CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN BAHASA INDONESIA TRANSLATION …

CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN BAHASA INDONESIA TRANSLATION OF JOJO MOYES’ “Me Before You”

THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

Of The Requirement of Degree of Sarjana Sastra

Heidy Juliana Anggreni

392015008

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS

UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA

SALATIGA

2019

Copyright Statement

This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.

Copyright@2019. Heidy Juliana Anggreni and Deta Maria Sri Darta, M.Hum.

All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the Faculty of Language and Arts, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.

Heidy Juliana Anggreni:

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover i

Approval Page ii

Copyright Statement iii

Publication Agreement of Declaration iv

Table of Content v

Abstract 1

Key Words 1

Chapter I: Introduction 2

Chapter II: Literature Review 5

Chapter III: Research Methodology 10

Chapter IV: Discussion 11

A. CSI Found 11

B. Translation Strategy Used 13

Chapter V : Conclusion 19

Acknowledgement 20

References 21

ABSTRACT

Translation and culture are overlapping and cannot be separated. Some words which are related to a certain culture might be difficult to be translated into other language. Words that contain culture is called Culture-Specific Item (CSI) which is the widely known term among scholars. This research takes an object of a novel by Jojo Moyes entitled Me Before You which has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia as the Target Language (TL) and English as the Source Language (SL). To conduct this research, SL and TL books needs to be read then, find the CSI in the form of word and phrase. The CSI that are found which is 42 words then classified into Aixela’s categorization of CSI. This research use translation strategy by Davies to analyze the CSI that has been categorized with Aixela’s categorization. From the analysis, it is found that the translation strategy mainly used in TL are preservation and globalization.

Keywords: translation, culture-specific items, translation strategy

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Translation has made a huge impact on literary world because through it, many books

could be changed into other languages aside the source language, so it could be read by people

all over the world. Nida defines translation as: translation consists in reproducing the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL), first in terms of meaning

and secondly in terms of style. However, to reproduce “the closest natural equivalent” in the

target language is more or less influenced by the cultural differences (qtd. in Hui Guo 1). This

means translation is not only change the language from source language (SL) into target

language (TL), but also need to consider about the cultural differences to make the translation

acceptable in the target language.

According to Hui Guo, definition of culture is “culture refers to the entire ways of

people.” The simple definition implies that culture is the patterns of customs, traditions, social

habits, values beliefs and language of society. Goodenough argued that major problem in

translation is being influenced by different cultural norms in the SL and TL (qtd. in Abbasi 3).

He also states that translator’s responsibility is to choose which norms take priority over others,

so translator needs to make a decision considering what cultural norms from SL, TL or both is

important. Therefore, in the process of translating both cultures from SL and TL will be

influential to the result of the translation.

Scholars have different names to refer to cultural words or phrases. Baker refers to

cultural entities as “culture-specific concepts”, Newmark defines them as cultural words, Nord

employs the term cultureme, Gambier names them as culture-specific references, Robinson

uses terms realia and culture-bound phenomena (Baker 1992: 21; Newmark 2010: 173; Nord

1997: 34; Gambier 2004: 159; Robinson 1997: 35). However, the most widely accepted term

is culture-specific items (henceforth CSIs) (Davies 2003: 68). Hence, this research uses the

term culture-specific items (CSIs). Baker defines CSI as a concept that could be abstract or

concrete; it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food that is

common in SL but unknown in TL. Persson (2015, pg. 1) also makes an opinion and defined

cultural specific items as “concepts that are specific for a certain culture. These concepts can

refer to domains such as flora, fauna, food, clothes, housing, work, leisure, politics, law, and

religion among others.”

Many researchers or scholars discussed the issue of translating culture and Culture-

Specific Items (CSIs) and the techniques, procedures or strategies they used to translate CSIs.

