7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 1/15

Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

 

I. Identity

a. Biological Features

b. Images Gallery

II. Profile

a. Historical Background

b. Main Producer Countries

c. Habitat And Biology

III. Production

a. Production Cycle

b. Production Systems

c. Diseases And Control Measures

IV. Statistics

a. Production Statistics

b. Market And Trade

V. Status And Trends

VI. Main Issues

a. es!onsible A"uaculture Practices

VII. eferences

a. elated #inks

Identity

Penaeus vannamei   Boone$ %&'% (Penaeidae)FA* +ames, -n . /0iteleg s0rim!$ Fr . Cre1ette !attes blanc0es$ -s . Camar2n !atiblanco

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 2/15

View SIDP Species fact sheet

Biological features

Rostr! !oderate"y "on# with $%1& dorsa" and '% entra" teeth. In !atre !a"es petas!asy!!etrica" and se!i%open. Sper!atophores co!p"e*, consistin# of sper! !ass encaps"ated bysheath. +atre fe!a"e has open the"yc!. Si* nap"ii, three protooea", and three !ysis sta#es.-o"oration nor!a""y trans"cent white, bt can chan#e dependin# on sbstrat!, feed and watertrbidity. +a*i!! sie '3 c!, with !a*i!! - of 9 c!. /e!a"es co!!on"y faster #rowin# and"ar#er than !a"es.

Images gallery

Female broodstock (Photo: Briggs, M.)Maturation tanks in Latin America (Photo: Briggs,

M.)

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 3/15

Etensive !onds (Photo: Briggs, M.) "arvesting (Photo: Briggs, M.)

Profi"eHistorical background

0he first spawnin# of this species was achieed in /"orida in 19$3 fro! nap"ii spawned and shippedfro! a wi"d%ca#ht !ated fe!a"e fro! Pana!a. /o""owin# #ood pond res"ts and the discoery ofni"atera" ab"ation (and adeate ntrition) to pro!ote !atration in Pana!a in 19$2, co!!ercia"c"tre of Penaeus vannamei be#an in Soth and -entra" !erica. Sbseent dee"op!ent ofintensie breedin# and rearin# technies "ed to its c"tre in 4awaii, !ain"and 5nited States of!erica, and !ch of -entra" and Soth !erica by the ear"y 196&s. /ro! this ti!e, the co!!ercia"c"tre of this species in atin !erica showed a rapid"y increasin# trend (with pea7s eery 38 yearsdrin# the war!, wet e" ni:o years), pnctated by dec"ines co%incident with disease otbrea7sdrin# the co"d "a ni:a years. Despite these prob"e!s, prodction of P. vannamei fro! the !ericashas been increasin# 8 after dec"inin# fro! its ear"ier pea7 prodction of 193 &&& tonnes in 1996 to

13 &&& tonnes in '&&& it had #rown to oer '$& &&& tonnes by '&&. sia has seen a pheno!ena"increase in the prodction of P. vannamei . "tho#h no prodction was reported to /; in 1999, it wasnear"y 1 112 &&& tonnes by '&& and had oerta7en the prodction of P. monodon in -hina, 0aiwanProince of -hina and 0hai"and, de to a n!ber of faorab"e factors. 4oweer, de to fears oeri!portation of e*otic diseases, !any sian contries hae been re"ctant to pro!ote far!in# of P.vannamei , so that its c"tre re!ains officia""y confined to e*peri!enta" testin# on"y in -a!bodia,India, +a"aysia, +yan!ar and the Phi"ippines. 0hai"and and Indonesia both free"y per!it itsco!!ercia" c"tre bt hae officia" restrictions, so that on"y SP/<SPR broodstoc7 !ay be i!ported.Si!i"ar"y, !ost atin !erican contries hae strict arantine "aws or bans to preent i!portation ofe*otic patho#ens with new stoc7s.

Main !roducer countries

0he !ain prodcer contries of Penaeus vannamei  are shown in the !ap, whi"e the who"e "ist inc"de=

-hina, 0hai"and, Indonesia, Brai", >cador, +e*ico, Venee"a, 4ondras, ?ate!a"a, @icara#a,Be"ie, Viet @a!, +a"aysia, 0awian P.-., Pacific Is"ands, Per, -o"o!bia, -osta Rica, Pana!a, >"Sa"ador, the 5nited States of !erica, India, Phi"ippines, -a!bodia, Srina!e, Saint Aitts, a!aica,-ba, Do!inican Repb"ic, Baha!as.

