Chapter 3

Culture

What kinds of things come to mind, when we mention the word “CULTURE?”

Can animals have culture?

Culture All that human beings learn to do, to use,

to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong.

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- refers to the beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that, together, form a people's way of life.

- determines how we view the world around us

- includes the traditions we inherit and pass on to the next generation

- totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

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Culture and Society

• Society: the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

– Society provides the context within which our relationships with the external world develop

– How we structure society constrains the kind of culture we construct

– Cultural preferences vary across societies

Culture and Biology Human beings acquire the means to meet their

needs through culture. Example:

Although human infants cry when hungry, the responses to the cries vary.

In some groups, infants are breast-fed; in others, they are fed prepared milk formulas from bottles; and in still others, they are fed according to the mother’s preference.

Culture is shared, and Transmitted from one generation to the next

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Only humans depend on culture rather than instincts to ensure the survival of their kind.

Culture is very recent and was a long time in the making.

What sets primates apart from other animals is their intelligence. Human achievements during the Stone Age set humans off on a distinct evolutionary course, making culture their primary survival strategy.

Human Culture

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Culture and Society

The concept of culture (a shared way of life) must be distinguished from those of nation (a political entity) or society (the organized interaction of people in a nation or within some other boundary).

Many modern societies are multicultural---their people follow various ways of life that blend and sometimes clash.

On this planet our race, homo sapiens evolved 250,000 years ago give or take a few thousand. But the first cities appeared about 12,00 years ago. Think about that. For 95% of human life there were no cities. What kind of culture was there then?

Culture Shock The difficulty people have adjusting to a

new culture that differs markedly from their own.

Ethnocentrism When one makes judgments about other

cultures based on the customs and values of one's own. An Iranian female in a meeting with

students at FIU…

Ethnocentrism and what we eat!

Ethnocentrism and what we value!

Cultural Relativism Recognizing cultures must be understood

on their own terms before valid comparisons can be made.

Components of Culture Material culture (objects) Nonmaterial culture (rules) Cognitive culture (shared beliefs) Language

Material Culture Everything human beings make and use. Material culture allows humans to cope

with extreme environments and survive in all climates.

Material culture has made human beings the dominant life form on earth.

 Nonmaterial Culture Knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules for

appropriate behavior. Elements of nonmaterial culture:

Norms Mores Folkways Values

Norms The rules of behavior that are agreed

upon and shared within a culture and that prescribe limits of acceptable behavior.

Norms define “normal” expected behavior and help people achieve predictability in their lives.

Mores Strongly held norms that usually have a

moral connotation and are based on the central values of the culture.

Violations produce strong negative reactions, often supported by the law.

Examples: sexual molestation of a child, rape, murder, incest, and child beating.

Folkways Norms that permit a wide degree of

individual interpretation as long as certain limits are not overstepped.

People who violate folkways are seen as peculiar but they rarely elicit a strong public response. The way we dress, the music we listen to, or

the “good manners” can be considered folkways.

Ideal and Real Norms Ideal norms - expectations of what

people should do under perfect conditions.

Real norms - Norms that are expressed with qualifications and allowances for differences in individual behavior.

Values A culture’s general orientations

toward life—its notions of what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable.

Language and Culture Language makes it possible for humans

to share culture. Animals are controlled by their biology,

but human behavior is determined by culture and language.

Children learn culture through language, socialization, and role models.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The language a person uses determines their

perception of reality. Different languages classify experiences

differently. Example: The Hopi Indians

Two words for water—pahe (water in a natural state) and keyi (water in a container).

One word to cover every thing or being that flies, except birds.

Perceptions of time

Symbol Anything representing something else,

carrying a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture. Can you think of some common symbols we

use in the Philippines? Symbols are entirely arbitrary and rely on

cultural conventions for their meaning. Mourning

Symbols in Cyberspace:-) smile |^o Snoring

:-( sad :-@ Screaming

:-0 wow %-) Dazed or silly

:-X my lips are sealed %*} Drunk

LOL laughing out loud

%-( Confused

:-|| I am angry :-C Astonished

Culture and Adaptation Culture is the primary means by which

humans adapt to the challenges of their environment.

