEMPLI@IC di3ere%cias toc(ai pri% ge%erarea %ei a%aliDe clster aopi%iei pBlice rse

Aceste grpri % s%t cli!a+ele politice 2i grpri de !otK ast3el de grp8ri) peBaDa de&p4i%ile s%t 2or de ide%ti3icat pBlice so%da+ele de opi%ie electoral8 2i di%datele de !ot Mai degraB8Raportate % aceast8 lcrare s%t grpri &rie%t8ri poplare geopolitice care le-a( 3ost % stare s8ElaBorarea %ei opi%ia pBlic8 %a4io%al8 de la %oi e3ectate % a%c$eta di% aprilie


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procedra de clsteriDare !8 ra%da(e%t>RUS &rie%t8ri geopoliticeCa parte a %i proiect (ai a(pl care se co%ce%treaD8 aspra atitdi%ilorrse2ti r8DBoil SUA-co%ds de teroris( %

Ur(a atacrilor de la 11 septe(Brie


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procedr8 Aceast8 procedr8 tiliDeaD8 % algorit( care %cepe c % grpseparat de 3iecare caD 2i %PH%8 la grpri co(Bi%a doar %l este la stH%ga ista%4a de si(ilitdi%e sas%t ge%erate la 3iecare M8srietap8 pe%tr a a+ta selecta cea (ai B%8 sol4ie F% stdil %ostr) sase grpri

o3er8 o sol4ie elega%t8F%tre co(ple6itatea (lte grp8ri 2i spra-si(plitatea alegerea (ai p4i%e 2i estess4i%t8 de cre2terea (ari % ter(e% de eroare 0dista%ta eclidia%a sWared)co(parati! c sol4ii e2i %(ai clsterele ge%erate de scorrile a 3ost c pri!ire la %treB8rileatitdi%ale)disc4ie de clstere se BaDeaD8 pe a(estec de Atitdi%i F% 3iecare grp) prec(2i socio-de(ogra3ice@iecare perso%a+ de (e(Br % grp 5alorile de sB-2i spraProce%tl (edi de r8sp%s T$a% (ai (are de ? s%t preDe%tate % taBell1 Noi

Aceste grpri apel geopolitice si % %e as(a( orie%t8ri c8 acestea s%t 3lide2i oarec(!ariaBil8 Noi crede( c8 acestea s%t Re%i%i te(porar8 geopolitice ale cltriipoplare) de2idesigr) %(ai % (o(e%te di3erite repetate topogra3ie Asta ar ptea co%3ir(acredi%taTaBell 1 despre aiciE6a(i%area spra-2i sB-repreDe%tare a atitdi%i di3erite 2i a grprilor %

A+t8 la clari3icarea taBel) 2ase orie%t8ri geopolitice Clster 1 este Ide%ti3icat8 caPti%adep4i) Spri+i%irea pre2edi%teli politicii e6ter%e 2i de pro-SUA % ge%eral 2i

orie%tate spreest StaBilirea se la G1= de persoa%e 2i


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(ai (ari decHt (edia 2iss4i%8tori % (od dispropor4io%at Co(%ist di% partidK Ele s%t !iDate dea(e%i%4areateroris(li i%ter%a4io%al) a(Bi4iile geopolitice ale SUA T$reat) 2i cre2tereapercept %

%(8rl de (sl(a%i di% Rsia Ele se co%stitie


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ar) i(porta%t) % acela2i ti(p) locri de 3er( Rsia % EropaSpre deoseBire de3osta U%i%e So!ietic8state) Eropa de 5est 2i SUA s%t ide%ti3icate ca statl cel (ai i(porta%t pe%trRsia AcestCele (ai arat8 % (od clar grpl Dapad%ii 0Oester%iDers ar orie%tarea lor

socio-de(ogra3iceCaracteristicile s%t apropiate de (ediile e2a%tio%li e2i 3er( pro-5est) acestgrp %% sport r8DBoil a(erica% (potri!a teroris(liUlti(l grp 0clster J este cea (ai (ic8 Respo%de%4ii c


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grpri %oastre s%t legatede l%g8 drat8 Traditii si oBiceiri care a 3ost sBiectl %ei deDBateri pro3%de

% sectorl pBlic 2i rs8s3erele i%telectale 0S(it$) 1999BK I%gra()