Brigita Brasienѐ analyzes the issue of translating CSIs in the Orwell’s novel Down and Out in

Paris and London and the strategies that found in the novel are preservation, localization and

addition. She also uses CSI categorization by Aixela. Another researcher that uses Aixela’s

categorization is Diana Blayẑtė in her thesis titled “Culture-Specific Items (CSI) and Their

Translation Strategies in Martin Lindstrom’s Brand Sense “(2016). The strategies that Blayẑtė

found in her thesis are literal translation, localization, preservation and addition. Other

researchers that use categorization by Newmark are Nadia Ananda Herianto, Shekoufeh

Daghoughi & Mahmood Hashemian and Sarah Yousefi. However, there are a diverse result

from their analysis of the translation of CSI in their own object of research. Herianto found

borrowing, calque and adaptation, Shekoufeh Daghoughi & Mahmood Hashemian found

functional equivalent, and Yousefi found transference.

This research takes a book entitled “Me Before You” as the object. The book is about

a girl named Louisa Clark that unexpectedly falls in love and change Will Traynor’s life

through a short period of time. This research would like to take a closer look at the translated

version of this book which in Bahasa Indonesia and compare it with the English version

especially the CSI words from the source language of the novel. The aims of this research are

to find out what CSIs are found in Jojo Moyes’ “Me Before You” and what strategies the

translator used to translate it.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many words that can be classified as CSIs because it is an abstract concept,

Aixela proposes a categorization to classify words that can be called CSIs. Aixela suggests two

category of CSIs which are proper names and common expressions.

The first category is proper names; according to Aixela, proper names is names that do

not have any meaning in themselves and name that carries a certain historical and cultural

associations (Aixela 1997:59). Howard also defines it as “proper names refer to specific person,

place, or thing, and is usually capitalized” (Howard 2009:1). Because Aixela gives a vast

definition, Howard specify proper names into eight sub-categories: (1) part of a person’s

names; (2) given or pet names of animals; (3) geographical and celestial names; (4)

monuments, buildings, meeting; (5) historical events, documents, laws and periods; (6) groups

and languages; (7) religions, deities, scriptures; (8) awards, vehicles, vehicles models, brand

names (Howard 2009:1).

Part of a person's name include persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield,

Chester Alan Arthur (Howard 2009: 1). The category of given or pet names of animals

encompass nicknames and names given to animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard 2009: 1).

Geographical and celestial names refer to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g.,

Red Sea, Alpha Centauri (Howard 2009: 1). Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms include

names of buildings build in order to remind of famous person or event, and names of places

where the meetings take place, e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard 2009:

1). Historical events, documents, laws, and periods include the names that bear a historical

significance, e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard 2009: 1). Groups

and languages enclose groups names and names of languages, e.g., Myopia Hunt Club, the

Republicans, French (Howard 2009: 1). Religions, deities, scriptures refer to various

religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the Bible (Howard 2009: 1). Awards, vehicles, vehicle

models, brand names have an immense category including words: The Nobel Peace Prize,

Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard 2009: 1).

The second category is common expressions; according Aixela, common expressions

cover various of objects, institutions, habits and opinions restricted to each culture, that cannot

be included in proper names (Aixela 1997:59). Brasienѐ sums other scholar’s theories about

what words that can be classify as CSI in this category. She divides common expressions into

seven sub-categories: (1) food &drinks; (2) pursuits; (3) unit of measurement and currencies;

(4) clothing items; (5) employment terms; (6) housing terms; (7) military terms (Brasienѐ

2003:9).

Brasienѐ puts together food and drinks as the first of sub-category that many scholars

such as Espindola, Newmark, and Gambier under a classification common expressions

(Brasienѐ 2003:9). The next category is pursuits, variety of entertainment such as sports,

games and performances are included in this sub-category (Brasienѐ 2003:10). Unit of

measurement and currencies also put together as one of the sub-category in common

expressions, such as unit of size, weight, speed and length (Brasienѐ 2003:10). Clothing items

is also known under this classification by many scholars (Brasienѐ 2003:10). Another sub-

category is employment terms, it is related with names of professions, tool of work and place

the character’s work (Brasienѐ 2003:10). Housing terms refer to interior and exterior of the

occupied building (Brasienѐ 2003:10). Last sub-category is military terms, military

subdivisions, weapons, clothing, and ranking is included in here (Brasienѐ 2003:11).

There are many scholars that formulate ways to translate CSIs, one of the scholars is

Davies. He proposes 7 translation strategies to translate CSIs: (1) preservation; (2) addition;

(3) omission; (4) globalization; (5) localization; (6) transformation; (7) creation (Davies 2003:

69-70).

