Cultural Encounters Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities

Cultural Encounters

Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements

Section One:Pre-reading Activities

Section Two: Global Reading

Section Four: Consolidation Activities

Section Five: Further Enhancement

I. Reading aloud

Read the following sentences aloud, paying special attention to intonation. The sign / indicates a division of tone units.

1. Everyone, it seems, / provided, of course, they can afford to do so, / need never be out of touch. /

2. ... and for many people, / learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. /

Section Three:Detailed Reading

Reading aloud

Audiovisual supplements


II. Audiovisual supplements

Watch the film episode and then answer the following questions.

Questions:1. What did Joe tell Kathleen, a friend whom he had never met?2. Have you got an urge to tell your secret to someone you’ve

never met in your daily life? If so, how do you justify your motivation?

Film Episode: You’ve Got Mail

Answers for reference:1. He told her about his hobbies and feelings about expecting her

mail. 2. Open Answer.





Cultural Encounters

Reading aloud



COMPUTER: KATHLEEN:

JOE:

You’ve got mail.Brinkley is my dog. He loves the streets of New York as much as I do. Although he likes to eat bits of pizza and bagel off the sidewalk, and I prefer to buy them. Brinkley is a great catcher and was offered a tryout on the Mets farm team but he chose to stay with me so that he could spend 18 hours a day sleeping on a large green pillow the size of an inner tube. Don’t you love New York in the fall? It makes me want to buy school supplies. I would send you a bouquet of newly-sharpened pencils if I knew your name and address. On the other hand, this not knowing has its charms.





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Reading aloud







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■

Text introduction Structural analysis



Cultural background

This text, an argumentative essay, may be divided into three major parts. The first part, illustrates that the great global communications revolution is linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. The second part, proves that, because languages are so culture-related, we often find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another, and that translators, faced with insurmountable linguistic problems, negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise. The last part briefly points out the immense function or great significance of intercultural understanding.

I. Text introduction




Cultural Encounters

Text introduction

Structural analysis


Cultural background

II. Structural analysis

—

—





Paragraphs 4-7 human being’s inability in their expressions and the translators’ work

Paragraphs 1-3 our easy access to the world and the communications revolution

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— Paragraph 8 immense function or great significance of intercultural understanding

“Some people are becoming concerned that their Internet relationship is affecting their primary relationship with their partners in real

Text introduction

Structural analysis



Cultural background

III. Cultural background

According to psychology doctoral student Heather Underwood, today Internet romances are considered just as significant to some people as their “real” relationships.




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Cyberlove Affects “Real” Relationships

life. Balancing the demands of both relationships may prove to be complicated,” she explained.

Text analysis

Structural analysis



Cultural background




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Some data indicate that 74 per cent of people who have romantic Internet relationships are employed full-time. Two-thirds of the participants are male, mostly married and with children.

Survey results show that Internet relationships quickly become very intimate, with participants engaging in high levels of self-disclosure about their problems and discussion of sexual preferences.

Other key findings suggest that 70 per cent concealed the extent of their online activities from their “real life” partners. While 50 per cent of respondents agreed that their activities had significantly damaged their real relationships, 34 per cent reported that the Internet liaison had improved their real relationships.

Cultural Encounters



We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as “snail mail.” When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.


Cultural Encounters



Susan Bassnett

Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.

So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.






Cultural Encounters




Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word “homesickness” translates into Italian as “nostalgia,” but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese “saudade,” an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst English borrowed that from German, sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.



Cultural Encounters




The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.



Cultural Encounters

Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like “bread” which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.






Cultural Encounters

Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programs in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.






Cultural Encounters

World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.






Cultural Encounters






Cultural Encounters

We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as “snail mail.” When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.

Cultural EncountersSusan Bassnett






Cultural Encounters

Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.

So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.

Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word “homesickness” translates into Italian as “nostalgia,” but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese “saudade,” an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst English borrowed that from German, sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.






Cultural Encounters






Cultural Encounters

The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.






Cultural Encounters

Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh has three. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like “bread” which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.






Cultural Encounters

Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programs in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.






Cultural Encounters

World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.






Cultural Encounters

…for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.

Paraphrase:... for many people the acquisition of English is basically a spring board towards their lifetime achievements.

……很多人学习英语就是把英语当作成功路上的垫脚石。

Explanation:

A stepping stone is something that helps you to progress towards achieving something.






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Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.

Paraphrase:The relationship between language and culture is an essential part of society and one that it is dangerous if we ignore.

最为基础的一点就是语言和文化存在深刻的关系，这种关系存在于社会的核心部分，如果我们忽视这一点，就会大难临头。

Explanation:do something at one’s peril: used to say that what someone is intending to do is dangerous or may cause them problems

e.g. You ignore this warning at your peril.

e.g. You take traffic signals lightly at your peril.






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…languages are so clearly culture-related.

Paraphrase:

... languages are so clearly connected with a specific civilization of the state of cultural development of a particular people.

……很明显，语言与文化密不可分。

…given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas?






Cultural Encounters

Paraphrase:

... considering the fact that whales are not likely to swim in warm, southern seas?

……不要忘记，在温暖的南方海洋中是没有鲸鱼的？Explanation:

given (that): taking something into account

Practice:

Translate the following sentence into English: 如果有机会，我就到纽约来看你。

I’d come and see you in New York, given the chance.




…translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.

Paraphrase: ... translators managed to deal with the differences between languages and thought of a version that was similar to the original in spirit.

……译者通过对不同语言的处理，最终达到一个平衡点。



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Explanation:When they were faced with problems of language that could not be overcome, translators got over or transcended language barriers and solved linguistic problems by using words and phrases or sentences that reproduced the original meaning flexibly instead of distorting it and that were acceptable to the source language readers. / When they encountered language problems which could not be satisfactorily solved, translators conquered linguistic problems by making adjustments and attempting to approximate in the light of the different cultures involved.




…to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly.

Explanation：Conveying or exchanging ideas, feelings, or information in another language requires or calls for not only linguistic skills, but also the ability to think in a different way, to share another culture’s customary ways of thinking and employ language appropriately and idiomatically.

……需要融入到另一种文化的思维习惯之中，恰当地遣词造句。



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Paraphrase:... to understand another nation’s particular way of thinking and use language appropriately.




…understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.Paraphrase:

... understand the basic, the implied and the cultural meaning of each word spoken in many different languages.



Cultural Encounters

Explanation:

Those who are most able to contribute to that process of world peace probably are not the ones who have grasped the latest technology or the ones who are most skilful at using mobile phones, but those who have acquired the skills to understand the literal, implied, figurative, or cultural meanings of the words spoken in many different languages.

……既要懂得字面意思，又要明白其深层含义，还要了解言外之意。






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access n.

1) the possibility or means of entering or approaching a place

2) the right to use something, see someone, etc.

There is no access to the street through that door. e.g.

Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. e.g.

access to easy access

Collocation:

accessible adj.accessibility n.

Derivation:






Cultural Encounters

Practice:

Translate the following sentences into English: 1）学生放假时也可以去图书馆。

2 ）猫要喝干净新鲜的水。

Students have access to the library during the vacation, too.

Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water.






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remote adj.1) far away in space or time

2) not close; widely separated from

3) if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen

4) (especially British English) used to emphasize that you do not know something, are not interested in something, do not intend to do something, etc.

She lived in a remote village. e.g.

His stories are too remote from everyday life. e.g.

The prospect of peace seems remote. e.g.

He hasn’t the remotest interest in sport. e.g.






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distant, far, far-offdistant: far away in space or timefar: a long distance awayfar-off: a long way from where you are or a long time ago

Comparison:remoteness n.

Derivation:

Practice:

Translate the following sentences into English: 1）人类十年内在火星着陆的可能性极小。

2）我完全不懂你的意思。

There is only a remote possibility that human beings can land on the Mars in a decade.

I have not the remotest the idea of / about what you mean.






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mockingly adv.

in a way in which somebody or something is made fun of

e.g. His shabby house is mockingly named as “villa.”

mock v. mock n. mocking adj.Derivation:




snail mail

The increasing popularity of the Internet has brought a great deal of slang created and used by computer users. Slang terms include cyber- (dealing with computers and the Internet), snail mail (written messages delivered by the postal service), hacker (an expert computer programmer perhaps involved in illegal activities), flaming (a hostile response from a user), and spamming (sending numerous unsolicited messages to users).



Cultural Encounters




go off



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1) to leave a place, especially in order to do something

2) to explode or fire

3) (British English) if food goes off, it becomes too bad to eat

4) to happen in a particular way

Tom planned to go off hiking with friends. e.g.

The signal pistol went off with a bang. e.g.

This steak has gone off. e.g.

The interview went off very badly. e.g.






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Comparison:

1) Don’t off until tomorrow what can be done today.

Practice:

put___

2) The UN has off 35 billion dollars of the debt of the poor countries.

written________

call off, write off , put offcall off: write off:

put off:

Fill in the blanks with call, write or put in their proper forms:

3) Due to the rain, the meeting was off.called_______

to decide that a planned event will not take placeto officially say that a debt no longer has to be paid, or officially accept that you cannot get back money you have spent or lost to delay doing something or to arrange to do something at a later time or date






Cultural Encounters

back-packingIt is one of the most popular types of hiking. People carry food, clothing, and other items on their backs. Backpackers can spend many days in remote areas where supplies are unavailable.






Cultural Encounters

Internet cafesTo ensure more equal access to the Net, many public libraries and schools provide Internet-capable computers for individual use. In many cities around the world, establishments known as Internet cafes offer people the use of Internet-ready computers for a fee based on time of use. Such establishments are especially popular in areas of the world where many people do not have computers or even telephones.






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the HimalayasIt is the highest mountain system in the world. The name Himalayas means the House of Snow, or the Snowy Range, in Sanskrit. The Himalayas consists of several parallel mountain ranges.






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oasis n.1) a place with water and trees in a desert2) a peaceful or pleasant place that is very different from

everything around it

The park was an oasis of peace. e.g.






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messaginga system for sending messages to people, for example, by computer, telephone, or pager






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afford to do something

afford1) to have enough money to buy or pay for something

2) to have enough time to do something; if you cannot afford to do something, you must not do it because it could cause serious problems for you

3) (formal) to provide something or allow something to happen

e.g. Thanks to the success of the business, we can afford a holiday overseas this year.

e.g. We can’t afford to lose such an important member of the staff.

Collocation:

e.g. I can’t afford three weeks away from my project.






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Practice:

Derivation:

affordable adj.

Translate the following sentences into English: 1 ）这笔买卖让他赚了一大笔钱。

2 ）他告诉我公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。

The transaction afforded him a good profit.

He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.






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having no contact without of touch

e.g. I’d like to go back to teaching, but I am out of touch with my subject now.

e.g. I am out of touch with my high school classmates now.

be in touch lose touch with

Collocation:

Having been a millionaire, John made up his mind to take a nonstop global flight.






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affecting or including the whole world global adj.

e.g. Global climatic changes may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.

e.g. Some TV stations have a global audience.

global village global warmingCollocation:

Derivation:globe n. globally adv.

Practice:

Translate the following sentence into English: 成为百万富翁之后，约翰决定作一次环绕世界一周的不着

陆的飞行。






conference n.

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1) a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business, politics, or science, especially for several days

e.g. My boss attended a conference on plastics last weekend.

Collocation:

be in conferencehold a conferencean annual conferencea roundtable conference

2) a private meeting for a few people to have formal discussions e.g. The teacher had a conference with each student during the term.

e.g. The manager cannot see you now; she is in conference.






Cultural Encounters

Collocation:a joint conferencea press conferencea summit conferencean emergency conference

Derivation:confer v.

Practice:Translate the following sentences into English:1) 国际经济问题会议在日内瓦召开。

2) 史密斯先生正在和他的顾问们协商。

The conference on international economic problems was held in Geneva.

Mr. Smith is in conference with his advisers.




regardless of



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without being affected by different situations, problems, etc.e.g. Regardless of the danger, he climbed the tower.

Comparison:notwithstanding, despiteNotwithstanding means in spite of something.

Despite is used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it.

e.g. I bought the book, regardless of its cost.

e.g. The teams played on, notwithstanding the rain. (prep.)

e.g. We proceeded, notwithstanding. (adv.)






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Practice:

We will persevere regardless of past failures.

Translate the following sentence into English:尽管以前我们失败过，但仍要坚持下去。




facilitate v.



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to make it easier for a process or activity to happen e.g. The new underground railway will facilitate the

journey to the airport.Derivation:

facilitation n. Practice:

Translate the following sentences into English:1 ）要是你再配合些，事情就会变得更容易些。

2 ）门锁坏了，我毫不费力地进了那所空房子。

It would facilitate matters if you were more cooperative.

The broken lock facilitated my entrance into the empty house.




essential adj.



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completely necessary for the existence, success, etc. of something

e.g. We can live without clothes, but food and drink are essential.

Derivation:

essential n. essentially adv.

e.g. Essential services will be maintained despite the industrial dispute.

Collocation:be essential to / for




wonder v.



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e.g. “Does she know we are here? ” “I’m just wondering.”

e.g. What are they going to do now, I wonder?

2) to be surprised and want to know why e.g. The fact that she left home is not to be wondered at.

e.g. I don’t wonder at her refusing to marry him.

Derivation:wonder n. wonderful adj.

Collocation:

1) to express a wish to know, in words or silently

wonder about / at wonder if / whether






Cultural Encounters

Practice:

Translate the following sentences into English:1) 他觉得很奇怪：为什么人们明明可以造出漂亮的房屋，但偏偏建造出来的房子就很丑陋。

2) 我想知道他们现在要去干什么。

He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.

What are they going to do now, I wonder?

The mother’s behavior has a profound effect on the developing child.




profound adj.



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intense; deep; very strongly felte.g. There was a profound silence in the empty church. e.g. The incident made a profound impression on me.

Derivation:profoundly adv.