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NetraliDarea %ele)Co(pro(iterea c al4ii) 2i de t8iere o3erte % (odri care a %t8rit ceea ce Rs8Co(e%tatorii ter(e%l de !erticalitatea de ptere A%tipatic El4%) Pti% a o(lt (ai p4i% s8 de(o%streDetolera%48 de o (ass-(edia i%depe%de%te 2i s8-2i a3ir(e co%troll Oiggle $ot8rHt

% cele do8de stat postrilor de tele!iDi%e 2i s8 adc8 o trei(e) i%depe%de%t 2i critic NT5&dat8) % te(eilI%3le%4a 2i co%troll de stat i%direct pri% i%ter(edil .aDpro(Acest lcr aper(is 7re(li%li de a a!ea prodse 2igestio%a i(agi%ea preDide%4iale di% tele!iDi%e %oapte de %oapte) ast3el r2ipoDiti!e deD!olte 2i s8 (e%4i%8i(agi%i de regl8 istorice Marea (a+oritate a r2ilor a %credere % 2tirile de la7re(li%) do(i%at8 de acestere4elelor 0Petro!a)


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li Pti%


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Tradi4iile cltrii rse geopolitice 3or(aliDat E6ist8 co%e6i%i % ti(p ce) %e6ist8corela4ie direct8 .eopolitic8 rs8 a 3ost (lt ti(p o cltr8 de (are de eliteco%cre%te pe%tr a3acereado(i%e % stat atocratic) c o cltr8 slaB8 a geopoliticii poplare Aceast8 p4i%

Pri(itAte%tie PH%8 de crH%d Este ac( de!i%e apare%t 3aptl ca %ele Rs8%del%gat8Traditii si oBiceiri c( ar 3i Erasia%is( Solicita4i geopolitice spri+i% poplar3oarte li(itat TaBell 1 arat8 c8Pri%tre Erasia%ist orie%tarea geopolitic8 rs se li(iteaD8 la popla4ie pe%tr

%trepri%derile (iciCo(%ist sB-clster e ase(e%ea) % e6ist8 %ici circ(scrip4ia Apare%tpoplar pe%tr e6tre(iste

Ale6a%dr gi% !iDi%i de eartla%d 0pe%tr geopolitica gi%) a se !edea 199?2i I%gra( gi%


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ABSTRACTIn this *a*er, -e /uild on the -or8 of Graha# S#ith -ho -as develo*inga critical geo*oliticsof +ussia in his *osthu#ous *a*er of ournal5 Li8eS#ith, -e lin8 theevolving geo*olitical orientations of +ussia to the search for a *ost?Sovietidentity for the ne-state and its *olitical leadershi*5 @hile S#ith sa- the nature of +ussiangeo*olitics to have'rotean #as8s, our argu#ent is that it is the leadershi* of the +ussianstate, s*eciAcally'resident 'utin, -ho has successfully ado*ted a 'rotean strategy toa**eal to the dis*arateele#ents of the +ussian geo*olitical s*ectru#5 Based on a nation-idesurvey in S*ring 1001,-e identify si( clusters in +ussian *u/lic o*inion /y socio?de#ogra*hiccharacteristics and -e

relate each cluster to the #ain geo*olitical orientations co#*eting inconte#*orary +ussia asreected in the results of the 1002 9u#a and 100 'residential electionsin +ussia5Key wo!": +ussia, critical geo*olitics, *u/lic o*inion, geo*oliticalorientations, &ladi#ir 'utin,elections1In the last article /efore his unti#ely death, *u/lished in this >ournal in


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-hich he descri/ed as a shifting and a#/iguous doctrine -ith advocatesacross the *oliticals*ectru#5 :urasianis# is the assertion of a distinct civiliational s*ace for+ussia se*arate fro#the @est and fro# $sia5 S#ith argued that, after an initial D@estern?li/eral *eriod in the earlyoining @estern civiliation -as*ara#ount, +ussianforeign *olicy discourse tilted to-ards a vague yet *olitically vital:urasianis#5 D:urasia is auseful a/straction -hose #allea/ility is its central characteristic5 :vo8ing'roteus, a #ythicsha*e?shifter, he descri/ed D:urasia as a #as8 for legiti#ating *articularstances on foreign*olicyK and a convenient D#oral >ustiAcation a#idst transitions in +ussiando#estic *oliticsand glo/al a%airs !*5 31"5 !In Gree8 #ythology, 'roteus -as a god of the

ocean -ho couldchange disguises at -ill to *revent detection5 Fe -ould only *ro*hesytruthfully if ca*tured5"7inally, S#iths article ela/orated u*on -hat could /e ter#ed the Dvitalcentre in +ussian*olitical life, the creed of Dde#ocratic statis# or Docial :urasianis#-hich he associated -ith2the Meltsin ad#inistration fro# the #id?