The first translation strategy is preservation, this strategy is preserving the word from

SL into the TL text because there is no equivalent word or term in the TL, to overcome the

problem the translator decides “to maintain the source term in the translation” (Davies,

2003:73). Other scholars use the same translation strategy but under different names, Newmark

calls it transference, Baker refers it as loan word with explanation, Chesterman and Schäffner

& Wiesemann use the terms loan and calque, Vinay and Dalbernet use the term borrowing.

Examples of preservation are Ron Weasley – Ron Weasley, pub-pub, porridge-porridge.

The second translation strategy is addition; this strategy is similar to preservation but it

gives additional explanation to the TL text. This can be used when “a translator may decide to

keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary”

(Davies, 2003:77). Davies divides addition into 2 types: addition inside the text which the

explanation is inserted directly in the text and addition outside the text which the explanation

is explained in the form of footnotes, glosses, etc. Other scholars give different names to this

translation strategy, Newmark proposes 3 strategies: descriptive equivalent, functional

equivalent and notes, additions, glosses for footnotes list. Chesterman also proposes 3

strategies: information change, explicitness change where both strategies incorporate

explanation or omission of the explanation and visibility change where the addition is outside

the text. Whereas Baker puts addition as a part of loan word (preservation) and calls it as

translation using loan word plus explanation. Example of addition inside the text: Dundee –

east coast of Scotland; example of addition outside the text: préfect – “pion” (member of staff

at a French school whose role is to keep order (Davies 2003:77).

The third translation strategy is omission which is occurred when the CSI word that

seems to be a problem being omitted and the reader do not know its existence (Davies,

2003:79). Other scholars also use this translation strategy, Baker uses omission at and above

word level and names it translation by omission. Chesterman includes both omission and

addition in a translation strategy called information change. According to Davies, omission can

be used for translating CSI for three reasons (Davies, 2003:79). First, translators can use

omission when they cannot find the equivalent word in the TL (Davies, 2003: 79-80). Second,

translators have the decision to use it with a reason (Davies 2003:80). The last one is the

translation by explanation or paraphrase gives “a prominence it did not possess in the original”

then omission can be implemented (Davies 2003:80). Therefore, through this reasons,

translators have the option to use omission as a solution (Davies 2003:80). Example of

omission from Davies is a part of Rowling’s Harry Potter books and its French translation:

viewers from as far apart as Kent, Yorshire and Dundee – des téléspectateurs qui habitant dans

des regions aussi éloignées les unes des autres que le Kent et le Yorkshire.

The fourth translation strategy is globalization; this strategy is “a process of replacing

culture-specific references with ones which more neutral or general” (Davies 2003:83). Other

scholars call it under different names, Newmark use a term naturalisation and Baker calls it

translation by a more general word. The application of this translation strategy is usually used

by translators when a culture-specific item in the SL does not exist in TL but in TL has a similar

item then it can replace the specific item in the SL. Example of globalization is mint

hamburgers-bonbons a la menthe (Davies 2003: 83).

The fifth translation strategy is localization; this is the opposite of globalization.

Localization occurs when the translator substitutes the culture-specific items in SL into the

similar word in TL, to employ cultural equivalent because in TL culture, the culture-specific

item does not exist from SL culture (Davies 2003:84). Davies proposes two strategies which

are localization and globalization, other scholars combine these two strategies into one under

different names. Fawcett names it concretization and Chesterman calls the combination

abstraction change. Example of localization: Christmas cake becomes bûches de Noel (a cake

of a particular shape that is served during Christmas in France (Davies 2003: 84).

The sixth translation strategy is transformation; this translation strategy changes the

CSI content from SL and Davies defines it as “an alternation or distortion of the original”

(Davies 2003:86). Chesterman calls it cultural filtering, Baker names it translation by cultural

substitution, and Newmark put it into translation method as adaptation and translation

procedure as cultural equivalent. Example of transformation is Davies analysis of Harry Potter

book title; the original book title is Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone but in French it

transforms into Harry Potter à l’Ecole des Sorciers which means Harry Potter and the

Sorcerer’s Stone (Davies 2003: 87).