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 4/15

Main !roducer countries o# Penaeus vannamei (FA$ Fisher% &tatistics, ')

Habitat and biology

0he white"e# shri!p is natie to the >astern Pacific coast fro! Sonora, +e*ico in the @orth, thro#h-entra" and Soth !erica as far Soth as 0!bes in Per, in areas where water te!peratres arenor!a""y C'& - thro#hot the year. Penaeus vannamei "ie in tropica" !arine habitats. d"ts "ieand spawn in the open ocean, whi"e post"arae !i#rate inshore to spend their Eeni"e, ado"escent andsb%ad"t sta#es in coasta" estaries, "a#oons or !an#roe areas. +a"es beco!e !atre fro! '& #and fe!a"es fro! '6 # onwards at the a#e of 28$ !onths. P. vannamei wei#hin# 3&8F # wi"" spawn1&& &&&8'F& &&& e##s of appro*i!ate"y &.'' !! in dia!eter. 4atchin# occrs abot 12 hors afterspawnin# and ferti"iation. 0he first sta#e "arae, ter!ed nap"ii, swi! inter!ittent"y and arepositie"y phototactic. @ap"ii do not feed, bt "ie on their yo"7 reseres. 0he ne*t "ara" sta#es(protooea, !ysis and ear"y post"arae respectie"y) re!ain p"an7tonic for so!e ti!e, eat

phytop"an7ton and oop"an7ton, and are carried towards the shore by tida" crrents. 0he post"arae(P) chan#e their p"an7tonic habit abot F days after !o"tin# into P, !oe inshore and be#infeedin# on benthic detrits, wor!s, bia"es and crstaceans.

ProdctionProduction cycle

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 5/15

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 6/15

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 7/15

sper%intensie, te!peratre%contro""ed, #reenhose%enc"osed, concrete or "ined raceways hae #ien#ood res"ts in the 5nited States of !erica.

;n#rowin# technies

;n#rowin# technies can be sb%diided into for !ain cate#ories= e*tensie, se!i%intensie,intensie and sper%intensie, which represent "ow, !edi!, hi#h and e*tre!e"y hi#h stoc7in#densities respectie"y.

Etensive

-o!!on"y fond in atin !erican contries, e*tensie #row%ot of P. vannamei  is condcted in tida"areas where !ini!a" or no water p!pin# or aeration is proided. Ponds are of irre#"ar shape,sa""y F81& ha (p to 3& ha) and &.$81.' ! deep. ;ri#ina""y, wi"d seeds enterin# the pond tida""ythro#h the #ate, or prchased fro! co""ectors were sed since the 196&s hatchery reared P arestoc7ed at 81&<!J. Shri!p feed !ain"y on natra" foods enhanced by ferti"iation, and once%dai"yfeedin# with "ow protein for!"ated diets. Despite "ow stoc7in# densities, s!a"" shri!p of 1181' # areharested in 8F !onths. 0he yie"d in these e*tensie syste!s, is 1F&8F&& 7#<ha<crop, with 18'crops per year.

&emi*intensive

Se!i%intensie ponds (18F ha) are stoc7ed with hatchery%prodced seeds at 1&83& P<!J schsyste!s are co!!on in atin !erica. Re#"ar water e*chan#e is by p!pin#, pond depth is 1.&81.'! and aeration is at best !ini!a". 0he shri!p feed on natra" foods enhanced by pond ferti"iation,spp"e!ented by for!"ated diets '83 ti!es dai"y. Prodction yie"ds in se!i%intensie ponds ran#efro! F&&8' &&& 7#<ha<crop, with ' crops per year.

+ntensive

Intensie far!s are co!!on"y "ocated in non%tida" areas where ponds can be co!p"ete"y drained,dried and prepared before each stoc7in#, and are increasin#"y bein# "ocated far fro! the sea incheaper, "ow sa"inity areas. 0his c"tre syste! is co!!on in sia and in so!e atin !erican far!sthat are tryin# to increase prodctiity. Ponds are often earthen, bt "iners are a"so sed to redceerosion and enhance water a"ity. Ponds are #enera""y s!a"" (&.181.& ha) and sare or rond. Gaterdepth is sa""y C1.F !. Stoc7in# densities ran#e fro! 2&83&& P<!J. 4eay aeration at 1 4P<&&82&& 7# of harested shri!p is necessary for water circ"ation and o*y#enation. /eedin# with artificia"diets is carried ot 8F ti!es per day. /-Rs are 1.81.6=1.