Comparison: deep, profounddeep: you use deep to say what distance something goes down from the top or surfaceprofound: exceedingly great depth

Practice:Translate the following sentence into English: 母亲的行为对于成长中的孩子有着很大的影响。

label, brandlabel: a piece of paper or other material, fixed to something, which gives information about what it is, where it is to go, who owns it, etc.brand: a type of product made by a particular company, that has a particular name or design




label n.



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a piece of paper or other material, fixed to something, which gives information about what it is, where it is to go, who owns it, etc.

Comparison:

e.g. The label on the bottle says, “Poison.” e.g. The labels were attached to the luggage.

Translate the following sentences into English:1 ）人们叫他骗子。

2 ）教师不应该称汤姆为 “教不会” 的学生。




Practice：

People labeled him as a liar.

It was wrong for a teacher to label Tom as “unteachable”.



Cultural Encounters

Derivation:

label v.

to cause somebody or oneself to be connected or concerned




involve v.



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Derivation:

involved adj. involvement n.

e.g. Don’t involve other people in your mad schemes. e.g. She was informed that her husband had been involved in a murder.

involve doing somethinginvolve somebody (in) doing somethinginvolve yourself in

Collocation:






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Translate the following sentences into English:1 ）所有的孩子都参加了学校的戏剧排练。

2 ）这一课需要做的作业有很多。

Practice：

All the children were involved in the school play.

This lesson involves a lot of work.






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strong wish; a strong feeling of wanting something

longing n.

e.g. He has cherished a longing for fame, position and wealth. Comparison:

long, yearn, pine, hankerlong: to want something very much, especially when it seems unlikely to happen soonyearn: (literary) to have a strong desire for something, especially something that is difficult or impossible to getpine: if you pine for a place or for something, you miss it a lot and wish you could be there or have it again; if you pine for someone, you feel very unhappy because they are not with youhanker: to feel strongly that you want something






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Derivation:

longingly adv.

2) After his success on the screen, the film star, however, for a career on the stage

1) The professor has been for a peaceful and quiet life.

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with long, yearn, pine, hanker in their proper forms:

yearned

longing________

3) Like any moneylender in the world, Shylock is always for more money.

hankering__________

4) The orphans have always been for a long-lost love ever since they were born.

pining_______

________

despair, hopelessness, desperation, discouragementdespair: a feeling that you have no hope at allhopelessness: the situation that is so bad that there is no chance of success or improvementdesperation: the state of willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger discouragement : the time when you no longer feel confident or willing to do something






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complete loss of hope or confidence; something that causes this feeling

despair n.

e.g. Defeat after defeat filled us with despair.

Comparison:

e.g. His failure in TOEFL drove him to despair. e.g. He is the despair of his teacher because he refuses to study.






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Derivation:

despair n. despairingly adv.

2) A spirit of pervaded the refugee camp.

1) When the bank repossessed the house, their depression turned to .

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with despair, hopelessness, desperation, discouragement in their proper forms:

hopelessness____________

despair_______

3) In , he decided on a dash through the flames.desperation___________

4) The farmer experienced moments of over the failure of his crops.

discouragement_______________

Translate the following sentence into English:气温停留在摄氏二十五度左右。

Practice：

The temperature hovered around 25 .℃






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hover v.1) to be in an uncertain state

2) to stay around one place, esp. in a way that annoys other people

e.g. He is hovering between life and death.

e.g. I wish you’d stop hovering round and let me get on with my work.

Derivation:

hoverer n. hoveringly adv.






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Derivation:

imageless adj.

image n. a picture formed in the mind; a picture formed of an object in front of a mirror or lens, such as the picture formed on the film inside a camera or one’s reflection in a mirror

Collocation:

be the living / spitting / very image of somethingimage in…mindpublic image






Cultural Encounters

Translate the following sentences into English:

1 ）那个小孩就是健康的化身。

2 ）那位政治家在群众中的形象很差。

Practice：

That child is the image of good health.

The politician has a very bad image among people.




the lamb of God

The lamb is a particularly important Easter symbol in central and eastern European countries. It represents Jesus and relates His death to that of the lamb sacrificed on the first Passover. Christians traditionally refer to Jesus as “the Lamb of God.”



Cultural Encounters






Cultural Encounters

Eve

According to the Bible, Adam and Eve were the first man and woman created by God. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden, tending the garden of God. They were permitted to eat from any tree in the garden except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But a serpent persuaded Eve to eat fruit from this tree. Eve gave some to Adam, who also ate the fruit. Thus, they became mortal and God exiled them from Eden. Outside the garden, Adam had to work hard to make a living, and Eve also had to work and to bear many children.




the Garden of Eden

Eden was a region described in the Bible as the place where God planted a garden for Adam and Eve.



Cultural Encounters






Cultural Encounters

Jonah

In the Bible, Jonah was a Hebrew prophet who was thrown overboard during a storm because he disobeyed God. He was swallowed by a large fish and later cast up on land alive.

Nothing is deemed insurmountable as long as it is handled with care and method.






Cultural Encounters

unsurmountable adj.(also insurmountable) too large or too difficult to be dealt with

e.g. I don’t think there are any insurmountable problems in this project.

Derivation:insurmountably adv.


1 ）声障一度被认为是飞机制造业中一个不可逾越的难题。

2 ）只要认真仔细，按部就班，就没有什么问题是无法解决的。

Practice：

The sound block used to be taken as an insurmountable problem in airplane industry.






Cultural Encounters

boundary n.Boundary is the real or imaginary line that marks the edge of a state, country, etc., or the edge of an area of land that belongs to someone.

e.g. the boundaries between work and play

Comparison:

Boundary, border, frontier, limitBoundary is the real or imaginary line that marks the edge of a state, country, etc., or the edge of an area of land that belongs to someone.Border is the official line that separates two countries, states, or areas, or the area close to this line. Frontier is (especially British English) the border of a country. Limit is the furthest point or edge of a place, often one that must not be passed.






Cultural Encounters

2) Customs officers inspected our luggage when we crossed the

1) A stone wall marked the between the two farms.

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with boundary, border, frontier, limit in their proper forms:

border_______ .

boundary_________

3) Cars cannot exceed 35 miles per hour within city limit_____ .

to produce; to think of a plan, reply, etc.






Cultural Encounters

come up with

e.g. The airline has come up with a novel solution to the problem of jet lag.

e.g. At the meeting he came up with a new solution to the issue under discussion.

Comparison:come off, come down, come overcome off: to become removed from somethingcome down: if a price, level, etc. comes down, it gets lowercome over: if someone comes over, they visit you at your house

(an act of) settling an argument or difference of opinion by each side agreeing to some of the demands of the other; an agreement reached in this way that is acceptable to both sides






Cultural Encounters

compromise n.

e.g. Progress has been made towards a political compromise between the two nations.

Derivation:compromisingly adv.

e.g. Both sides are determined to get what they want and there seems to be no possibility of compromise.

Collocation:make compromises reach a compromise






Cultural Encounters

Translate the following sentence into English:

婚姻中妥协必不可少。

Practice：

Compromise is an inevitable part of marriage.




adjustment n.



Cultural Encounters

changing slightly in order to make right or suitable for a particular purpose or situation

e.g. We made a few minor adjustments to the plan. e.g. We have to make some major adjustments to our scheme. Derivation:

adjusted adj. adjustable adj. adjustability n. adjustment n.