The last strategy is creation; this translation strategy presents when the translator creates

a new CSI that is do not exist in the SL (Davies 2003:88). Davies proposes some reasons why

translator implements creation as the translation strategy. It is used when the translator thinks

the original form would be foreign for the TL readers (Davies 2003:88). The translator has

intention to make CSI understandable for TL readers so the translator applies this translation

strategy (Davies 2003:87). An example of creation is the cat name in the Harry Potter book is

Mrs. Norris but it is changed to French into Miss Teigne (Davies 2003:79).

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The type of this research is qualitative research and library research. According to

Khotari, “qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomena

relating to or involving quality kind” (Khotari 2004:3). This research discussed culture and

culture is a part of qualitative phenomenon. Aside from qualitative research, library research is

also significant to this research because it is necessary to find scholars research upon the same

discussion to give more understanding about culture specific-items (CSIs).

To conduct this research, first of all, the book Me Before You needs to be read in both

language English as the Source Language (SL) and Bahasa Indonesia as the Target Language

(TL), then find data which is CSIs from the SL and TL in the form of word and phrase. To take

the data, the researcher classifies the words and fit it into Aixela’s CSI categorization. After

the words are put into the suitable category, analysis of the CSI words translation can be done

by using translation strategies by Davies. From the explanation of the analysis, it can be

concluded which translation strategies is used the most in the novel.

CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

This chapter is divided into 2; the first section is about the CSIs that has been found

from the novel and the second section is the analysis of the translation strategies used by the

translator.

A. CSI FOUND

This is the first section of the discussion and it shows the data or the CSIs that has been

found in the novel and classify it into Aixela’s categorization. This section is divided into 2

part according to 2 categories which are Proper Names and Common Expressions.

1) Proper Names

From the first category of Proper Names, there are three out of eight sub-categories has

found CSI words. There are found ten CSI words from these three sub-categories. These words

and phrases are put into Proper Names category because it suits the criteria of the sub-category

in Proper Names category.

NO SUB-CATEGORY WORD(S)

1 Part of a person’s name Will Granddad Lou Love

2 Groups & languages Dignitas Hailsburry Triathlon Terrors

3 Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand

names

Lorry Minivan Motorbike Taxi

Table 1. Proper Names

2) Common Expressions

From the second category of Common Expressions, there are five out of seven sub-

categories has found CSI words. There are found thirty-two CSI words from these five sub-

categories. These words and phrases are put into Common Expressions category because it

suits the criteria of the sub-category in Common Expressions category.

NO SUB-CATEGORY WORD(S)

1 Food & drinks

Casserole Salad Scotch eggs Ribena Brownies Muffins Mars bars Diet Coke Lucozade Tic Tac

2 Pursuits

Cricket Squash Concert Horse racing Lap dance Bungee jumping Backpacker Triathlon Windsurfing

3 Clothing items

Jumper Pullover Jeans Pyjama Tights Slacks

4 Employment terms

Telesales Home Energy Adviser Care assistant Personal trainer Specialist in wills and probate Magistrate

5 Housing terms Annexe

Table 2. Common Expressions

B. TRANSLATION STRATEGY USED

This is the second section of the discussion and it explains the translation strategies that

the translator used in translating the CSIs according to its category.

1) Proper Names

Sub-Category Source Language Target Language Strategy

Part of a person’s

name

There was no answer. ‘Will? Nathan?’ (pg.37)

Tidak ada jawaban. “Will? Nathan?” (pg.58)

Preservation

‘Which you? Lou? Treena?’ ‘Lou.’ (pg.13)

“Kau yang mana? Lou? Treena?” “Lou.” (pg.15)

Granddad was sitting in his chair by the kitchen window, studying a sudoku. (pg.13)

Granddad sedang duduk di dekat jendela dapur, mengamat-amati sebbuah Sudoku. (pg.16)

Table 3. Translation Strategy in Proper Names 1

In table above, the CSI words that are found is names of the characters which are

mentioned in the novel Me Before You. Translation strategy that the translator used is

preservation. Preservation is used because part of the names of the characters is very important

and cannot be translated, it holds a great significance in the novel.


