Outline of Culture Topics What is Culture? Cultures
Evolutionary Basis Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice Mechanism of
Cultural Change Globalization
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What is Culture? An easy, quick definition: systems of human
behavior and thought It obeys natural laws so can be studied
scientifically Culture is acquired based on the society you grew up
in Enculturation Culture is: Learned Symbolic Shared Nature All
Encompassing Integrated Can be Adaptive and Maladaptive
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Culture is Learned Children absorb cultural traditions Humans
use symbols to learn Programs of culture are absorbed through
enculturation Conscious and unconscious learning and interaction
Observation All humans have culture Psychic unity of man
Individuals differ in emotional and intellectual capabilities and
tendencies, all human populations have equivalent capacities for
culture
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Culture is Symbolic Symbol: something verbal or nonverbal,
within a particular language or culture, that comes to stand for
something else No obvious connection between symbol and what it
symbolizes Symbols are usually linguistic Nonverbal symbols: Flags
Arches Holy Water
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Culture is Shared Culture is an attribute of individuals as
members of groups Culture is shared beliefs Certain fundamental
beliefs, values, worldviews, and child- rearing practices endure We
feel more comfortable with people who are socially, economically,
and culturally similar to us
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Culture and Nature Take biological urges and teaches us to
express them in particular ways You have to eat, but culture
teaches you when, where, and how Culture affects the ways we
perceive nature, human nature, and the natural: Prevent and cure
disease Cloning Natural Natural disasters challenge us
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Culture is All-Encompassing Culture is not just refinement,
taste, sophistication, education, and appreciation of the fine arts
Cultural forces affect people every day in their lives North
American culture: TV Fast food restaurants Sports Games Rock star
just as important as symphony conductor as cultural
manifestation
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Culture is Integrated Cultures are integrated, patterned
systems One part changes, other parts change as well Integrated by
sets of values, ideas, symbols, and judgments Train individual
members to share certain personality traits Core values: key,
basic, or central values that integrate a culture
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Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive We adapt biologically
and culturally Cultural adaptive kits contain customary activities
and tools Whats good for the individual may not be good for the
whole group Maladaptive threatening the groups continued existence
Cars let us go places quicker Chemical emissions increase air
pollution which can contribute to global warming
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STOP! Review Time What are the elements of culture? How is
culture learned? Are we born with our culture?
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Cultures Evolutionary Basis Capacity for culture extends back
2.6 million years to early toolmakers Many human traits reflect our
ancestors lived in trees Opposable thumbs We can pick things up and
use tools Eyes placed forward and look directly ahead Color and
depth perception Identify food sources, mutual grooming Manual
dexterity and depth perception Pick up small objects and study them
Ration or brain size to body exceeds other mammals Brains outer
layer is relative larger One offspring that needs lot of care
Humans are social animals
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Universality, Generality, and Particularity Certain biological,
psychological, social, and cultural features are universal (found
in every culture) Other are generalities (common to several but not
all human groups) Others are particularities (unique to certain
cultural traditions)
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Universality Most are biologically that distinguish us from
other species Long period of infant dependency Year-round sexuality
Complex brain that enables use of symbols, languages, and tools
Social universals Life in groups Some kind of family Culture
organizes on social life Depends on social interactions for
expression and continuation Incest taboo Exogamy (marriage outside
ones group)
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Generality Societies can share same beliefs and customs because
of borrowing Domination (colonial rule) when customs and procedures
are imposed on one culture can also cause generality Independent
innovation of same cultural trait Farming Examples: Nuclear family
Parents and children
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Particularity Trait of a culture that is not widespread
Cultural borrowing traits once limited are more widespread Useful
traits that dont clash with current culture get borrowed Examples:
Food dishes Particularities are becoming rarer in some ways but
also becoming more obvious Borrowed cultural traits are modified
Marriage, parenthood, death, puberty, birth all celebrated
differently
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Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice Culture
provides rules for actions but individuals dont always follow them
blindly Culture is contested Ideal culture what people say they
should do and they say they do Real culture actual behavior
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Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice Culture is
public and individual Culture is being continually created and
reworked in the present We have agency to form and change cultural
identity
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Levels of Culture National culture cultural features shared by
citizens of the same nation International culture cultural
traditions that extend beyond national boundaries Subculture
different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same
nation
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Levels of Culture Cultural traits can spread through borrowing
or diffusion from one group to another Borrowing, colonialism,
migration, and multinational organizations, many cultural traits
are known internationally Roman Catholic Church World Cup
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Levels of Culture Level of Culture Sports Example Food Example
InternationalSoccer, basketball Pizza NationalMonster- truck
rallies Apple pie SubcultureBocceBig Joe Pork Barbeque (S. Carolina
Subcultures occur within a larger nations US and Canada have
subcultures based on region, ethnicity, language, class, and
religion Northerners and Southerners in the US
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Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights
Ethnocentrism tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to
use ones own standards and values in judging outsiders What is
alien to us, may be normal elsewhere Cultural relativism idea that
to know another culture requires full understanding of its members
beliefs and motivations What motivates the culture? Then, what, if
anything should be done about certain activities Human rights
rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to
particular countries, cultures, and religions
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Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights Cultural
rights rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and
indigenous societies A groups ability to raise its children in the
ways of its forbearers, continues its language, etc IRP
(Intellectual property rights an indigenous groups collective
knowledge and applications) as an attempt to conserve each societys
cultural base Group decides who may know and use their knowledge
and applications
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Mechanisms of Cultural Change How and why do cultures change?
Diffusion Borrowing of traits between cultures Direct: when two
nations trade, intermarry, or wage war on each other Indirect: when
items from group A to group C via group B without A and C having
any contact Most diffusion today through mass media and the
internet
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Mechanisms of Cultural Change Acculturation Exchange of
cultural features that results when groups have continuous
firsthand contact Cultures of either group or both may be changed
Parts of culture change but each group remains distinct Blend
foods, music, dance, clothing, tools, technology, or languages
Pidgin mixed languages the develops to ease communication between
members of societies
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Mechanisms of Cultural Change Independent invention Process by
which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems
People in different societies change in different societies in
similar ways with similar problems Agriculture Creates economic
revolutions that have social and cultural repercussions
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Globalization Globalization accelerating interdependence of
nations in the world system today International commerce, travel
and tourism, transnational migration, various high-tech information
flows The world is much smaller than it used to be
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APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY
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Applied/Practical Anthropology Use anthropology to solve
contemporary problems Many work for international development
agencies World Bank, EPA, etc