Since the otbrea7 of ira" syndro!es, the se of do!esticated disease free (SP/) and resistant (SPR)stoc7s, i!p"e!entation of biosecrity !easres and redced water e*chan#e syste!s hae beco!eco!!onp"ace. 4oweer, feed, water e*chan#e<a"ity, aeration and phytop"an7ton b"oo!s reirecaref""y !onitorin# and !ana#e!ent. Prodction yie"ds of $8'& &&& 7#<ha<crop, with '83 crops peryear can be achieed, p to a !a*i!! of 3&83F &&& 7#<ha<crop.

In the bacteria" f"oc syste!, the ponds (&.&$81.2 ha) are !ana#ed as hi#h"y aerated, recirc"atin#,heterotrophic bacteria" syste!s. ow protein feeds are fed '8F ti!es per day, in an effort to increasethe -=@ ratio to C1&=1 and diert added ntrients tho#h bacteria" rather than a"#a" pathways.Stoc7in# at 6&812& P<!J, the ponds beco!e heterotrophic and f"ocs of bacteria are for!ed, which

are cons!ed by the shri!p, redcin# dependence on hi#h protein feeds and /-R and increasin# costefficiency. Sch syste!s hae rea"ied prodctions of 68F& &&& 7#<ha<crop in Be"ie and Indonesia.

&u!er*intensive

Recent research condcted in the 5nited States of !erica has focsed on #rowin# P. vannamei insper%intensie raceway syste!s enc"osed in #reenhoses, sin# no water e*chan#e (on"y therep"ace!ent of eaporation "osses) or dischar#e, stoc7ed with SP/ P. 0hey are ths biosecre, eco%friend"y, hae a s!a"" eco"o#ica" footprint and can prodce cost%efficient, hi#h a"ity shri!p. Stoc7in#'6' !J raceways with 3&&8F& &.F8' # Eeni"es<!J and on#rowin# for 38F !onths has rea"ied

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 8/15

prodction of '6 &&&826 &&& 7#<ha<crop at #rowth rates of 1.F #<wee7, sria"s of FF891 percent,!ean wei#ht of 128'2 # and /-Rs of 1.F8'.2=1.

/eed spp"y

P. vannamei  are ery efficient at ti"iin# the natra" prodctiity of shri!p ponds, een nderintensie c"tre conditions. dditiona""y, feed costs are #enera""y "ess for P. vannamei  than the !orecarnioros P. monodon, de to their "ower reire!ent for protein (1683F percent co!pared to 328' percent), especia""y where bacteria" f"oc syste!s are sed. /eed prices for P. vannamei ran#e fro!5SD &.2<7# in atin !erica and 0hai"and to 5SD &.$81.1<7# e"sewhere arond sia /-Rs of 1.'81.6=1 are #enera""y obtained.

4arestin# technies

>*tensie and se!i%intensie ponds are harested by drainin# the pond at "ow tide thro#h a ba# netinsta""ed in the ot"et s"ice #ate. If the tide does not a""ow harestin#, the water can be p!ped ot.In so!e "ar#er far!s, harestin# !achines p!p shri!p and water p to the pond ban7 where theyare dewatered. Intensie ponds !ay be harested si!i"ar"y and s!a"" '82 !an seine nets are dra##edarond the pond to corra" shri!p to the side of the pond fro! where they are re!oed by cast or dipnet or perforated bc7ets.

Partia" harestin# is co!!on in sian intensie c"tre after the first 3 !onths. In 0hai"and, artificia"

s"ice #ates are te!porari"y insta""ed inside one corner of the pond to harest c"osed syste! ponds.Shri!p are then trapped in nets attached to this te!porary #ate when the pond is p!ped ot.

In sper%intensie syste!s, the shri!p are si!p"y harested with "ar#e scoop nets when reired forprocessin#.

