Culture A body of beliefs, material traits, and social forms
that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group
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Cultural Hearth
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Material Culture Everyday life (food, clothing, shelter) Folk
and popular culture
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Taboo
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Taboo
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Cultural Change Innovation
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Diffusion
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Expansion Diffusion
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Relocation Diffusion
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Bubble Tea
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Contagious Diffusion
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
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Globalization of Culture
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Child Marriage
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More than 100 million girls in the developing world will be
married during the next 10 years. Although the definition of child
marriage includes boys, most children married under the age of 18
years are girls. While the practice has decreased globally over the
last 30 years, it remains common in rural areas and among the
poorest of the poor. In Southern Asia, 48%nearly 10 millionof girls
are married before the age of 18. In Africa, 42% of girls were
married before turning 18. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 29%
of girls are married by age 18.
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Child Marriage Around the World Child Marriage Around the World
Percentage of girls marrying before the age of 18 1 Niger 76.6 2
Chad 71.5 3 Bangladesh 68.7 4 Mali 65.4 5 Guinea 64.5 6 Central
African Republic 57.0 7 Nepal 56.1 8 Mozambique 55.9 9 Uganda 54.1
10 Burkina Faso 51.9 11 India 50.0 12 Ethiopia 49.1 13 Liberia 48.4
13 Yemen 48.4 15 Cameroon 47.2 16 Eritrea 47.0 17 Malawi 46.9 18
Nicaragua 43.3 18 Nigeria 43.3 20 Zambia 42.1 Source: ICRW 2007
ICRW 2007ICRW 2007
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What are the effects of child marriage? Premature Pregnancy:
Child brides almost always bear children before they are physically
- or emotionally - ready. Maternal Mortality: Girls younger than 15
are five times more likely to die during child birth or pregnancy
than older women. Pregnancy-related deaths are the leading cause of
mortality for girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide.
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What are the effects of child marriage? Infant Mortality:
Mortality rates for babies born to mothers under age 20 are almost
75% higher than for children born to older mothers. The children
that survive are more likely to be premature, have a low birth
weight, and are more at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS.
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What are the effects of child marriage? Health Problems:
Premature childbirth can lead to a variety of health problems for
mothers, including fistula, a debilitating condition that causes
chronic incontinence. Girls with fistula are often abandoned by
their husbands and ostracized by society. There are approximately 2
million girls living with fistula, and 100,000 new cases every
year.
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Child Marriage
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What are the effects of child marriage? Illiteracy: Child
brides are often pulled out of school and denied further education.
Their children are also more likely to be illiterate. Poverty:
Child brides - already poor - are isolated and denied education and
employment opportunities, making it difficult for them break out of
the cycle of poverty. Abuse and Violence: Child brides are more
likely to experience domestic abuse, and violence than their peers
who marry later.
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What are the effects of child marriage? Mental Health: Violence
and abuse can lead to post-traumatic stress and depression.
Isolation and Abandonment: Child brides are often isolated from
their peers and abandoned if they develop health problems like
fistula.
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What can be done to prevent child marriage? Education Girls
with a secondary education are up to six times less likely to marry
young compared to girls with little or no education. Education
delays the age at which a woman marries. Education provides an
alternative opportunity for girls other than marriage. Education
increases socio-economic status and earning potential for
girls.
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What can be done to prevent child marriage? Employment/Poverty
Reduction The world's poorest countries have the highest rates of
child marriage. Families often marry girls off to lessen their
economic burden and provide a future for their daughters. Girls
from poor families are about twice as likely to marry young than
girls from better-off households. Girls who earn a wage may be seen
as an economic asset, not a burden, by their families. Girls who
earn a wage are less dependent on others to provide for them.
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What are the effects of child marriage? HIV/AIDS: Married girls
may be more likely to contract sexually transmitted disease,
including HIV/AIDS, than unmarried girls. Young girls are more
physically susceptible to STD's, have less access to reproductive
education and health services and are often powerless to demand the
use of contraception.