2) Some slight of the machine improves not only the speed but also the quality of our production.

1) From the 3 weeks of work, we noticed the great of Tom on handling emergencies.

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of adjust:

adjustment___________

adjustability____________

3) This is a camera with shutter. adjustable__________




approximate vi.



Cultural Encounters

come near (to) in amount, nature, etc.e.g. Your story only approximates to the real facts.

Collocation:

approximate to

e.g. What he spent on food and clothing last year approximated to $4000.

Derivation:

approximate adj.






Cultural Encounters


1 ）他的描述与事实已经接近，但还是有一些错误。

2 ）你的设计仅仅是接近顾客们的需要。

Practice：

His description approximated to the truth but there were a few errors.

Your design only approximates to the requirements of the customers.




Welsh



Cultural Encounters

the Welsh languageWales has two official languages, Welsh and English. Either language may be used in the courts or for government business. Some newspapers are published partly or only in Welsh, and many radio and television programs are broadcast in both languages. Welsh is one of the oldest languages in Europe. It is still the daily language in many sections of western and northern Wales.




regarding prep.



Cultural Encounters

as regards; concerning; on the subject of; in connection with e.g. I must consult an authority regarding this matter.

e.g. Have you ever consulted a lawyer regarding this important matter?

e.g. These are very important questions regarding education.

Synonym:concerning


我写了一封信，是关于我女儿学校的考试的。

Practice：

I wrote a letter regarding my daughter’s school examinations.


1 ）大米是许多亚洲国家的主食。

2 ）石油是尼日利亚主要的出口产品。

Practice：

Rice is the staple food in many Asian countries.

Oil is Nigeria’s staple export.






Cultural Encounters

staple adj. basic, forming the main part; usual, used all the time

e.g. He came out with his staple excuse, which was that he was too busy.

e.g. These people live on a staple diet of rice and vegetables. Collocation:

staple diet, staple excuses

Derivation:staple v. staple n.






Cultural Encounters

Mother’s Pride

a brand for bread






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hybrid n.

something that consists of or comes from a mixture of two or more other things




multilingual adj.



Cultural Encounters

containing or expressed in many different languages; able to speak many different languages

e.g. This is a multilingual dictionary.

e.g. She is a multilingual secretary.




monolingual adj.



Cultural Encounters

speaking or using only one language






Cultural Encounters

hence conj.

therefore; for this reasone.g. The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam, hence the

name Cambridge. e.g.

She has been studying very hard, hence her full marks in the test.

Synonyms:accordingly, therefore, consequently


1 ）他们在苏丹长大；由是产生了对努比亚艺术的兴趣。

2 ）该城镇修建在群山之中，故取名山城。

Practice：

They grew up in the Sudan; hence their interest in Nubian art.

The town was built among the hills, hence the name Hilltown.




reveal v.



Cultural Encounters

1) to show or allow something previously hidden to be seen

2) to make known something previously secret or unknown

Comparison:reveal ， expose ， disclosereveal: to make known something that was previously secret or unknownexpose: to show something that is usually covered or hidden disclose: to make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret

e.g. Do you promise not to reveal my secret?

e.g. The curtains went up to reveal a darkened stage.

e.g. I can now reveal that the new director is to be James Johnson.






Cultural Encounters

Derivation:

revealer n.

2) In a slip of the tongue the schemer his true motivation.

1) He was glad it was to him that she had her secret.

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with reveal, expose or disclose in their proper forms:

exposed________

revealed_________

3) The journalist refused to the source of her information.disclose________




enter into



Cultural Encounters

1) to begin to take part in formally

2) to allow oneself to share in or become part of

3) to have an important part in or influence on

e.g. Before you enter into an agreement of this nature, you should read the contract carefully.

Collocation:enter upon something, enter for, enter into

e.g. He entered into the spirit of the game with great excitement.

3) Every year I enter the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town.






Cultural Encounters

2) We enter a new era in our history.

1) The nations entered a new agreement.

Practice:

Fill in the blanks with upon, for or into:

for____

upon______

into_____




mentality n.



Cultural Encounters

a particular attitude or way of thinking, especially one that you think is wrong or stupid

Collocation:

business mentalityexploitative mentality

Derivation:

mental a. mentalist n. mentally adv.






Cultural Encounters


很难理解讲这种话的人的心理状态。

Practice：

It’s very difficult to understand the mentality of people who say such things.




complacent adj.



Cultural Encounters

pleased or satisfied with oneself or with a situation, often unreasonably; not worrying, even though one perhaps should be

Synonyms:

contented ， self-satisfied

Derivation:

complacency n. complacently adv.

e.g. After so many wins we grew complacent and thought we’d never lose; however, of course we lost the very next match.

e.g. He gave us a complacent smile.






Cultural Encounters


1 ）我们队有些队员自满了，所以输了。

2 ）多年的成功使他变得自我满足起来。

Practice：

Our team lost because some players became complacent.

He had become complacent after years of success.




cuts down on



Cultural Encounters

to reduce an amount done, eaten, etc.

Collocation:cut cornerscut down to sizecut loose cut no ice

e.g. The doctor told me to cut down on drinking and smoking.

e.g. You smoke too many cigarettes a day; you should cut down on smoking.

cut back, cut incut back: to reduce the amount, size, cost, etc. of something cut in: to interrupt someone who is speaking by saying something else

Comparison:






Cultural Encounters

Fill in the blanks with back or in:

Practice：

2) Facing a recession, many companies have no choice but to cut production.

1) I was angry as during the debate my opponent kept cutting

back______

in__ .

Cultural Encounters

Vocabulary analysis Grammar exercises

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Vocabulary analysis

I. Word comparison

II. Word transformation

III. Phrase and word practice

Exercises for integrated skills

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Word comparison

Group 1: A. enable B. let C. have D. make

Explanation:

Enable means to make it possible for someone to do something. A.

e.g. The loan enabled Jane to buy the house.

B.

e.g. I let them borrow the car.

Let means to allow someone to do something.



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Explanation:

C.

e.g. She had me do all kinds of jobs for her.Exercises for integrated skills

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Have means to persuade or order someone to do something.




Cultural Encounters

Group 1: A. enable B. let C. have D. make

D.e.g. My parents always make me do my homework before I go out.

Make means to force someone to do something.



Writing practice


Group 2: A. provided B. considering C. given

Explanation:

provided: used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or is done

A.

e.g. You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.

B.

e.g. You managed the project well, considering your inexperience.

considering: used to say that you are thinking about a particular fact when you are giving your opinion


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Cultural Encounters



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Explanation:

C.

e.g. Given the condition of the engine, it is a wonder that it even starts.

given: taking something into account


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Cultural Encounters

Group 2: A. provided B. considering C. given



Writing practice


Group 3: A. expansion B. extension C. enlargement

Explanation:

A.

e.g. Most regions are enjoying rapid economic expansion.

B.

e.g. the extension of the Jubilee underground line

Extension means the process of making a road, building, etc. bigger or longer, or the part that is added.

Expansion is used when something increases in size, range, amount, etc.