4and"in# and processin#

If shri!p are so"d direct"y to processin# p"ants, specia"ied tea!s for harestin# and hand"in# areco!!on"y sed to !aintain shri!p a"ity. fter sortin#, shri!p are washed, wei#hed andi!!ediate"y 7i""ed in iced water at &8 -. ;ften sodi! !etabis"phate is added to the chi""ed waterto preent !e"anosis and red%head. Shri!p are then 7ept in ice in ins"ated containers andtransported by trc7 either to processin# p"ants or do!estic shri!p !ar7ets. In processin# p"ants,shri!p are p"aced in iced bins and c"eaned and sorted accordin# to standard e*port sies. Shri!p areprocessed, ic7"y froen at %1& - and stored at %'& - for e*port by ship or air car#o. De to an

increasin# de!and, no ta*es and hi#her profit !ar#ins, !any processin# p"ants operate a"e%addedprodct "ines.

Prodctioncosts

Prodction costs ary dependin# on !any factors. ;perationa" costs for seed prodction aera#es 5SD&.F81.&<1 &&& P, whi"st sa"es prices ary fro! 5SD &.<1 &&& P681& in -hina and 5SD 1.&81.'<1&&& P1' in >cador to 5SD 1.F 3.&<1 &&& P1' arond sia. ower feed costs and hi#her intensity"ee"s res"t in !ean prodction costs for on#rowin# of appro*i!ate"y 5SD '.F83.&<7# for P.vannamei , co!pared to 5SD 3.&8.&<7# for !ore e*tensie P. monodon c"tre.

Diseases and control measures

0he !aEor disease prob"e!s sffered by P. vannamei  are shown in the tab"e be"ow. 0he aai"abi"ity ofSP/ and SPR broodstoc7 proide a !eans of aoidin# these diseases, a"tho#h biosecrity procedresare a"so i!portant, inc"din#=

• 0horo#h dryin#<scrapin# of pond botto!s between cyc"es.

• Redcin# water e*chan#e and fine screenin# of any in"et water.

• 5se of bird nettin# or scarers.

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 9/15

• Pttin# barriers arond ponds.

• Sanitary procedres.

;nce irses do enter the ponds, there are no che!ica"s or dr#s aai"ab"e to treat the infections, bt#ood !ana#e!ent of pond, water, feed and the hea"th stats of stoc7s can redce their ir"ence.

In some cases antibiotics and ot0er !0armaceuticals 0a1e been used in treatment but t0eirinclusion in t0is table does not im!ly an FA* recommendation3

DIS-AS- AG-+T T4P- S4+D*M- M-AS5-S

Ghite spot (GSD)a"so 7nown asGSBV or GSSV

Part of the whitespot syndro!ebac"oirs co!p"e*(recent"y rena!edin a new fa!i"y as ani!airs)

Virs

cte"y infected shri!pshow redced foodcons!ption "ethar#yhi#h !orta"ity of 1&&Kwithin 381& days of onsetof c"inica" si#ns "oose

ctic"es with white spots of &.F8'.& !! dia!eter,!ost apparent inside thecarapace !oribndshri!p often hae pin7 toreddish%brown co"orationde to e*pansion ofctic"ar chro!atophoresL few if any white spots

5se SP/ broodstoc7wash L disinfecte##s<nap"ii with iodine,for!a"in screenbroodstoc7, nap"ii, P Lpond sta#es aoid rapidchan#es in water a"ity!aintain waterte!peratre C3& -aoid stress aoid seof fresh feeds sch astrash fish !ini!iewater e*chan#e topreent entry of irscarriers treat infectedponds L hatcheries with3& pp! ch"orine to 7i""infected shri!p Lcarriers disinfectassociated eip!ent

0ara Syndro!e(0S) a"so 7nownas 0ara syndro!eVirs (0SV) or redtai" disease

Sin#"e%strandedR@ irs(Picornairidae)

Virs

;ccrs drin# sin#"e !o"tin Eeni"e shri!p

be#innin# F8'& days afterstoc7in#, or has a chroniccorse oer seera"!onths wea7ness, softshe"", e!pty #t L diffsee*pansion of redchro!atophores inappenda#es !orta"ityaries F89FK sriors!ay hae b"ac7 "esions, Lre!ain carriers for "ife

5se SP/ L SPR

broodstoc7 wash Ldisinfect e##s L nap"iic"ean L disinfectconta!inated ehic"es Leip!ent scare awaybirds (ectors) destroya"" stoc7 L thoro#h"ydisinfect infectedfaci"ities