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are salient5 he Arst is the *residency of &ladi#ir 'utin -ho /eca#einteri# +ussian 'residentafter Boris Meltsins resignation of the *residency on 6e- Mears 9ay in10005 'utin -ent on to-in election as +ussian *resident in arch 1000 and re?election in arch1005 'utin hasdo#inated the *olitical centre in +ussia, s8illfully crac8ing do-n on so#eof the #ost*ro#inent of the countrys oligarchs -hile centraliing *o-er in osco-and accu#ulatedcontrol over the #ass #edia !Shevtsova, 1002"5 In the *residentialelection of arch 100, 'utin-as re?elected -ith 4


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*olicy analysts li8e 9#itri renin argued that 'utins foreign *olicy -ascharacteried /y*rag#atis# and drift /ut not a strategic choice !renin 1001a"5 In the-a8e of 'utins Se*te#/er1, 100< s*eech to the nation in -hich he signaled not only +ussiansolidarity -ith the$#erican -ar against international terroris# /ut ac;uiescence of the$#erican #ilitaryesta/lish#ent in for#er Soviet /ases, renin and others argued that+ussia had #ade aDstrategic choice to /e *art of the @estern co##unity of states*rosecuting a -ar againstDinternational terroris# !renin 1001/"5 he 'utin ad#inistration, ofcourse, had its #otives /utthis Dstrategic choice to /e *art of D@estern civiliation calls into ;uestionS#iths argu#enta/out the *o-er of :urasianis# as a se*arate civiliational discourse in

+ussian geo*oliticalculture !OQLoughlin, oal and )olossov 100a"5 @hile US?+ussian relationshave oscillated sincethen, the idea of a Ds*ecial *ath !spetsialniy kurs" for +ussia has faded54

hese *arallel develo*#ents have trans*ired as the literature on criticalgeo*olitics itselfhas e(*anded and dee*ened5 In this *a*er, -e revisit and e(*lore S#ithsthe#es /y Arstrevie-ing so#e of this literature and develo*ing a clariAed conce*tuala**aratus to study

geo*olitics5 @e then see8 e#*irically to e(a#ine the relationshi* /et-een+ussian geo*oliticaldiscourse and changing conce*tions of national identity /y loo8ing at*o*ular +ussian attitudesin the -a8e of =R


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critical study of geo*olitics, uathail !100" #a8es the case for anintegrated set ofconce*tualiations and understandings a/out the various di#ensions ofgeo*olitics !see 7igure


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o*inion on geo*olitical discourse and *ractice, S#ith did not e(*licitlyaddress or e(*lore thisi#*ortant connection5 +ather, he concentrated on ;uasi?for#aliedarticulations and state#entsof +ussias conte#*orary geo*olitical condition o%ered /y co#*eting*olitical forces and*arties in the country5 S#ith outlined and discussed three #ain schools-ithin the /road Dne-:urasianis#? a" the :urasianist 6e- +ight discourse of Dnational *atriotsli8e $le8sandr9ugin and the >ournalZavtra, /" the :urasian Co##unist discourse of theCo##unist 'arty ofthe +ussian 7ederation !C'+7" leader Gennadii Hyuganov and c" -hatS#ith codiAes as the6Docial :urasianis# of the de#ocratic statists that occu*ied seats of*o-er in the for#er

Meltsin ad#inistration57igure


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illustrate *recisely these di%erences /y generating a cluster analysis of+ussian *u/lic o*inion5

hese clusters are not *olitical cleavages and voting grou*sE suchgrou*ings on the /ases ofelectoral choices are readily identiAa/le fro# *u/lic o*inion *olls andvoting data5 +ather theclusters re*orted in this *a*er are *o*ular geo*olitical orientations that-e have /een a/le todevelo* fro# a national *u/lic o*inion survey -e conducted in $*ril of10015 So far as -e area-are, this is the Arst e#*irically generated cluster of +ussian geo*oliticalorientations5 heseare #ore than geogra*hical i#aginations P the res*onses of *eo*le-hether they /elieve +ussiais a @estern or :urasianist state, for e(a#*le P though these contri/uteand condition *articularorientations5 +ather, they are /est descri/ed as geo*olitical orientation

clusters, an e#*iricalsna*shot of a *articular historical #o#ent in the u( of *o*ular +ussiangeo*olitical culture5OLoughlins !100ect that focused on +ussian attitudes to the US?led-ar on terroris# inthe after#ath of the attac8s of Se*te#/er