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Explanation:

C.

e.g. enlargement of the EU

Enlargement means an increase in size or amount. Grammar exercises



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Cultural Encounters

Group 3: A. expansion B. extension C. enlargement

Vocabulary analysis

Writing practice


Group 4: A. conference B. congregation C. meeting D. gathering

Explanation:

A.

e.g. His presence at the doctors’ conference is unreasonable.

B.

e.g. The preacher addressed a congregation of more than one thousand people.

Congregation means a group of people gathered together in a church.

Conference means a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business, politics, or science, especially for several days.

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Explanation:

C.

e.g. I was late for the meeting so they started without me.

Meeting means an event at which people meet to discuss and decide things.

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Group 4: A. conference B. congregation C. meeting D. gathering

Cultural Encounters

D.e.g. There was a large gathering of people at the ceremony.

Gathering is a meeting of a group of people.

Vocabulary analysis

Writing practice


Group 5: A. basic B. fundamental C. profound

Explanation:

A.

e.g. Basic changes in public opinion often occur because of shifts in concerns and priorities.

B.

e.g. Although they are good friends, there is a fundamental difference between their aims.

fundamental: relating to the most basic and important parts of something

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basic: forming the most important or most necessary part of something




Cultural Encounters

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Explanation:

C.

e.g. Her work touches something profound in the human psyche.

profound: (literary) deep or far below the surface of somethingGrammar exercises



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Group 5: A. basic B. fundamental C. profound

Cultural Encounters

Vocabulary analysis


Explanation:

A.

e.g. Such subjects are not in the scope of the book.

B.

e.g. It would be dangerous for youth to venture into the field of politics.

Scope means the range of things that a subject, activity, book, etc. deals with.

Field means a subject that people study or an area of activity that they are involved in as part of their work.

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Cultural Encounters

Group 6: A. scope B. field C. spectrum

Vocabulary analysis


Explanation:

C.

e.g. Actually, the influence of plastics is spread out in the whole spectrum of industry.

Spectrum means a complete range of opinions, people, situations , etc., going from one extreme to its opposite.

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Cultural Encounters

Group 6: A. scope B. field C. spectrum

Vocabulary analysis


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Cultural Encounters

Word transformation

1. age

Other forms of age: aged

1 ）很久 , 长时间 a dog’s age

Chinese-English translation

2 ）举止和年龄相称 act one’s age

3 ）成年 come of age

4 ）超龄

be over age

Your weak point is your constant need for approval.

Vocabulary analysis


2. point Other forms of point: pointer, point (v.)

1 ）他随便乱讲，可就是不讲与主题相关的内容。 He rambled and would not speak to the point.


2 ）玛丽夫妇总是在回家的路上去看望他们的侄女。 Mary and her husband made a point of visiting their niece on the way home.

3 ）导师指出他们在推论中的一个错误。 The tutor pointed out an error in their reasoning.

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Cultural Encounters

4 ）外交显然不是他的特长。Diplomacy is certainly not one of his strong points.

5 ）你的弱点是你总是想得到别人的认可。

Vocabulary analysis


3. let

Some phrases of let: let alone, let on, let out


1 ）他连吃饭钱都不够，就更不用说玩的钱了。He hasn’t enough money for food, let alone amusements.

2 ）我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。My mother wouldn’t let me go to the cinema.

3 ）放出气球中的空气let the air out of the balloon

4 ）我相信他知道更多东西，不只是说出来的这些。I know he knows more than he’s letting on.

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4. come

Some phrases of come: come across, come along, come back, come by

1 ）今天我在镇上遇到我大学的同学。I came across my old college classmate in town today.


2 ）加油！别放弃！Come along! Don’t give up yet.

3 ）看到这照片，美好的回忆又再度浮现。When I saw the picture, happy memories came back.

4 ）很难获得抵押。Mortgages are hard to come by.

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Cultural Encounters

Vocabulary analysis


5. because

Some conjunctions similar to because: since, as, for

1 ）因为许多顾客白天上班，所以比利只好晚上去收钱。Since many of the customers work during the day, Billy has to collect the money at night.


2 ）因为我太累了，所以很早就睡了。I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.

3 ）因为他不想挨饿，所以他不得不接受这个苛刻的条件。

He has to accept the harsh terms, for he doesn’t want to starve.

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Cultural Encounters

Vocabulary analysis


Phrase and word practice

1. involve

Explanation:

1) Jack involved the bystanders in his dispute with the police.

杰克把旁观者牵扯进他与警察的争执中。

if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a result of it; to ask or allow someone to take part in something

Examples:

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Cultural Encounters

2) The matter is serious because it involves your reputation.

这件事很严重，因为它影响到你的声誉。3) All the children were involved in the school play.

所有的孩子都参加了学校的戏剧排练。

Vocabulary analysis


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Cultural Encounters

2. facilitate

Explanation:

1) This is a political agreement that facilitates troop withdrawals.

这项协议使撤军更容易了。

to make it easier for a process or activity to happen

Examples:

2) The new underground railway will facilitate the journey to all parts of the city.

新的地下铁路将为去城市各处提供方便。

3) Tractors and other agricultural machines greatly facilitate farming.

拖拉机及其它农业机械大大方便了农业耕作。

Vocabulary analysis


3. staple

Explanation:

1) Rice is the staple food in many Asian countries.

大米是许多亚洲国家的主食。

forming the greatest or most important part of something

2) Coffee is the staple product of this district.

咖啡是这个地区的主要产品。

Examples:

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Cultural Encounters

1) Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.

古为今用 , 洋为中用。

一条单管给所有的房子供水。

Examples:

2) A single pipeline serves all the houses with water.

Vocabulary analysis


4. serveExplanation: to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose or reaso

n; to provide an area or a group of people with something that is necessary or useful Grammar exercises



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Grammar exercises

I. Present progressive form


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II. Adverbial clauses introduced by given

1. an action that is going on at present (or an action that

is constantly repeated recently)

Vocabulary analysis

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Present progressive form


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Cultural Encounters

2. an action that is going on at a time when something else happens

(The present progressive tense in this use provides

the background against which some other action take place.)

The present progressive tense is used to express

Vocabulary analysis

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Cultural Encounters

e.g. Lao Liu is working in the laboratory now.What are you doing now?

Vocabulary analysis

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Cultural Encounters

e.g. A wood fire is burning on the hearth, and a cat is sleeping in front of it. A girl is playing the piano and singing softly to herself. Suddenly there is a knock on the door. The girl stops playing. The cat wakes up.

Connect sentences with given to make an adverbial clause.Vocabulary analysis

Grammar exercises



Practice

1. He is the only guy who will go to the U.S. Nobody competed against him.

key:

He is the only guy who will go to the U.S., given that nobody competed against him.

2. Elephants are by far the largest animal on land. The mammoths are extinct.

key:Elephants are by far the largest animal on land given that the mammoths are extinct.


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3. He is sure to go to see you. He has time.

key:

He is sure to go to see you, given that he has time.


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Given is used to introduce a conditional clause which means taking something into account.


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Cultural Encounters

e.g. What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas?

