Society and Culture I.Culture Edward Burrnet Tylor – an English anthropologist define culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by people as members of society. Schwartz– culture as a real phenomena which are things that readily visible and culture as an abstraction in which are form or behavior and may be observed and implied in the activities of people, in what they say or do or what they avoid doing. Ralph Linton - The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behaviour patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society. Ward Goodenough - The pattern of life within a community, the regularly recurring activities and material and social arrangements characteristic of a particular group. II.Subculture a subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger c ulture to which they belong. Although, or perhaps because, the term subculture has been used by anthropologists and sociologists in variety of ways and contexts, it contains much ambiguity. The prefix ‘sub’ refers only to a subcategory of culture, a part of the whole; it does not necessarily indicate a derogation unless a particular subculture is viewed as undesirable by members of dominant or a contrary value system List of Subcultures oA: Anarcho-punk, oB: Beatniks, Bikers, Bills, Bodybuilding , Bōsōzoku oC: Casuals, Cosplayers, Cybergoth oD: Dark Culture, Deaf Culture, Demoscene oE: Emo oF: Fandom, Fetish subculture, Flogger, Freak scene, Furries oG: Gamer, Gothic Lolita, Greaser, Grebo, Grungies, Gl am rock oH: Hardline, Hiph op, Hippie, Hipster oI: Industrial oJ: Juggling, Juggalo, Junglist oL: Leather culture, LGBT (bears, gay) oM: Mods, Metalheads oN: NS Black Metal, Nazi punks, New Age, Norwegian black metal, Nudism/Naturism oO: Otaku, Otherkin oP: Patchuco, Pokémon, Preppy, Punk oQ: Queer oR: Raggare, Rave, Riot, Rocker, Role-playing gamers, Rude boys