Groups & languages

‘But Dignitas? It’s just wrong. (pg.105)

“Tapi Dignitas? Ini tidak benar. (pg.178)

Preservation

I had always thought the fortnightly meetings of the Hailsbury Triathlon Terrors must be a publican’s worst nightmare. (pg.56)

Sejak dulu aku menganggap pertemuan dua mingguan para anggota Hailsbury Triathlon Terrors merupakan mimpi buruk paling parah bagi para pemilik pub. (pg.93)


From the table above, there are two words that fall into a category of Proper Names and

sub-category of Group & languages. The first word ‘Dignitas’ is a Swiss self-determination,

autonomy and dignity group that advocates, educates and supports for improving care and

choice in life and at life’s end. In simpler definition, for people who are struggling with their

life, they can come there and make a choice to get help to live better or end their live. The

second word is Hailsburry Triathlon Terrors, it is Patrick’s community group that has an

interest to train and join triathlon in the novel. Translation strategy that the translator used is

preservation. For the word ‘Dignitas’, the translation used preservation because it is a well-

known group in the world, so it cannot be translated. For the other word, the translator used

preservation because it is a detail of Patrick’s community that sculpt and enhance Patrick’s

character in the novel and it cannot be translated.


Awards, vehicles,

vehicle models, brand

names

A bus roars past, followed by a lorry whose brakes squeal, deafening him to Rupert’s words. (pg.10)

Sebuah bus melaju lewat, disusul truk yang remnya mendecit-decit sehingga dia tidak bisa mendengar ucapan Rupert. (pg.11)

Globalization ‘No problem. You want me to call a taxi for you?’ (pg.10)

“Baik. Anda mau kupanggilkan taksi?” (pg. 10)

‘Motorbike accident. Not mine. I was an innocent pedestrian.’ (pg.85)

“Kecelakaan sepeda motor. Bukan sepeda motorku. Aku cuma pejalan kaki yang tidak bersalah.” (pg.142)

The thought of loading Will and his chair into the adapted minivan and carting him safely to and from the next town filled me with utter terror. (pg.70)

Membayangkan mesti memasukkan Will dan kursi rodanya ke minivan yang sudah dipermak itu, lalu mengantarnya pulang-pergi dengan selamat ke kota tetangga, membuatku ngeri setengah mati. (pg.117)

Preservation


In this sub-group, there are four different vehicles and it has different strategies to the

translation. From the table above, there are two translation strategies used to translate them.

For the word ‘lorry’, ‘motorbike’ and ‘taxi’ use the same translation strategy which is

globalization. The translator uses globalization because the result of the translation is a

neutral/general word, i.e. ‘lorry’ becomes ‘truk’; ‘motorbike’ becomes ‘sepeda motor’; ‘taxi’

becomes ‘taksi’. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, ‘lorry’ is a motortruck. In English,

different types of vehicles have different names, but in Bahasa Indonesia the people usually

use the general word for the name of the vehicle, e.g. different types of truck in Bahasa

Indonesia is called ‘truk’. For ‘minivan’, the translator uses preservation because in TL, this

vehicle is also called ‘minivan’ so there are no changes in the word.

2) Common Expressions


Food & drinks

‘I’ve made supper. I’m afraid it’s salad again.’ (pg.280)

“Aku sudah membuat makan malam. Sayangnya cuma salad lagi.” (pg.503)

Preservation

‘I went in for your bloody Scotch eggs! And there she was, wearing it! Bold as brass! And I don’t even like Scotch eggs!’ (pg.117)

“Aku masuk untuk mengambil Scotch egg sialanmu! Dan perempuan itu ada di sana, memakai T-shirt-mu! Tidak pakai malu-malu! Padahal aku sama sekali tidak suka Scotch egg!” (pg.200)

I thought briefly that I had preferred him when he worked in telesales and couldn’t pass a petrol station without stocking up on Mars Bars. (pg.59)

Selintas aku teringat bahwa aku lebih menyukainya sewaktu dia masih menjadi salesman telemarketing dan kalau lewat di depan pompa bensin dia selalu mampir untuk membeli cokelat. (pg.99) Globalization

He had a stomach ulcer from taking too many painkillers early on in his recovery, when he apparently popped them like Tic Tacs. (pg.97)