Adervials introduced by given

Connect sentences with given to make an adverbial clause.Vocabulary analysis

Grammar exercises



Practice

1. He is the only guy who will go to the U.S. Nobody competed against him.

key:

He is the only guy who will go to the U.S., given that nobody competed against him.

2. Elephants are by far the largest animal on land. The mammoths are extinct.

key:Elephants are by far the largest animal on land given that the mammoths are extinct.


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3. He is sure to go to see you. He has time.

key:

He is sure to go to see you, given that he has time.


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Put the verbs in brackets into the present progressive form.


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Cultural Encounters

1. — Can I speak to Mrs. Green?

— I’m sorry. She’s not at home. She (do) some shopping.

Explanation: Present progressive tense is used here to describe something taking place at the moment.

is doing_______

2. Quick! Take the saucepan off the cooker — the water (boil).

is boiling________


3. — Mike doesn’t change his job often, does he? — Oh yes, he does. He (always change) his job!

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is always changing________________

Explanation: Here the progressive tense is used to indicate someone who is constantly doing one thing repeatedly.

4. The house is in a mess because we’ve got the workmen in. The plumber (put) in a new bath, the electrician (rewire) the system, and the carpenter (build) us some new bookshelves.

is putting_________


is rewiring__________is building_________

5. Don’t rush me. I (work) as fast as I can. Vocabulary analysis

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am working___________Explanation: Present progressive tense is used here to describe

something taking place at the moment.

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Complete the following sentences with the correct verb forms.

1. She’s a dietician — she (help) people to choose the right food.

helps_____

Explanation: Here the simple present tense is used to explain a definition of an occupation.

2. I can’t understand why he (be) so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.

is being_______

Explanation: Here is being is used to show something taking place at the moment.

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3. The professor (type) his own letters while his secretary is ill.

is typing________

Explanation: The present progressive tense is used to introduce an action taking place at the moment.

4. I want to lose weight, so this week I (not eat) lunch.

am not eating_____________

Explanation: Here the present progressive tense is used to indicate people’s persistence which will continue for a certain time.

Today people communicate with one another over long distances by means of telephone, the Internet, radio, television and satellite.

Vocabulary analysis

Grammar exercises



Translation exercisesTranslate each of the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the brackets. Inflect the word or phrase where necessary.1. 今天人们利用电话、互联网、无线电、电视和人造卫星相互

进行远距离联系。 (communicate)

Communicate means to exchange information or conversation with other people, using words, signs, writing, etc. It is often used with the preposition with. Communicate can also mean to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people understand them.


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Notes：

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1 ）音乐可以表达语言无法表达的事物，也可以呈现不可知的事物。

Music can name the unnameable and communicate the unknowable.

2 ）一般来说教师能把自己的意思表达清楚。

Generally speaking, teachers are able to communicate their ideas clearly.

3 ）外交部长已经跟美国总统就此事交换过意见了。

The Minister for Foreign Affairs has already communicated on this event with the American President.


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Regardless of means without being affected or influenced by something.

2. 为了进行科学考察，徐霞客长途跋涉，翻山越岭，不顾艰难困苦。 (regardless of)

Notes：Vocabulary analysis

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In order to make scientific investigations, Xu Xiake trudged a long distance and tramped over one mountain after another, regardless of difficulties and hardships.

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1 ）尽管以前我们失败过，但我们仍会坚持下去。

We will persevere regardless of past failures.

2 ）任何肤色的人都有权选择自己的生活方式。

Every man has the right to live in the way he wants to, regardless of the color of his skin.


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3. 为了你的健康，你必须少抽烟少喝酒；否则，你的身体会每况愈下的。（ cut down on)

Cut down means to reduce the amount of something.

You must cut down on drinking and smoking for the sake of your own health; otherwise, you will be getting worse day after day.


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1 ）学校方面已经考虑下个月裁员。

The school is considering cutting down the faculty next month.

2 ）他应该减少自己的工作量。

He ought to cut down the volume of work.


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Shape means to influence something such as a belief, opinion, etc. and make it develop in a particular way.

It is an unquestionable fact that childhood experiences shape a person’s character.

4. 童年的经历决定一个人的性格发展，这是一个毋庸置疑的事实。（ shape ）


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Sometimes, trivial matters will grow into events which shape people’s lives.

1 ）最终，两个奴隶主用掷硬币的方式决定这个奴隶的命运。

Finally, the two slavers shape the destiny of the slave with the toss of a coin.

2 ）有时候，小事会变成大事，决定人一生的命运。


Languages are marvelously complex and wonderfully

complicated organs of culture: they embody the quickest and the most

efficient means of communicating within their respective culture. To

learn a foreign language is to learn (1)

of a poet and philosopher, “As (2)

so many lives one lives.” A culture and its (3) are as

inseparable as brain and body; (4) one is part of the other,

neither can function (5) the other.

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Exercises for integrated skillsFill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.

another_______Oral activities

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Cultural Encounters

many_____

language________

while_____

without_______

culture. In the words

languages as one speaks,

In learning a foreign language, the best (6)

non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its (7) ,

its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English.

Direct eye contact (8) to understanding, or, as the English

maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can (9)

with a native speaker of English (10) we have learned to

look directly into his eyes.

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leads_____

beginning_________gestures_______

never______

until_____

is with the

see eye-to-eye

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Explanation:

Many here is consistent with the other many used in the second part of the sentence, which refers to the relation between language and culture.

many

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Explanation:

Another means not the same thing, person, etc., but a different one.

another

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Explanation:

It is clear that the blank should be filled with the word language, which is the thematic word of the whole passage.

language

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Explanation:

While is used to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities, etc.

while

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Explanation:

Without means not having something, especially something that is basic or necessary.

without

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Explanation:

Beginning means the start.

beginning

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Explanation:

Gesture is a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel.

gestures

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Explanation:

Lead as used in lead to means to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something.

leads

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Explanation:

Never means not at any time, or not once.

never

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Explanation:

Not until is used to emphasize that something does not happen before a certain point in time or before something else has happened.

until

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Cultural Encounters

Discuss with one of your classmates on the following topics.

Oral activities

1. Making net friends is fun, but risky.

2. Great global communications revolution is closely linked to the expansion of English.

3. Learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.

4. The rise of English as a global language causes feelings of uneasiness.

5. Culture lies at the heart of society.

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1. Making net friends is fun, but risky.

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The discussion can be based on the following aspects:1) people’s motivation of net-based conversation (a relief of

solitude, broaden mind, increase knowledge, add a new dimension to life, etc.)

2) some possible risks from net friends (private information leak, net addiction, inability to differentiate the reality from virtual reality, etc.)

Guidance:

Cultural Encounters

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Cultural Encounters

2. Great global communications revolution is closely linked to the expansion of English.

The discussion can be based on the following aspects:1) the global communication revolution (its origin, technical

possibility, significance to human life)2) expansion of English (the current domination of the language,

the language’s affiliation with economy and power politics, the future of the language with the onset of communication revolution)

Guidance:

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Cultural Encounters

3. Learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.

The discussion can be based on the following aspects:1) the importance of English as a medium in international

communication2) the personal definition of success 3) the indispensability of English on people’s career

Guidance:

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4. The rise of English as a global language causes feelings of uneasiness.