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addresses for the doorste* intervie-s5 hrough si#ilarity of ans-ers tothe sa#e ;uestionsas8ed /y other national *olling Ar#s !such as do you su**ort 'resident'utins foreign*olicyK" and a socio?de#ogra*hic #i( in the sa#*le that reects nationaltotals, -e areconAdent that the ans-ers re*resent +ussian *u/lic o*inion accurately5@e deli/eratelyoversa#*led in traditionally usli# areas of the &olga and the 6orthCaucasus to co#*areusli# and +ussian res*onses5 he survey of V ;uestions too8 onaverage 1V #inutes toco#*lete and


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character of #e#/ershi* in each cluster5 &alues of under? andoverre*resentationthan the average *ercentage res*onse greater than 4N are sho-n in

a/le


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the other hand5Cluster 2 is ;uite siea/le and constitutes an a*olitical, young adult,@esterniing /loc85

hey see# to congregate near the centrist *osition on #any 8ey;uestions /ut are realistic a/out+ussias relative glo/al standing -hich, /y #ost surveys, has sho-n ashar* decline over the*ast decade5 he grou* shares so#e *ositions -ith /oth the Arst !the:uro*ean heritage of+ussia and the i#*ortance of U8raine and Belarus" /ut di%ers in itsconcern on the threat ofinternational terroris# and the gro-th of the usli# *o*ulation in +ussia,fears that it sh ares-ith the second cluster5 Of the 21= *eo*le !


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heir level of geo*olitical ignorance is very high !454N #ore than theaverage", #easured /yan ina/ility to identify any -orld region as i#*ortant for +ussia anddeclarations that they havelittle interest in foreign *olicy5 @hilst consistently o**osing the US -ar onterroris#, they areconcerned a/out terroris# and are the only grou* to acce*t une;uivocallythe 'utin e;uation ofthe =?


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a#ong these individuals is 'resident 'utin -hose *olicies and *olitical#aneuverings, in shar*contrast to his *redecessor, Boris Meltsin, have /een re#ar8a/lysuccessful5 'utins *rotean;ualities have /een noted /y *olitical co##entators5 In Shevtsovasanalysis, for e(a#*le, hehad the a**eal of an :very#anK and it -as dicult to get /ehind theinscruta/le #as8 'utinal-ays -oreK !Shevtsova 1002, 1


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#anage the *residential i#age on television nightly so +ussians develo*and #aintain *ositivei#ages of his rule5 he vast #a>ority of +ussians trust the ne-s fro#these )re#lin?do#inatednet-or8s !'etrova, 100"$ tradition of *aternalistic rule and D#anufacturing consent /y statecontrol overtelevision are not guarantors of *o*ularity as Co##unist rule and Meltsinsfate de#onstrated5

he third factor that accounts for 'utins *o*ularity is -hat +ussians ter#K*oliticaltechnologiesK5 'ioneered in the @est and /rought to +ussia /y the *oliticalconsultants that-or8ed on the Meltsin re?election ca#*aign in


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the $#erican attac8 against the ali/an regi#e in $fghanistan -as notfollo-ed u* /y *u/licsu**ort for the -ar against Sadda# Fusseins Ira;5 Our survey foundover-hel#ing *u/lico**osition to that -ar !=51N #ostly and deAnitely disa**orove" and toe(tending -ar to theother t-o #e#/ers of George Bushs a(is of evilK, 6orth )orea and Iran!