Infectios

4ypoder!a" L4ae!atopoieticnecrosis (I44@V),casin# RntDefor!itySyndro!e (RDS)

Syste!ic paroirs Virs

ow !orta"ity forresistantP. vannamei howeer, redced feedin#,

#rowth L feed efficiencyctic"ar defor!ities (bentrostr! 8 RDS) occrs inM3&K of infectedpop"ations, increasin#ariance of fina" harestwei#ht L redcin# !ar7eta"e

5se SP/ broodstoc7

wash L disinfect e##s Lnap"ii if infected,c"tre faci"ity !st beco!p"ete"y L erycaref""y disinfected toaoid re%introdction

Bac"oira" +id#t?"and @ecrosis

@on%occ"dedenteric bac"oirs

Virs Infects "ara" L ear"y Psta#es, casin# hi#h

Separate e##s fro!faeces, wash e##s L

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 10/15

(B+@) a"so 7nownas !id#t #"andc"ody disease,white trbid "ierdisease, L whitetrbidity disease

!orta"ity white trbidityof hepatopancreas casedby necrosis of tb"eepithe"i! "arae f"oatinactie"y on srface "atersta#es show resistancepositie broodstoc7 are

sorce of infection

nap"ii with rnnin#c"ean seawater Ldisinfect with iodine L<orfor!a"in disinfectinfected c"tre faci"ity toaoid re%introdction

Vibriosis

ibrio spp.,

partic"ar"y .harve%i L . !arahaemol%ticus

Bacteria

+ay case ariosi!portant syndro!es,sch as "!inescence Lthe so%ca""ed oea%' Lbo"itas syndro!es

In hatchery seen as"!inescence in water L<orshri!p body disrption of#t fo"in# of bodyredced feedin# L hi#h!orta"ity

In ponds, hi#h "ee"s ofibrios are associated withred disco"oration of shri!p(especia""y tai"s) L interna"L e*terna" necrosis "owfeedin# L chronic!orta"ity often asecondary infectionres"tin# fro! pooreniron!enta"!ana#e!ent wea7ensshri!p which beco!essceptib"e to ira"

infections

-aref" syste!!ana#e!ent

In hatcheries, disinfectfaci"ities, eip!ent,water L wor7ers sebacteria%free "ie feedscoer c"tre tan7s withp"astic sheet to preenttransfer

In ponds, preent byproper preparationb"oo! contro" #oodwater L feed!ana#e!ent contro"stoc7in# density Laeration to !aintainopti!a" eniron!enta"conditions thro#hotc"tre cyc"e

Su!!liers of !at0ology e6!ertise

ssistance can be proided fro! the fo""owin# sorces=

Prof3 #ig0tner$ D3ac"tre Patho"o#y SectionDepart!ent of Veterinary Science5niersity of rionaBi"din# 9&, Roo! '&'0cson,

N6F$'1,5nited States of AmericaTele!0one, (O1) F'& 2'161Fa6, (O1) F'& 2'1699

Prof3 C0en$ S3+3Depart!ent of Noo"o#yDirector, Institte of /ishery Bio"o#y

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 11/15

@ationa" 0aiwan 5niersity@o. 1 Roosee"t Road, Section .0aipei, 0aiwan1&$2,Tai7an$ Pro1ince of C0inaTele!0one, (O662) ' 326$1&1Fa6, (O662) ' 326$1''

Prof3 Flegel$ T3-ente* Shri!p, -ha"ern Pra7iat Bi"din#/ac"ty of Science+ahido" 5niersityRa!a 2 RoadBan#7o7,1&&&,T0ailandTele!0one, Persona" (O22) ' '&1F6$2Mobile P0one 89::; % <='>?''*ffice 89::; @ @=%>?.= or .% or .@Fa6, (O22) ' '&1F6$3

Dr3 /alker$ P3ssociate Professor and Principa" Research Scientist-SIR; iestoc7 IndstriesP+B 3 Indooroopi""yeens"and&26,AustraliaTele!0one, (O21) $ 3'13$F6Fa6, (O21) $ 3'1'$16

Statistics Production statistics

 

/; statistics show that the tota" far!ed prodction of P. vannamei increased steadi"y fro! 6 &&&tonnes in 196& to 19 &&& tonnes in 1996. fter a s!a"" dec"ine in 1999 and a !ore si#nificant dec"inein '&&& de to the arria" of GSSV in atin !erica, /; data show a rapid increase in prodction tooer 1 362 &&& tonnes in '&&, de to the recent rapid spread of this species to sia. +ain prodcercontries in '&& were= -hina ($&& &&& tonnes), 0hai"and (&& &&& tonnes), Indonesia (3&& &&&tonnes) and Vietna! (F& &&& tonnes).