The discussion can be based on the following aspects:1) the rise of English as a historical and social issue2) the concerns of all parties on the proliferation of the language3) the impact of the language on the development of local

cultures

Guidance:

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A Model Essay on Topic One

5. Culture lies at the heart of society.

The discussion can be based on the following aspects:1) the development of the society with its industrialized and

commercialized tendency2) the death of traditional cultures and the backwardness of

cultural improvement 3) culture’s pivotal value on social development

Guidance:

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I firmly take the cyber friendship as a two-edge sword. On one hand, people engage in cyber space with rosy purposes of making friends, increasing knowledge or broaden his / her minds. Indeed, he / she may really benefit from the abundant supply of information and bottomless creativity manifested. On the other hand, Internet can also be used as the greatest void where people vent their anger or complaint to total strangers who would like to lend an attentive ear. In this sense, the Internet is an ideal escape from the pressure of the real society. At the same time, the negative impact of the Internet can never be underestimated. There are always people who surf the Internet with criminal purposes. Under the disguise of goodwill or friendship, they would peep others’ privacy, conduct frauds or blackmail. What is more, too much time spent on the Internet disables people from telling the difference between reality and the virtual reality.

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People reliant too much on cyber relations may become addicted and have problems in dealing with their real friendship. In conclusion, in this era of information, people need to keep a balance between the real world and virtual world.

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Cultural Encounters

The coherence of a paragraph makes the writing easy to understand because its parts are connected in a clear and reasonable way. In another word, a passage must be guaranteed to flow smoothly. The coherence can be achieved through a careful arrangement of sentence orders. And, technically, the combinations of sentences, and the adoption of cohesive words or transitional words are highly valued to this end.

Vocabulary analysis

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Writing practice

Additional information

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Cultural Encounters

Sentences are combined with a view to highlight the important part. Attributive and adverbial clauses are often used to achieve the goal.

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Cultural Encounters

Cohesive words are used to clarify the relations among sentences. Some of them, like, another, also, in addition, one more, are frequently used to mark the important relationships among the sentences.

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Put the following sentences in each group in the right order to form a coherent passage.

Practice

1. John was angry at not winning any prize. He did not even bother to speak to his friends at the door. He stalked out of the auditorium. He grabbed his diploma.

John was angry at not winning any prize. He grabbed his diploma. He stalked out of the auditorium. He did not even bother to speak to his friends at the door.

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KEY

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2. Twelve years ago, I made a deliberate and painstakingly objective decision regarding my career choice.

It appeared to satisfy all of my needs and goals for an ideal profession.

I considered all my options, examined my capabilities and then chose nursing.

Today, however, like many of my colleagues, I want out.





Cultural Encounters

Twelve years ago, I made a deliberate and painstakingly objective decision regarding my career choice. I considered all my options, examined my capabilities and then chose nursing. It appeared to satisfy all of my needs and goals for an ideal profession. Today, however, like many of my colleagues, I want out.

KEY

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3. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

The written examination, where, all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century.

A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory.

There is nothing very human about the examination process. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in

population and the development of modern industry. Generally speaking, modern examinations are written.





Cultural Encounters

KEY

Generally speaking, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where, all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines. There is nothing very human about the examination process.

Vocabulary analysis

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Cultural Encounters

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4. It rained hard. One of the ministers was sick with typhoid. There were pools of water in the courtyard. All the shutters of the hospital were nailed shut. There were dead leaves on the paving of the courtyard. Two soldiers carried him downstairs and out into the rain. When they fired the first volley he was sitting down in the water

with his head on his knees. They shot the six cabinet ministers at half past six in the morning

against the wall of a hospital. They tried to hold him up against the wall. Finally the officer told the soldiers it was no good trying to make

him stand up.





Cultural Encounters

KEY

They shot the six cabinet ministers at half past six in the morning against the wall of a hospital. There were pools of water in the courtyard. There were dead leaves on the paving of the courtyard. It rained hard. All the shutters of the hospital were nailed shut. One of the ministers was sick with typhoid. Two soldiers carried him downstairs and out into the rain. They tried to hold him up against the wall. Finally the officer told the soldiers it was no good trying to make him stand up. When they fired the first volley he was sitting down in the water with his head on his knees.

Vocabulary analysis

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Cultural Encounters

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Listening exercises

Taking Time Off

A. Pre-listening questions:





Cultural Encounters

1. If you could take time off for a year, what would you want to do?

2. Would you do it alone or would you take somebody along with you?

B. Listen to Robert’s radio conversation with Chris carefully. After that decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Chris lives in Chicago.2. Chris is not a college student.3. She wants to travel so she can earn a lot of money.4. She likes to ride her bicycle.5. She is not interested in learning about other cultures.6. She would like to make this trip with her father and a

friend.7. Chris wants to travel around the world on her bicycle.8. Sleep, food and water are the three things that Chris

could not do without.

T___

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Cultural Encounters

script

F___

T___F___

T___

F___

T___

F___

■

Chris, who is about (nine, fourteen, twenty) years old, says that if she (had a lot of money, took time off, were older than she is), she would bike (across the ocean, only in Asia, on several continents).

Chris likes this idea for two or three reasons. One reason she gives is that by biking, she could (lose weight, develop her body and strength, gain weight). Another reason she gives is that in making this trip, she would

(learn interesting things, be away from her parents, see beautiful places).

C. Listen again. Choose the word or phrase in each set of brackets that gives the correct information according to the conversation with Chris.

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fourteen________

script ■

took time off____________on several continents___________________

develop her body and strength__________________________

learninteresting things

_____________________

She says that if she went on the trip, she would go (by herself, with her best friend, with several people), and when she returned, she would (sleep for a week, run a marathon, encourage others to make a similar trip).

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Cultural Encounters

by herself__________

encourage others to make a similar trip__________________________________

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Host:





Cultural Encounters

Taking Time Off

■

Chris, you’re on the line, I gather, from La Mesa, California.Yes, I am.Hi.If I were to take time off — I’m actually an eighth-grade student in Montgomery Mills School — I would take time off from school and bike all the way around the world in a chance to see different cultures and get an exposure, to be able to come back where I live and be able to tell people how different — be able to compare all the different cultures to the United States’ culture.How would you get across the ocean?Host:

Chris: Host: Chris:

Well, I would probably fly across or take a boat across, and then I would travel between the continents on a boat, and then once I got to the land, I would bike or ride across.You like biking, I assume.Yes.You don’t think it would be very, very tiring and wearing or it would take a long time?No, as long as I got enough sleep and food and water, I think I’d be pretty much all right. Of course, it would be a chance to gain some muscle.

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Cultural Encounters

SectionFour_L_4popwin1

Chris:

Host:Chris:Host:

Chris:

■

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Cultural Encounters

Yeah, I should say, because if you biked all the way around the world — you’re starting out in the eighth grade — it could be time for college by the time you finished this bike trip. It’s a long way.Well, yeah.That doesn’t scare you off?No, it doesn’t, because I’d like — in the process, I’d be learning a lot of things going to different countries. I’d be learning about their cultures, so it wouldn’t be just — I’d be learning while having fun.Hear, hear! Would you take anybody along with you?I’d probably want to do it by myself and then tell people about it when I came back. And then ...