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geo*olitical traditions li8e :urasianis# have very li#ited *o*ular su**ort5a/le < reveals thatthe :urasianist geo*olitical orientation a#ong the +ussian *o*ulation isconAned to a s#allCo##unist su/?cluster5 $lso, there is no a**arent *o*ular constituencyfor the e(tre#istFeartland visions of $le(andr 9ugin !for 9ugins geo*olitics, see 9ugin


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7igure 1 'ositioning of +ussian geo*olitical traditions, elite rhetoric and*olitical *arties on t-o8ey orientations517"esternizersIn the econo#ic transition in +ussia over the *ast decade, advocates fro#right !li/eral" *artiesguided /y @esterniers have tried to *ush +ussian foreign *olicy andorientation to-ardscoo*eration -ith 6$O and the :uro*ean Union5 @esterniers live*redo#inantly in the rich#etro*olitan centres of osco- and St5 'eters/urg, and in other largecities, as -ell as in theregions of the :uro*ean 6orth and the north of Si/eria !OLoughlin,

uathail and )olossov,100/"5 In conte#*orary +ussian *olitics, @esternis# is usuallyassociated -ith the Union of

+ight 7orces !#oyuz pravykh sil, or S'S", the heir of /road de#ocraticK#ove#ents of the earlyor national interest of +ussiais to reduceas ra*idly as *ossi/le the econo#ic ga* se*arating it fro# @esterncountries /y learning fro#their e(*erience and ada*ting +ussian social and *olitical institutions to@estern standards5+ussia #ust re>ect everything that can slo- do-n its ra**roche#ent -iththe @est, includinginco#*ati/le cultural values and traditions5 It #ust not har/or a#/ition inthe near a/roadK,/ecause the loyalty of CIS states to +ussia is volatile, costs too #uch, and#ost i#*ortantly,+ussian e%orts in this for#er Soviet area can da#age relations -ith the@est5

he @esterniers /elieve that the /asic geo*olitical and strategic interestsof +ussia donot di%er signiAcantly fro# the @est5 he #ost i#*ortant threat tonational security is +ussiaso-n /ac8-ardness5 :cono#ic and social #oderniation /ased on a union-ith the @estern


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co##unity and su**orted /y @estern invest#ents and i#*orts of@estern technologies is the18highest *riority5 $t the glo/al scale, the 8ey conict of #odernity is theo**osition /et-eende#ocratic and authoritarian countries5 +ussias #ain tas8 in relations-ith CIS countries is tosu**ort *olitical and econo#ic freedo#s -hile avoiding any dis*utes over/orders5 !7or astate#ent of such *rinci*les, see the foreign *olicy state#ent of the S'Son their -e/ site,http:$$%%%.sps.ru$"5 +ussia should /ac8 the @est -ho #ust interveneevery-here -hen hu#anrights are under threat5 he S'S /elieves that +ussia should integrateitself into the heart ofdecision?#a8ing a/out #oderniation and glo/aliation !'antin 1001"5Yet while the Westernism of Russian citiens certainl! has a consi"era#le consumerist

tone$ well%#ein& an" 'ualit! of life are not the onl! criteria of a ci(ilie" countr!) *he-ords:uro*eK and :uro*eanK have sta/le and dee*ly?rooted *ositiveconnotations in +ussian*u/lic o*inion5 hey connote, Arst of all, -ell?/eing, social -elfare and*ros*erity, /ut alsoattractive values and historical traditions that are culturally andgeogra*hically close to +ussia5I#ages of @est :uro*ean countries and of :uro*ean integration haveal-ays /een #ore*ositive than those of the US in +ussian *u/lic o*inion5 Over 0N of

+ussians consistently/elieve that @est :uro*ean countries !Ger#any, 7rance, Italy, the6etherlands, etc5" arefriendly to +ussia5 7or the US$, in contrast, the *ercentage of res*ondents-ho are of the sa#eo*inion uctuated in


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+ussian *u/lic o*inion is favora/le to the :U enlarge#ent /ut o**osed tothe east-arde(*ansion of 6$O /ecause the 6orth $tlantic Organiation is *erceivedas the instru#ent ofthe $#erican do#inance5 @hile VN of +ussians agree that their countryis :uro*ean !datafro# our survey", al#ost 4VN of +ussian *o*ulation /ac8ed in June 1002the idea that theircountry should as*ire to >oin the :U !in arch 100ustifying its need in s*eciAcsocial and econo#ic reci*es and even its su*eriority, as a #ore s*iritualKcountry than the@est or as a uni;ue civiliation /ased on Orthodo( values andRor theculture co#/ining:uro*ean and $sian heritages and features !La*8in and 'antin, 1001"5$fter the


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*ro/le# /y cha#*ioning an anti?@estern identity that *roclai#ed +ussiassu*eriority over the@est !ysgan8ov and sygan8ov, 1001"5

he 9ece#/er 1002 elections -ere considered a defeat of the t-o #a>orli/eral *ro?@esternK *arties, the S'S and Ma/lo8o5 $t the sa#e ti#e, surveys sho-that a defeat of*arlia#entary li/eral *arties does not #ean a decrease of li/eralelectorate, -hich isconsistently esti#ated a/out