We are culture producing, culture transmitting, and culture dependent.

Take away culture and the human species would perish.

Mechanisms of Cultural Change

Two mechanisms are responsible for cultural change:

Innovation – new concepts, ideas, and material objects.

Diffusion - the movement of cultural traits from one culture to another.

Innovation Invention - recombining elements already

available to a society. Discovering new concepts. Finding new solutions to old problems. Devising and making new material

objects.

Diffusion Results when people from one group or

society come into contact with another. Diffusion is marked by reformulation, in

which a trait is modified in some way so that it fits better in its new context.

Cultural Lag The phenomena through which new

patterns of behavior emerge even though they conflict with traditional values.

Subcultures Distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and

beliefs of certain segments of the population within a society.

Types of subcultures include: ethnic, occupational, religious, political, geographic, social class and deviant.

Cultural Universals

Developed to solve common societal problems: Division of labor Incest taboo Marriage Family organization Rites of passage

 Families Families differ between cultures depending on

who is allowed to marry and how many spouses are allowed.

The basic family unit of husband, wife, and children is recognized in almost every culture.

Sexual relations among a family (other than between husband and wife) are almost universally taboo.

Functions of the Incest Taboo Helps keep sexual jealousy under control. Prevents the confusion of authority

relationships in the family. Ensures family offspring will marry into

other families, creating a network of social bonds.

Rites of Passage Standardized rituals marking life transitions. Examples of rites of passage:

Baptisms Bar and bat mitzvahs Graduation Wedding ceremonies Funerals and wakes

Functions of Rites of Passage Help the individual achieve a social

identity. Map out the individual’s life course. Aid the individual in making life plans. Provide people with a context to share

emotions.

Ideologies Beliefs and values that help groups maintain

identity as a social unit. Examples of deeds performed in the name of

an ideology: Thirteenth-century crusaders Abolitionists, prohibitionists, trade

unionists, Civil rights activists, feminists,

environmentalists

Culture and Individual Choice Culture tells humans what to do, how to

do it, and when it should be done. Humans have more individual freedom of

action than any other creature. Society and culture limit choices and

make it difficult to act in ways that deviate from cultural norms.

The Filipino Cultural Awareness

• Bayanihan: the creation of association with neighbors and the helping atittude whenever one is in disastrous need. Oftentimes, the Bayanihan spirit in action can be seen when a bus gets a flat tire. The by standing or surrounding Filipinos would help the bus driver in whatever actions to get the bus back on going.

• Close Family Ties: Filipinos are well-known for the close family ties. The primary social welfare system for the Filipino is the family. Many filipinos live near their family for most of their lives, even as independent adults.

• Pakikisama: Pakikisama, or harmony, in English, involves getting along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship.

• Hiya: Hiya is shame and is a motivating factor behind behavior. It is a sense of social decency and compliant to public norms of behavior

. Filipinos believe they must live up to the accepted standards of behavior and if they fail to do so they bring shame not only upon themselves, but also upon their family. An example might be a willingness to spend more than they can afford on a party rather than be shamed by their economic situation. If someone is publicly embarrassed, criticized, or does not live up to expectations, they feel shame and lose self-esteem.

• Utang na Loob: Utang na Loob, or Debt of Gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped him through the trials he had undergone. There is a local saying: 'Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan', meaning, 'One who does not look back to where he started, will not get to where he is going'.

o Amor Propio: Concern for self image. o Delicadeza: Sense of honor o Palabra de Honor: "word of honor"

Although these traits are generally positive, these practices also have the inclination to be applied in the wrong context. A debt of gratitude is sometimes repaid by giving special favors to the other person regardless of the moral outcome. Close familial ties can also lead to favoritism.