Host:

Chris:Host:Chris:

Host:Chris:

■

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Cultural Encounters

I’m sorry. I missed what you said just a moment ago.And tell people about what it was like and encourage them to do things like that, or if they can, take time off and get a chance to see the rest of the world.Well, of course, that sounds like a great idea, and thank you very much for calling and telling us about it. Thank you. Bye, bye.That was Chris, who’s in eighth grade in La Mesa, California. I’m Robert Siegel, and this is Talk of the Nation.

Host:Chris:

Host:

Chris:Host:

■

Lead-in questions Supplementary reading



Lead-in questions

1.

2.

Have you ever got embarrassed by misreading people’s body language? If so, discuss the details with your friends and figure out the reason.Are you of the opinion that the body language is almost as important as the verbal language in interpersonal communications?

Memorable quotes




Cultural Encounters

You may think that you are making yourself perfectly clear, but could your body language be telling the world a totally different story?

Experts believe that, when we just meet another person, three quarters of our knowledge about them comes via our eyes rather than our ears. So, however cool and contained you think you’re being, there is a host of little telltale gestures and expressions that give you away, as top psychologist Dr. David Lewis explains.

FIDDLINGFidgeting with things — like a pencil, a cigarette, keys or coins

— or tapping your fingers indicate that you are feeling uncomfortable. And even if you manage to keep your hands from fiddling you’ll probably start fidgeting with your feet. That’s because, as they are furthest from the brain, they’re harder to control!

Lead-in questions

Supplementary reading



Memorable quotes

Does Your Body Betray You?




Cultural Encounters

Lead-in questions



Watch out for shifting the weight from foot to foot, kicking, or rubbing one foot against the other, if you don’t want to let people know that you’re a bundle of nerves.

KEEP AWAY!Folding your arms while talking to someone shows that they’re

invading your space and you want to keep them at arm’s length. Perhaps they’re irritating you, or you feel they’re trying to be too friendly. If your arms are folded and your fists clenched, it’s a clear message that you feel threatened and want to be left alone.

An arm clasp, in which the upper arms are firmly gripped, is an even clearer signal that you reject this person and want nothing to do with them.

EAR, EAR

Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

Gently massaging or tugging at an ear lobe while listening to someone means that, however interested you look, you don’t really want to hear what’s being said to you. You want to block out the speaker’s words, even if they’re true.

NECKINGScratching your neck while trying to persuade someone that

you’re right reveals that you’re not really sure of your facts. Or it could be that you are trying to persuade your listener to do something you don’t, in your heart of hearts, believe is right. For some reason the neck is usually scratched exactly five times.

EYE TOUCH

Lead-in questions



Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

A woman gently touching the skin underneath her eye as she speaks is trying to shield her listener from what she’s saying. She doesn’t want to hurt their feelings, but she has to be honest. A man in the same situation will often rub one eye very briskly. If someone of either sex looks away after speaking they are showing that they’re nervous about the reaction they’re likely to get.

WHO NOSE?Touching the nose is an almost foolproof sign that you’re tellin

g porkies. People who do this a lot, even if it’s just a light brush on the side of the nose, often lead deceitful lives. They may be hiding a guilty secret, so beware! Covering the mouth as you speak is an even clearer indication of lying.

COLLAREDWhen a man wearing a shirt and tie gently eases the collar awa

y from his neck, he’s almost certainly lying. This is because it reduces tension in the neck caused by the increased stress.

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Cultural Encounters

Lead-in questions



UP, UP AND AWAYWhen people try hard to remember something, they usually

look up and to the left. But, if they’re inventing something rather than telling the truth, they usually gaze upwards and to the right. So if you want to be believed, remember to gaze in the correct direction!

GROOMINGA small child often has conflicting desires — e.g. he wants to

snatch a toy from another toddler but is afraid of being scolded — and often raises an open hand close to his head. In adults, this gesture has often evolved into head grooming, when the hair is smoothed downwards two or three times. It shows that you are in a quandary, and don’t know what to do for the best.

In a conversation, it indicates that you’re not sure whether to believe someone or not.

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Cultural Encounters

Lead-in questions



LOVE SIGNSWhen you’re in love or sexually attracted to someone, your

body soon betrays you. Without your realizing it, the pupils dilate, and you smile and make lots of eye contact. Posture also becomes more relaxed and flexible. You’ll find that you lean gently towards that special person, and use lots of hand movements when you talk.

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Cultural Encounters

Lead-in questions



Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

body language Body language is communication by means of facial expressions, gestures, postures, and other wordless signals. Body language also includes grooming habits, hair and clothing styles, and such practices as tattooing and body piercing. Body language communicates unspoken information about people’s identity, relationships, and thoughts, as well as moods, motivation, and attitudes. It plays an essential role in all interpersonal relationships, such as child care, politics, teaching, and public speaking. The scientific study of body language is called kinesics.

Lead-in questions



Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

... you’re a bundle of nerves. ... you are feeling very nervous.

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Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

invading your space intruding into your air spaceStudies by experts suggest that man walks around inside a kind of private bubbles, which represents the amount of air space he feels he must have between himself and other people. To invade is to affect someone in an unwanted and annoying way. e.g. Does that give you an excuse to invade my privacy?

Lead-in questions



Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

keep them at arm’s length avoid developing a relationship with them e.g. If you’re wise, you’ll keep Mrs. Jones at arm’s length. She’s the worst gossip in the village.

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Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

You want to block out the speaker’s words. You want to stop yourself thinking about what the speaker says.

Lead-in questions



Memorable quotes





Cultural Encounters

in your heart of hearts If you know, feel, or believe something in your heart of hearts, you are sure about it although you may not admit it. e.g. Claire knew in her heart of hearts that she would never go back there.

Lead-in questions

Memorable quotes



Questions for discussion:1.2.3.

4.

What does the title of the text mean?How can one’s gestures and expressions give him / her away?What implications does the study of body language have for learning a foreign language?Observe people near you for several days, looking for uses of body language. Try also to be conscious of your own use of body language. What conclusion can you draw?





Cultural Encounters

Answers for reference:

Lead-in questions

Memorable quotes







Cultural Encounters

1.

2

3.

4.

Changes in your body position and movements show what you are feeling or thinking.All of us communicate with one another nonverbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we are not aware that we are doing it. Body language provides evidence about how the human mind processes information.Nonverbal signals differ from culture to culture at least as much as one language differs from another, and so we need to realize that knowledge of a foreign language is incomplete unless it extends to the nonverbal signals.Open answer.

Lead-in questions


Memorable quotes



Memorable quotes

Paraphrase the following quotes

Culture has one great passion — the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even yet greater, the passion for making them prevail. —Matthew Arnold




Cultural Encounters

Lead-in questions


Memorable quotes






Cultural Encounters

The men of culture are the true apostles of equality. — Matthew Arnold

Documents

Cultural Encounters Reading aloud Audiovisual supplements Section One: Pre-reading Activities Section Two: Global Reading Section Four: Consolidation Activities