Dia mengalami tukak lambung karena terlalu banyak minum obat Pereda rasa sakit pada masa-masa awal pemulihan; rupanya waktu itu dia minum obat seperti makan permen saja. (pg.163)

Table 6. Translation Strategy in Common Expressions 1

In the table above, for the words ‘salad’ and ‘scotch eggs’, the translator uses

preservation as the translation strategy. For the other two, ‘Mars Bars’ and “Tic Tac” the

translator uses globalization. The translator uses preservation because the words has no

equivalent word in TL, so there are no changes in TL. For the last two words, the translator

uses globalization because ‘Mars’ and ‘Tic Tac’ is a brand of food that are not familiar in

Target Culture, so the translator translates it into a neutral/general word. By using

globalization, the meaning of the word is the same as in SL and it gives understanding for TL

readers, so it does not change the flow of the novel.


Pursuits

‘Well, he must miss it. You could even buy him a lap dance.’ (pg. 132)

“Lho, dia pasti sangat menginginkannya. Malah kau bisa membayar lap dance untuknya.” (pg.227) Preservation

It was the picture of him bungee jumping. (pg.60)

Isinya foto Will sedang ber-bungee jumping. (pg.101)

He was the kind of man you might see watching cricket in a Panama hat, …. (pg.49)

Dia jenis pria yang mungkin akan kaulihat menonton kriket dengan memakai topi Panama, …. (pg.80) Globalization

‘Our outing. We’re taking Nathan to see the horse racing.’ (pg.139)

“Untuk kita jalan-jalan. Kita akan mengajak Nathan menonton pacuan kuda.” (pg.239)


In the table above, the translator use preservation as its translation strategy to translate

‘lap dance’ and ‘bungee jumping’. The translator uses preservation because there is no

equivalent word in TL, so the translator keeps the word in SL. For the other words, ‘cricket’

and ‘horse racing’ the translator uses globalization as its translation strategy. The translator

uses globalization for the word ‘cricket’ because in TL this specific sport does not exist and

not familiar, so the translator decides to translate it into a neutral/general word. However, for

the phrase ‘horse racing’, even though the translator also uses globalization, the translated word

is the correct translation in TL and it is a general word.


Clothing items

I think they must have got in with Daddy’s plum pyjamas. (pg.14)

Ini pasti tercampur dengan piama ungu punya Daddy. (pg.17)

Globalization She was wearing white slacks and a medical-looking tunic and carried a coat and a folder under her arm. (pg.26)

Dia memakai celana panjang putih dan tunik seperti jas dokter, dan dia membawa mantel serta mengempit map. (pg.40)


In the table above, the translator uses globalization to translate ‘slacks’ and ‘pyjamas’.

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, ‘slacks’ is trousers for casual wear, in English

different trousers has different names, but in Bahasa Indonesia different types of trousers only

has one name which is “celana panjang”. Therefore, the translator uses general word to

translate it, so is ‘pyjama’.


Employment terms

‘So we’re really left with care assistant.’ (pg.21)

“Jadi, yang tersisa untuk kita hanya lowongan sebagai Asisten Perawat Pribadi.” (pg.30)

Globalization

I had been a magistrate for almost eleven years now. (pg.107)

Sekarang aku sudah hampir sebelas tahun menjadi hakim. (pg.181)

‘He’s a personal trainer.’ (pg.94)

“Dia pelatih pribadi.” (pg.158)

Michael Lawler, specialist in wills and probate, the same man who had spent an hour with Will. (pg.229)

Michael Lawler, spesialis surat wasiat dan surat pengesahan, orang yang sama dengan yang telah menghabiskan waktu satu jam bersama Will. (pg.408)


In the table above, the translator uses globalization as the translation strategy to

translate those word and phrases. The translator uses globalization because in TL, those words

are translated into the general / neutral word, so it gives a better understanding to the reader.