Market and trade

Products

/roen head%on, head%off, and pee"ed shri!p were for!er"y the !aEor prodcts for e*port to the !ain#"oba" !ar7ets of 5nited States of !erica, >ropean 5nion and apan. 0he trend now is for theprocessin# of a"e%added prodcts. 0his is de to the "ac7 of anti%d!pin# tariffs for processedprodcts to the 5nited States of !erica !ar7et, fewer peop"e eatin# ot and the desire for ready%to%coo7 or ready%to%eat prodcts for ho!e dinin#.

Prices and market statistics

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 12/15

0he !aEor !ar7et for shri!p is the 5nited States of !erica, which was e*pected to i!portappro*i!ate"y $$ &&& tonnes worth 5SD 3.1 bi""ion in '&&F, 1.6 ti!es !ore than the '2 &&& tonnesi!ported in '&&&. 0he 5nited States of !erica was traditiona""y spp"ied with s!a"" froen orprocessed head"ess shri!p fro! atin !erica. +ore recent"y, the 5nited States of !erica has "oo7edto sia to spp"y its increasin# de!and (1.9 7#<capita in '&&). +aEor spp"iers to the 5nited Statesof !erica in '&&F were 0hai"and, >cador, India, -hina and Viet @a!. 4oweer, the rapid"yincreasin# prodction of P. vannamei has "ed to serios price depression in the internationa" !ar7ets.

Si!i"ar"y, far! #ate a"e for 1F8'& # sie white"e# shri!p has steadi"y decreased fro! 5SD F<7# in'&&& to abot 5SD 3.&83.F<7# in '&&F.

0he ne*t !ost i!portant !ar7et is the >ropean 5nion (i!portin# 163 &&& tonnes in the first ha"f of'&&F), which faors s!a"" (31<& cont), who"e, froen shri!p. apan, whose !ar7et !ain"y reires"ar#e head"ess (12<'& cont) shri!p, is typica""y spp"ied by P. monodon fro! "ar#e e*tensie sianfar!s.

Market regulations

Standards for sanitation and the se of dr#s and che!ica"s, and co!!on food safety re#"ations forseafood (partic"ar"y shri!p) are a"ready hi#h in a"" !aEor i!portin# contries. 4oweer, the >ropean5nion !ar7et has !ore strict re#"ations (ero to"erance) on resides of che!ica"s and antibiotics, aswe"" as the ?enera"ied Syste! of Preference (?SP) on i!port ta*. 0he 5nited States of !erica

!ar7et enforces !ore strict"y on a sanitary standard sch as 4--P or Sensory ssess!ent, bt hasa"so insti#ated strict contro"s oer banned antibiotics in shri!p. /ro! ne '&&F, the fina" antid!pin#tariffs on c"tred shri!p i!ported into the 5nited States of !erica fro! 2 !ain shri!p prodcin#contries were fina"ied and set (for the #enera" rate) at appro*i!ate"y 113 percent for -hina, '2percent for Viet @a!, 1& percent for India, $ percent for Brai", 2 percent for 0hai"and, and percentfor >cador. +e*ico and Indonesia escaped these tariffs.

Stats and trends-esearch

0he fo""owin# are so!e of the hi#hest priority areas for research into P. vannamei  c"tre=

• -ontined dee"op!ent of SPR "ines of P. vannamei  for irses inc"din# 0SV, GSSV, I44@V,

B+@V and I+@V.

• Dee"op!ent of faster #rowin# "ines of SP/<SPR stoc7s.

• -ontined dee"op!ent of biosecre, hi#h density and "ow sa"inity c"tre syste!s.

• Vaccination and other effectie treat!ents for shri!p irses.

• Rep"ace!ent of non%eco friend"y and cost"y !arine !ea"s in shri!p feeds.

• >fficient water treat!ent and !ana#e!ent syste!s for c"osed c"tre syste!s.

• 0echnies for redcin# bacteria" "oads in shri!p c"tre syste!s.