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for econo#ic gro-th sucient to reduce as ra*idly as *ossi/le the ga* inthe level of life/et-een +ussia and the rich countries5 Met longstanding concerns li8econtrol over the state/orders and *rotecting state sovereignty in order to guarantee +ussianautono#y in econo#icand *olitical decision?#a8ing and to defend national interests #otivatestatists5 I#*licit in theidea that increasing control over e(isting /orders is a necessary ele#entof state?/uilding is the#ore controversial notion that the *arts of the ad>oining states of U8raine,)aa8hstan andBelarus -ith strong +ussian heritages should /e econo#ically and *oliticalreintegrated -ith+ussia5 he vast #a>ority of +ussians do not -ant any #ilitary or *oliticalactions to achieve agoal that #ight /e confrontational or costly in achieve#ent !al/ot, 100"5

he geo*olitical vision of statists is that +ussia #ust again /eco#e aDgreat *o-erlocated in /oth :uro*e and $sia5 7or statists, one of +ussias foreign *olicyo/>ectives should /eto counter the accu#ulation of hege#onic *o-er /y the United States5

hey /elieve thatuni*olarity desta/ilies the -orld geo*olitical e;uili/riu# and +ussianeeds to /alance undueUS *o-er /y aligning and su**orting alternative *oles of *o-er5K Such aero?su# vision ofthe -orld -as *ro#inent in for#alied state#ents of +ussian foreign

*olicy under 'residentMeltsin and conAr#ed in the Conce*t of 7oreign 'olicy of +ussian7ederation ado*ted in July1000 a fe- #onths after 'utin ca#e to *o-er !*ontsepzia, 100


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+ussian geostrategy should /e *rag#atic for a country situa ted in t-ocontinents5 +ussiasrelations should /e tout azimuthK, in *articular -ith China and India5

Justifying this *osition,statists so#eti#es sound li8e :urasianists arguing that +ussia is aninde*endent civiliationdistinctive fro# the @est5

he *olitical *arty Edinaya !ossia or United +ussiaK is the D*arty of*o-er that easily-on the 1002 9u#a elections as a *olitical faction that su**orts 'utinsad#inistration5 $s /othsurveys of &sIO and 7O sho-, #e#ories a/out real and su**osedglory years -hen+ussia !in the guise of the Soviet Union" had a *arity -ith the largest-orld *o-ers is one ofthe cornerstones of +ussian identity and a /asis of glo/al res*ect5 he*olitical status of the

country and its *arity -ith glo/al leaders is understood as a guarantee ofinde*endent +ussiandevelo*#ent and the /asis of an e%ort to Anally catch u* to the @est!Hudin, 1001"5

he 1002 election #anifesto of Edinaya !ossia e(*resses the challengefacing +ussia asone of co*ing -ith the inevita/ility of glo/aliation5 +ussia faces a star8choice :ither -e/eco#e one of the #ost i#*ortant and inuential *arts of conte#*orary-orld, or -e -ill /eintegrated into it against our -ill and on conditions that -e -ill /e a/le to

-or8 out5K I#*licitlyconce*tualiing the country as a cor*oration that #ust ada*t, the#anifesto declares that thestate needs an ideology of success,K that is nothing less than a ne-national ideal thattranscends the historic choices that have faced +ussia5$s for the near a/roa dK, de#ocratic statists suggest the develo*#ent ofrelations -iththe# on the /asis of *rag#atis# and national interests, thus clearly*referring /ilateralrelations and ad hoc unions -ith t-o or #ore countries !#ost li8elyBelarus and U8raine"5 Its23election #anifesto declares that +ussia should *reserve *olitical and#ilitary sta/ility in :urasia/ut act /y econo#ic and *olitical #eans not through the use of force5$ tougher version of statis# is re*resented /y the /loc !odina!otherlandK", also asuccessful *arty in the 1002 elections, -inning =N of the vote5 hiseclectic /loc united a *rotest


