CULTURAL SHIFTSAFTER WWI

Postwar Pessimism The brutal realities of industrialized

warfare brought about a shift in beliefsSuperiority of EuropeWorld getting better & betterLimitless improvement of humankindDemocracy as ideal government

Expressed by artists, writers, theologians

Scientific Revolutions Einstein’s theory of relativity

SpaceTime

“Uncertainty Principle”Objectivity no longer a valid principle

Freud’s Psychoanalytical PrincipleUnconscious mental processes & neurosis

Disdain for Realism in Art Rise of avant-garde artists Realism abandoned for an expression of

feelings and emotion

PicassoLes Demoislles d’Avignon

MunchThe Scream

ECONOMICS BETWEEN THE

WARS

Postwar Economics WW1 affected economies all over the

worldBritain and France owed huge debts to the

U.S.Both relied on reparations from Germany to

pay these loansPaying these reparations crushed

Germany’s economyWhat country do you think benefitted the

most after WW1?

The U.S. emerged from WW1 as the world’s leading economic power.Continued to loan European countries moneyHad a strong manufacturing baseMany new inventions and innovations

The Roaring Twenties New developments led to the “Roaring

Twenties” — Telephones— Motion Pictures— Radio shows— Harlem

Renaissance

— Jazz music— Night clubs— Women “Flappers”— Medical

advancements— Penicillin— X-rays

The Roaring Twenties There were reactions against the cultural

changes of the 1920’sProhibition, the 18th amendmentSpeakeasiesBootleggers & MobstersScopes trial

The wealth created in the 1920’s wasn’t shared evenly.

Farmers, miners and suppliers of raw materials suffered.

Technology led to overproduction.

Beginning in Oct. 1929, investor confidence in the stock market dropped, leading to a market collapse

All tried to sell at once and bottom fell out of market = panic selling

The crash had a ripple effect on the economy

1920's had been a period of good economic times Tues. Oct. 29th, 1929 - NYC Stock market

crashed, causing a depression that would last until 1942

For the poor....... mass consumption was

already low (poor could afford to buy little)

unemployment rose no gov't assistance at first

since people could not buy, productivity was cut back = further unemployment

so w/ additional unemployment purchasing power declined again reduced productivity yet again

ECONOMIC CYCLE

Unemployment

Purchasing Power Productivity

The Depression Spreads American banks stopped making loans

around the world and began demanding repayment

W/O support from the U.S., Germany suffered – it couldn’t make reparation payments to Britain and France

Overall U.S. production plummets

U.S. investors have little or no money to

invest

U.S. investments in Germany decline

German war payments to Allies falls off

Europeans cannot afford American goods

Allies cannot pay debts to the U.S.

GOVERNMENTS OFTOTAL CONTROL

Loss of Faith in Democracy As the depression wore on, many lost

faith in the ability of democratic governments to solve the problems

Misery, despair and hopelessness created fertile ground for extremists who promised radical solutions.

Stalin - USSR Mussolini - Italy Hitler - Germany

Total, Centralized State Control

Totalitarianism—government that dominates every aspect of life (total control)

Totalitarian leader is often dynamic* and persuasive

*pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action; vigorously active or forceful; energetic: the dynamic president of the firm.

Police Terror Government uses police to spy on and

intimidate peopleNormally, the police are expected to

respond to criminal activity and protect the citizens. In a totalitarian state, the police serve enforce the central government’s policies.

Indoctrination Government shapes people’s minds

through slanted educationControl of education is absolutely essential

to glorify the leader and his policies and to convince all citizens that their unconditional loyalty and support are required.

Propaganda and Censorship Totalitarian states spread *propaganda. Government controls all mass media, and

**crushes opposing views.

*biased or incomplete information used to sway people

**censorship

Religious or Ethnic Persecution Leaders brand religious, ethnic

minorities “enemies of the state.”

Totalitarianism Characteristics

Dynamic Leader• Unites people• Symbolizes

government• Encourages

popular support by force of will

Dictatorship &One-Party Rule• Exercises

absolute authority

• Dominates the government

State ControlOf Society• Business• Labor• Education• Housing

Modern Technology• Mass

communication to spread propaganda

• Advanced military weapons

Methods of Enforcement• Police terror• Indoctrination• Censorship• Persecution

State Control ofIndividuals• Demands loyalty• Denies basic

liberties• Expects personal

sacrifice for the state

Ideology• Sets goals of

the state• Glorified aims

of the state• Glorified

govern

Different Kinds of Totalitarianism

Fascism: any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist, whose policies glorify the state over the individual, and is destructive to basic human rights.

Communism: a classless government based on socialism principles, in which all wealth and property is owned by the community as a whole.

Different Kinds of Totalitarianism

Fascism CommunismNationalistic Goals International ChangeSociety with defined classes Classless societyPopular with business leaders & wealthy land owners

Popular with urban and agricultural workers

Total devotion to state or leaderUse of terror to guard their power

Promote extreme programs of social changePromised a strong, stable government under an elite leader

Different Kinds of Totalitarianism

Country Dictator in Power Ideology Examples of

Terror Tactics

Italy Benito Mussolini1922

Fascist:Fanatic nationalism

Black Shirts suppress dissent

Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin1924

Communist Gulag labor camps

Germany Adolf Hitler1933

Fascist Nazi: racial policies of hatred

Restrictions and terror against Jews

Totalitarian leaders in the 20th century

Adolf Hitler (Germany) 1933-1945

Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1925-1943

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1929-1953

Kim Il Sung (North Korea) 1948-1994

Saddam Hussein (Iraq) 1979-2003