CultureCulture

Presentation by Alejandro Presentation by Alejandro SANCHEZSANCHEZ

For History & CultureFor History & CulturePatricia BOUPatricia BOU

CultureCulture

Culture is those deep, common, unstated Culture is those deep, common, unstated experiences which members of a given experiences which members of a given group share, which they communicate group share, which they communicate without knowing, and which form the without knowing, and which form the

backdrop against which all other events backdrop against which all other events are judged.are judged.

Edward T. Hall (1966)Edward T. Hall (1966)

What is culture?What is culture? Total way of Total way of

life, life, composed of composed of their learned their learned and shared and shared behaviour behaviour patterns, patterns, values, noms values, noms and material and material objectsobjects

Several conceptsSeveral concepts Co-culture (or sub-culture): a set of Co-culture (or sub-culture): a set of

shared cultural meanings held by a shared cultural meanings held by a system within a larger system. system within a larger system.

Cultural Artifacts: material objects Cultural Artifacts: material objects produced by a culture.produced by a culture.

Beliefs, Attitudes and ValuesBeliefs, Attitudes and Values Belief's are individual 's representation of Belief's are individual 's representation of

the outside world. Storage system for the the outside world. Storage system for the content of our past experiences.content of our past experiences.

Attitudes: emotional responses to Attitudes: emotional responses to objects, ideas and people. Both Beliefs objects, ideas and people. Both Beliefs and attitudes indicate behavioral and attitudes indicate behavioral intentions.intentions.

Values: what is right and what is wrong.Values: what is right and what is wrong.

CULTURAL BELIEF: When a belief is CULTURAL BELIEF: When a belief is shared by most members of a culture.shared by most members of a culture.

CULTURAL VALUE: are Judgements CULTURAL VALUE: are Judgements and are normatives:( norms are the and are normatives:( norms are the established behaviour patterns of for a established behaviour patterns of for a members of a social system)members of a social system)

CULTURAL ATTITUDES:Are attitudes CULTURAL ATTITUDES:Are attitudes based on cultural values.based on cultural values.

COLECTIVISTIC COLECTIVISTIC CULTURES: CULTURES: Where Where collective goals collective goals are valued over are valued over those of the those of the individual.individual.

Ex: Japanese Ex: Japanese CultureCulture

InterdependenceInterdependence

INDIVIDUALESTIC INDIVIDUALESTIC CULTURES CULTURES Wher Wher individual's goals individual's goals are valued over are valued over those of the those of the collective.collective.

Ex: Western Ex: Western society.society.

IndependenceIndependence

HIGH-CONTEXT HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURES CULTURES Cultures Cultures where context is where context is as important as as important as languagelanguage

Collectivistic Collectivistic societiesocietie

LOW-CONTEXT LOW-CONTEXT CULTURES CULTURES Cultures where Cultures where communication is communication is more independent more independent from the context from the context and, therefore and, therefore message must be message must be clear and explicit.clear and explicit.

Individualistic Individualistic societysociety

CULTURAL CLASH CULTURAL CLASH Conflict that occurs Conflict that occurs between two or more between two or more cultures when they cultures when they dissagree about a dissagree about a certain value.certain value.

CULTURAL CULTURAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES Intercultural Intercultural communication is the communication is the exchange of exchange of information between information between individuals who are individuals who are unlikely differentunlikely different

CULTURAL CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION Degree to which Degree to which individuals consider individuals consider themselves to be themselves to be representatives of a representatives of a particular culture.particular culture.

CULTURAL CULTURAL MARKERS MARKERS

LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL CULTURAL IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication As the degree As the degree

of intercultual of intercultual differences differences betwee any betwee any two or more two or more peope peope becomes wider becomes wider communicatiocommunication is less likely n is less likely to occur, and to occur, and information information exchange is exchange is likely to be likely to be less effective. less effective. It’s necessary It’s necessary to overcome to overcome Cultural Cultural DifferencesDifferences