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vote and the so?called non?ideologicalK -ing of the for#er Co##unistelectorate !*ensionersand *eo*le over V -ere #ore *rone to vote for this *arty than theaverage"5 !odina successfullye(*loited the the#es of social in>ustice and the ca#*aign against hy*er?rich tycoons unleashed/y the 'utin ad#inistration5 Met, it also e(*loited *u/lic fears that the'utin ad#inistration -as#a8ing e(cessive concessions to the United States in the Aeld of foreign*olicy thus *otentiallyunder#ining +ussias national security5 ore than 'utin, !odina uses therhetoric of thecultural?civiliational e(ce*tionalis# of +ussia5 It argues that +ussia has auni;ue co#/inationof hu#an, technological, #ineral and territorial resources that allo-s it tocreate a regionaltrade and econo#ic one5 he security of this one should /e /ased on

#ilitary?*oliticalcoo*eration /et-een the *artici*ants of the reaty on Collective Security!so#e of the CIScountries"5 7ro# !odinas *ers*ective, 6$O is the #a>or threat to +ussia,/ecause it is the onlyorganiation -hich can i#*ose its *olitical -ill at a glo/al scale5 he *artyenvisions *otentiallyserious conict *rovo8ed /y a confrontation of +ussias vital interests inthe near a/roadK and6$O atte#*ts to e(*and the area of its res*onsi/ility5 Unli8e United+ussia, the *osition of

!odina is clearly anti?@estern5$fter a decade of *ost?Soviet +ussia, the de#ocratic statist geo*oliticaltradition#atched *o*ular e(*ectations5 In a 7O survey of 3 6ove#/er 1002, 3Nof res*ondents saidthat they -anted +ussia considered a/road as a strongK, greatK,invinci/leK *o-erE 11N as arichK and *ros*erousK, =N as econo#ically inde*endentK, notinde/tedK and N aseducatedK, civiliedK and culturalK country5 ectsRdo#inantRdo#inant1002RV


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6eo?:urasianists consider +ussia as a leading continental *o-er,constituting a *articularciviliation /ased on an autar8ic and *rotectionist econo#y and on theunion /et-een Slavicand ur8ic *eo*les5 hey call for o**osition against co##ercialiedK#ariti#e !$tlantist"civiliation, led /y the United States, grounded on a #ar8et econo#y andon li/eral de#ocracy5

hey /elieve that +ussia is destined to restore a great :urasian e#*ireand is conde#nedK /yits very geogra*hical situation /et-een :uro*e and $sia to rivalry -ith the@est, though*eaceful coe(istence is necessary5 hey de#onie the notion ofglo/aliation, inter*reting it asa #ondialist *lot5K 7or 6eo?Co##unists, +ussia through its natural,historical andecono#ical develo*#ent, e#/races #ost of the *ost?Soviet s*ace5

One of the /ases of :urasianis# is the /road notion of a s*ecial *athK of+ussiasdevelo*#ent that is adhered to /y a large *ro*ortion of its citiens5Fo-ever, a s*ecial *athKdoes not #ean the re>ection of @estern values, legal nor#s, as -ell as*olitical and econo#icinstitutionsE there is a social consensus that +ussia should close theecono#ic ga* se*arating itfro# the @est5 he 8ey de/ate is ho- to fulAll this o/>ective5 any citiensshare the idea thatsince +ussian society is still so di%erent fro# the @est, classical @estern

strategies ofdevelo*#ent cannot /e a**lied to +ussia5 $sserting a s*ecial *athK is no#ore than a sociallyacce*ta/le Dthird -ay /et-een -hat its *ro*onents ter# the li/erale(tre#is#K of ty*ical@esterniers and the return to the Soviet drea# *ro#oted /y orthodo(Co##unists525+ecogniing +ussian e(ce*tionalis# -ill allo- the state to defend its truenational interests,avoid hu#iliation on the international scene and 8ee* alive its *otential asa great *o-er!9iligens8y 1001E )li#ov 1002aE La*8in and 'antin 1001"5

he conce*t of #ulti*olarity in foreign *olicy is al-ays Ar#ly su**orted /ytheCo##unist *arty and national?*atriot o**osition5 7ear of $#ericanhege#ony #otivates this,though neo?:urasianists recognie the *ossi/ility of a strategicco#*ro#ise -ith :uro*e


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/ecause #any :uro*ean states the#selves strongly challenge $#ericanunilateralis#5 6eo?:urasianists /elieve that +ussia should /e neither oriented to-ards the:ast or @est5 hey/elieve in *rinci*les of *o-er /alancing in international relations and loo8for alliances -ithother anti?hege#onic statesK including Iran, India, and China !Ingra#100