Housing terms

The annexe’s living room was deceptively large, and one wall consisted entirely of glass doors that looked out over open countryside. (pg.37)

Ruang duduk di bangunan tambahan ini kelihatannya luas, satu dindingnya sepenuhnya berupa pintu-pintu kaca yang memberikan pemandangan ke alam terbuka di luar sana. (pg.58)

Globalization


There is only one word that is included as a CSI word in this sub-category and it is

shown in the table above. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, “annexe” is a building

that is attached to or near a larger building and usually used as part of it. “Annexe” is a British

word, a more common word is ‘annex’, and has the same the meaning. The translator uses

globalization because the translator uses general/neutral word to translate it, though the

translated word is not common in Target Culture.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis in the Chapter 4 Discussion, the translator follows a certain

pattern on what translation strategies used to translate CSI words. For the words that are foreign

to the Target Culture such as a term has globally used e.g. salad, minivan and bungee jumping,

the translator use preservation as the translation strategy. Aside from preservation, the

translator use globalization as the translation strategy of the terms that exist in the Target

Culture and transform it into a general or neutral world in TL, so it does not change the flow

of the novel and gives the readers a better understanding of the novel e.g. horse racing, Mars

Bars, Tic Tac and professions of the characters. Therefore, in the analysis of translation strategy

of CSI in the Jojo Moyes’ Me Before You has found two main translation strategies that used

in the novel are preservation and globalization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis is presented to English Literature Program, Faculty of Language and Arts,

Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga as partial fulfillment of the requirement for strata

one degree. Therefore, the highest gratitude is being expressed to parties who have provided

support for the process of making this thesis project.

First of all, the deep gratitude goes first to Jesus Christ who gives His blessings, health,

abilities, opportunities, and guidance so this thesis can be accomplished.

The appreciation is also given to the thesis supervisor, Deta Maria Sri Darta, M.Hum,

who gave helps, patients, time, contributions, and guidance through the process. Also, thank

you to Wahyu Seno Aji, M.Hum, as the thesis reader, who gave suggestions and opinions on

this thesis.

This thesis is also dedicated to the beloved parents, Hariyanto Budi Raharjo and Henny

Naema Juliana Giri, and sister, Hanna Prillysca Chernovita, for their endless prayer, love, and

support all the time. Other people who would like to be expressed the sincere gratitude

particularly to:

1. Suzana Maria L.A.F, M.Hum., Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts,

Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga.

2. Erio Rahadian Pamungkas FanggidaE, M.Hum., Head of English Literature

Program, Faculty of Language and Arts, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana

Salatiga for the spirit and kind words especially by saying “I believe in you”.

3. All English Literature lecturers, who have shared knowledge and guidance for

the past four years.

4. Jeriany Ivana W., Liliani Dewi, Gevonny Dinda, Riryn Cherryl, Diva Zerlinda,

Christy Louis, and Eunice Parhusip. My beloved best friends who have shared

love, support and prayers throughout college until this thesis accomplished.

Hopefully, this thesis will be useful for all people who read it.

REFERENCES

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Akbari, M. "The Role of Culture in Translation in Journal of Academic and Applied Studies." (2013).

Blažytė, Diana, and Vilmantė Liubinienė. "Culture-specific items (CSI) and their translation strategies in Martin Lindstrom’s" Brand sense"." Kalbų studijos 29 (2016): 42-57.

Brasienė, Brigita. Literary translation of culture-specific items in Lithuanian translation of Orwell's “Down and Out in Paris and London”. Diss. Vytautas Magnus University, 2013.

Davies, Eirlys E. "A goblin or a dirty nose? The treatment of culture-specific references in translations of the Harry Potter books." The Translator 9.1 (2003): 65-100.

Goodenough, Ward Hunt. Cultural anthropology and linguistics. Bobbs-Merrill, 1957.

Guo, Hui. "A brief analysis of culture and translation." Theory and practice in language studies 2.2 (2012): 343.

Herianto, Nadia Ananda. A Translation Study of Cultural Specific Items in Diorama Texts in Fort Vredeburg Museum Yogyakarta: Qualitative Content Analysis. Diss. Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Kothari, Chakravanti Rajagopalachari. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International, 2004.

Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill, 2003.

Persson, Ulrika. "Culture-specific items: Translation procedures for a text about Australian and New Zealand children's literature." (2015).

Yousefi, Sarah. "Translation of Cultural Specific Items: A Case Study of Gulistan of Saadi." Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research 4.5 (2017): 62-75.

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CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN BAHASA INDONESIA TRANSLATION …