• >ffectie disinfection procedres for e##s, nap"ii and P in hatcheries.

• >ffectie rep"ace!ents (i.e. probiotics and i!!nosti!"ants) for antibiotics.

evelo!ment 

Ghi"e the e*pansion of P. vannamei  c"tre has been rapid in recent years, partic"ar"y in sia, it has

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 13/15

"ed to redced a"e of harested shri!p. 0his trend is e*pected to contine. 5nder schcirc!stances, the "ess efficient prodcers !ay not be ab"e to co!pete with those capab"e ofprodcin# either !ore eco%friend"y or cheaper prodcts. Recent wor"dwide trends hae been towardsthe inte#ration of the indstry, in response to the eer increasin# reire!ent for traceabi"ity andcontro" within the c"tre syste!.

Market 

0here has been a s"ow"y increasin# de!and for shri!p in wor"d !ar7ets, as captre fisheries sta#nateand peop"e beca!e !ore aff"ent and conscios of hea"thy food choices. Despite the increasedde!and, the price for P. vannamei  has been dec"inin# steadi"y. In the ftre, the !ar7et for P.vannamei  is e*pected to beco!e !ore co!petitie, de !ain"y to the satration of e*port !ar7etsand redction in wor"d econo!ic #rowth, as we"" as the e!er#ence of non%tariff barriers in shri!ptrade. dditiona""y, the indstry wi"" need to acco!!odate i!portin# contries reire!ents on=

• -he!ica" resides.

• /ood safety.

• -ertification.

• 0raceabi"ity.

• >co%"abe""in#.

• >niron!enta" sstainabi"ity.

-ecommendations

"" shri!p far!ers are beco!in# acte"y aware of the #rowin# need to far! shri!p in a responsib"e,traceab"e and "ow i!pact !anner which can enhance biosecrity, and he"p protect the eniron!ent,whi"st prodcin# shri!p in a cost efficient !anner. 0he new"y dee"oped intensie bacteria" f"oc and

sper%intensie syste!s !ay hae potentia" to address a"" of these concerns and sho"d beinesti#ated !ore thoro#h"y. In order to contine the #rowth of shri!p far!in# s!ooth"y in the "on#ter!, do!estic cons!ption sho"d be pro!oted (as in -hina) to spp"e!ent the prob"e!atic e*port!ar7ets.

+ain isses0he recent e*pansion of shri!p c"tre has #enerated !any pb"ic debates oer its effects on theeniron!ent and its sstainabi"ity, sch as the perceied=

• 5se of protectie !an#roe ecosyste!s for pond constrction.

• S"ash and brn sty"e se of ponds for a few years, before !oin# to new areas.

• Sa"iniation of #rondwater and a#ric"tra" "and.

• Po""tion of coasta" waters by pond eff"ents.

• ;erse of !arine !ea"s "eadin# to inefficient se of ita" protein sorces and disrption of

!arine ecosyste!s.

• Biodiersity isses arisin# fro! co""ection of wi"d seed and broodstoc7 and introdction of non%

natie species and their attendant patho#ens.

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 14/15

• Socia" conf"icts with other resorce sers.

• /ar! dischar#es, casin# se"f%po""tion in shri!p #rowin# areas.

?oern!ents and the shri!p indstry are tryin# to !iti#ate the aboe i!pacts. 0he new intensiesyste!s do not reire the se of tida" !an#roe areas and !an#roes hae been rep"anted. -"tre

techno"o#y in in"and areas has been i!proed sin# !ini!a" seawater and c"osed, "ined syste!s topreent sa"iniation. -"osed syste!s sin# no new water and no dischar#e, to#ether with better!ana#e!ent practices, are bein# app"ied to preent the po""tion of coasta" waters. ;erfishin# of wi"dseeds and broodstoc7 has been reso"ed thro#h the se of do!esticated stoc7s of P. vannamei ./ish!ea" se has been redced thro#h the transfer to the c"tre of P. vannamei , which is !orecapab"e of ti"iin# "ow protein feeds than P. monodon. Socia" conf"icts re!ain, bt the shri!p c"treindstry e!p"oys thosands of rra" peop"e, who wo"d be far worse off withot it. 0he adoption of!ore eco%friend"y shri!p c"tre practices sho"d frther redce sch conf"icts.