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a consistent *arty of the left !Bunin et al5, 1002"5here is so#e overla* /et-een su**ort for the Co##unist *arty and theneo?:urasianist and +ussianist geo*olitical *ositions !a/le 1"5 @hat isco##on a#ong thesegeo*olitical orientations is o**osition to the *ro?@estern strategy of the'utin ad#inistration5

his :urasianist tradition is no- re*resented #ainly /y s#all grou*s ofintellectuals, -hichhave failed to get any electoral su**ort5 he /est e(a#*le is the failure atthe 9ece#/er 1002elections of the :urasian UnionK founded /y $le(ander 9ugin 8no-n forhis geo*olitical-ritings ins*ired /y traditional !KclassicalK" geo*olitics of *o-er !Ingra#,100


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testa#ent to the success of his *rotean *olitical *ersonality andelectorate strategy as -ell as hisad#inistrations do#ination of the states #a>or #edia outlets5 Fe is, asShevtsova !1002,


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de#ocratic statists and the shifting centers of *o-er in +ussia5 :le#entsof :urasianis# have*ersisted /ut they are not no- seen as the /asis for an alternative Ds*ecial*ath for +ussia5'utins *olitical *roAle has largely @esternist features /ut he is also as8illed *olitician -ho can*ut on an :urasianist #as8 and articulate its lines -ith conviction -hens*ea8ing of +ussiashistorical national interests /efore an a**ro*riate audience and at asy#/olic site5 :urasianis#can thus /e called u* as the occasion de#ands it5 It is this ;uality that#a8es hi# a successfulgeo*olitical actor, a #odern +ussian 'roteus5 But it is his control of the#edia that #a8es surethat his *erfor#ance and the ongoing *roduction of +ussian geo*oliticalculture is on televisionfor generalied consu#*tion5

29REFERENCES$#!$y%&$#% L 100< 9esiat let o*asnosti dlia +ossii !en years of dangerfor +ussia"5 Intervie--ith &i8tor Ilu8hin5 #ovetskaya !ossia, 13 9ece#/er,


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/asis of the conte#*orary +ussian identity"5 In &esiat let sotsilogicheskikhnabludenii 1'en4ears o( #ociological Observations2 7O, osco- 13?23K+$o' I 1002/ +ossia i :vrosoyu Balans interesov i resursQ doveriya!+ussia and the :uroean

Union he /alance of interest and resources of trust" 7O, osco-30htt*RR/d5fo#5ruRre*ortRcatRfrontierRinternationalXrelationsRtruc8X@estRruss

Xeuro*eRd0220 !accessed 12 January 100"Ko+o""o' V 1002a +,i&h an" +-ow .eo/olitics ma&es of orei&n ountries inthe !es ofRussian itiens) Geopolitics 8 121%148Ko+o""o' V ed5 1002/ ir glazami rossian: obshchestvennoye mnenie ivneshnia politika !he @orldin the :yes of +ussian Citiens 'u/lic O*inion and 7oreign 'olicy" 7O,osco-

Ko+o""o' V %#! Boo!(+$#% N 100 'olitiches8ie *red*ochteniai/iratelei 8ru*ny8h gorodov+ossii ti*y i ustochivost !'olitical *references of voters in the large citiesof +ussia

y*es and sta/ility"5 0olis !forthco#ing"Ko+o""o' V %#! M$o#e#&o N S 100< eopolitika i politicheskaiageogra5ya 1Geo*olitics and'olitical Geogra*hy" $s*e8t 'ress, osco-Ko+o""o' V %#! T(o'"&y R 100< +ussian geo*olitics at the An ?de?siecle in D%w"o# A F%w# Reds 'he )hanging eopolitics o( Eastern Europe 7ran8 Cass, London


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Ne(%## I


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htt*RR/d5english5fo#5ruRre*ortR#a*R*ro>ectsRAnfoReoAReof00V0!accessed


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in the /eginning of the ne- century anarchy or *artnershi*" 0ro et)ontra 4 no 41?3V57(!$# 8 1001 6ovaya siste#a 8oordinat5 Ha*ad v o/shchestvenno##nenii rossian do i *osle


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arried Z35e! /la!ers are cultures that

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the /ost%;o(iet

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Russian ci(iliation an" @merican%le"

Western im/erialism #ut /eaceful

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ci(iliation

Documents

Cultură Rusă in Era Post