es!onsible a"uaculture !ractices

De to rapid e*pansion and increasin# awareness of the ne#atie i!pacts of shri!p far!in# practiceson the eniron!ent and its own prodction, !any shri!p prodcin# contries are !a7in# sincereefforts to co!p"y with the concept of responsib"e aac"tre as detai"ed in rtic"e 9 of the /; -odeof -ondct for Responsib"e /isheries (--R/). 0he for!"ation and adoption of B+Ps (or ?ood

ac"tre Practices 8 ?P) is #ainin# prea"ence to enhance biosecrity, increase cost efficiency,redce che!ica" resides and increase traceabi"ity. ;r#anic certification for shri!p far!in# is bein#serios"y considered. 4--P and IS; standards, a"ready sed in processin#<feed p"ants, are bein#adopted in far!s and hatcheries. /; and other or#aniations hae dee"oped a syste! of #ide"inesand B+Ps to he"p shri!p prodcin# contries co!p"y with the arios aspects of the --R/ (/; et.al ,'&&2).

ReferencesBibliogra!0y

Boyd, -.>. L -"ay, .G. '&&'. >a"ation of Be"ie ac"tre td= sperintensie shri!paac"tre syste!. Report prepared nder the Gor"d Ban7, @-, GG/ and /; -onsorti!Pro#ra! on Shri!p /ar!in# and the >niron!ent. Pb"ished by the -onsorti! and obtainab"e

thro#h @-, Ban#7o7, 0hai"and. 1$ pp.Bri##s, +., /n#e%S!ith, S., Sbasin#he, R. L Phi""ips, +. '&&. Introdctions and !oe!ent ofPenaes anna!ei and Penaes sty"irostris in sia and the Pacific. /; Re#iona" ;ffice for sia and the

Pacific. RP Pb"ication '&&<1&=181'.Browdy, -.., +oss, S.+., ot, .+., Geirich, -.R., ;toshi, -.., ;#"e, .0., +acabee, B..,+ont#o!eries, .D. L +atsda, >.+. '&&3. Recent 5S+S/P adances in the dee"op!ent of biosecreeniron!enta""y sond sperintensie shri!p prodction syste!s. p. 3F In= bstracts of ac"tre!erica '&&3. Gor"d ac"tre Society, Baton Ro#e, oisiana, 5S.

/;. 199F. -ode of -ondct for Responsib"e /isheries. /;, Ro!e, Ita"y. 1 pp.+acabee, B.., Brce, .G., Geirich, -.R., Sto7es, .D. L Browdy, -.. '&&3. 5se of sper%intensie#reenhose%enc"osed raceway syste!s for the prodction of Eeni"e itopenaes anna!ei. p. 129In= bstracts of ac"tre !erica '&&3. Gor"d ac"tre Society, Baton Ro#e, oisiana, 5S.Par7er, .-., -onte, /.S., +ac?rath, G.S. L +i""er, B.G. 19$. n intensie c"tre syste! for penaeidshri!p. Proceedin#s of the Gor"d +aric"tre Society, F=2F8$9.

PQre /arfante, I. 1929. Gestern t"antic shri!ps of the #ens Penaes. /ishery B""etin, 2$(3)= 218F91.PQre /arfante, I. L Aens"ey, B. 199$. Penaeoid and ser#estoid shri!ps and prawns of the wor"d. Aeysand dia#noses for the fa!i"ies and #enera. +e!oires d +se! @ationa" d4istorie @atre""e, Paris,/rance. '33 ppSa!ocha, 0.+., awrence, .., -o""ins, -.., -asti""e, /.., Bray, G.., Daies, -.., ee, P.?. L Good,?./. '&&. Prodction of the Pacific white shri!p, itopenaes anna!ei, in hi#h%density #reenhoseenc"osed raceways sin# "ow%sa"inity #rondwater.

7/25/2019 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cultured-aquatic-species-information-programme 15/15

0aw, @. '&&F. Indonesia Shri!p Prodction. Presented in the Indonesian shri!p far!ers session ofGor"d ac"tre '&&F, +ay 9813, '&&F, @sa Da, Ba"i, Indonesia. -haroen Po7phand, a7artaIndonesia. 16 pp.Gyban, .. L Sweeney, .@. 1991. Intensie shri!p prodction techno"o#y. 4i#h 4ea"th ac"tre,4awaii, 5S. 1F6 pp.