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30 th October 2008. CURRENT D&O MARKET CONDITIONS AND RENEWAL EXPECTATIONS FOR 2009 David Purdy. Topics to be discussed. D&O Insurance Market Conditions US Claim Statistics International Regulatory Cooperation Emerging Trends What to Expect at Renewal Concluding Comments. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CURRENT D&O MARKET CONDITIONS AND RENEWAL EXPECTATIONS FOR 2009David Purdy
30th October 2008
Page 230th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Topics to be discussed
D&O Insurance Market Conditions
US Claim Statistics
International Regulatory Cooperation
Emerging Trends
What to Expect at Renewal
Concluding Comments
Page 330th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
D&O Insurance Market Conditions
D&O Insurance Market Conditions
Page 430th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Introduction
The fast pace of globalisation in the corporate world inevitably brings challenges and risks to the directors and officers of international companies
– Gerard has presented an Underwriter’s overview of where he believes the D&O
market is heading
– Michiel has told us about the Ahold experience and the issues that they faced when claiming under their D&O policy.
– Hans has shown the growing trends and developments of D&O exposures in Europe
Should directors & officers be worried?
Page 530th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Current Market Conditions
Distinguish between Financial Institution D&O purchasers and Commercial Company D&O purchasers
Is it a Buyer’s Market?
Rates are down – For the moment!
D&O wordings are as broad as they have ever been
Capacity is at an all time high but not at any price
Page 630th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
The “Cyclical” Nature of the Directors & Officers Liability Market
Time
19961998
2001
2004 / 2005
Soft Market
• Cheap reinsurance• Increased capacity• Cheaper premiums
• Rates increase sharply• Reinsurance Capacity reduces• Coverage restricted
2003 / 2004 • Profits emerge• Reinsurance capacity returns• Rates begin to reduce
2002
2005 / 2006• Increased capacity• Increased competition
2006 / 2007• Fewer claims
2007 / 2008
• Continued competition
• higher claims frequency
2008/9
• Increased number of claims filed
• Premium increases for FI D&O renewals
• Commercial rates remain competitive
Page 730th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
D&O Insurance Market Conditions
Commercial D&O rates are continuing to fall but for how much longer?
The number of US claims against directors in 2008 is on the increase
The need for D&O coverage continues to be of importance
Policy wordings now offer seriously enhanced coverage
Significant global insurance capacity available – USD 1.5bn?
Still dominated by three or four major insurers
Worldwide
Page 830th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
D&O Insurance Market Conditions (cont)
Against this backdrop of good news for the directors of international companies, there lies most of the ingredients for the perfect D&O storm– Increased number of Securities Class Actions– Stock market volatility and economic uncertainty/
recession– Increased regulatory activity – Premiums falling and policy coverage broadening – Catastrophe Losses (the only thing missing at the
moment!)
Page 930th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
US Claims Statistics
Federal Filings for 2007 increased by 58% over the
previous year and this trend has continued for
2008
Page 1030th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
US Claims Statistics (cont)
Source: Nera Economic Consulting, July 2008
234
1
201
2
315
241
2
47
211
1227
236
1212
185
9
3
107
624
147
5939
65
3
49
22
139
0
100
200
300
400
500
Nu
mb
er o
f F
eder
al F
ilin
gs
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Federal Filings 2000 to 3rd July 2008
Standard Filings SEC Cases Options Backdating Cases Other Cases Subprime Cases Auction Rate Securities Projected
Page 1130th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
US Claims Statistics (cont)
Increased cost of defending actions with average
settlement values continuing to rise
Page 1230th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Average Settlement Value ($m) 1st January 1996 – July 2008
Source: Nera Economic Consulting, July 2008
$9 $9$12 $12
$45
$17
$22$24
$21
$76
$82
$31
$32
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Average Settlement Value ($m) All Cases
Average $17.1
Average $45.4
Page 1330th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
International Regulatory Cooperation
Much tougher stance taken by the Regulators with increased cooperation
between them
Page 1430th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
International Regulatory Cooperation (cont)
Cooperation between US and Foreign securities regulators is now expected and even budgeted for
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (Plan) 2007 (Actual)
Number of Requests to and by Foreign Regulators for Enforcement Assistance
Requests to Foreign Regulators Requests from Foreign Regulators
Source: SEC Performance and Accountability Report 2007
Page 1530th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
SEC Enforcement
SEC can compel testimony and documents on behalf of foreign securities enforcement authorities regardless whether the facts suggest a violation of US law
SEC may provide foreign securities regulators with access to its non-public investigative files
Bilateral MOU’s with more than 30 countries
SEC makes approximately 500 requests for foreign assistance each year and responds to as many from foreign regulators
SEC has recently stated global enforcement efforts will increase together with agreements to facilitate sharing of information between regulators across borders
Page 1630th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Emerging D&O Issues
Subprime
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Litigation Funding
Environmental/ Climate Change
Enhanced protection for Directors & Officers– Credit wrap– A Side DIC cover
Page 1730th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
What to Expect at Renewal?
Selected rate reductions on specific accounts with preferred risk profile
Policy Wordings will continue to reflect the broad cover that is generally available
Insurers will request confirmation about exposure to Sub-prime and other related issues
Consider whether or not local policies are required and review what insurers are offering
Page 1830th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Renewal Checklist
Start process early: work with broker to prepare optimal risk profile to present to markets
Check insurers on programme meet your security requirements
Investigate insurer downgrade options during the policy year
Meet insurers at least 2-3 months before renewal
Check cover applies to your needs (claims language, mid term reporting requirements, excess form language)
Review limit adequacy for your D&O’s and Balance Sheet
Page 1930th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Concluding Comments
Directors of international companies are operating in an ever more regulated and potentially litigious environment
D&O policies of the future will need to respond to several different legal environments
Directors of companies will also need to consider the increasing international cooperation between regulators
Whilst there has been an increase in claims activity and stock exchange volatility, it is expected that the soft market will continue into 2009/ 2010
Page 2030th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
QUESTIONS?David Purdy
FINEX
Tel +44 (0)20 3124 6328
Willis Limited, The Willis Building
51 Lime Street, London EC3M 7DQ
www.willis.com
Page 2130th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
APPENDIX 1:Litigation Funding
Page 2230th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Litigation Funding
Litigation Funding companies are commercial entities that contract with one or more potential litigants – The company pays the costs of the litigation and accepts the risk of paying the other party’s costs if the case fails. In return , if the case succeeds the company is paid a share of the proceeds anywhere from 25% - 50% ( according to IM Litigation Funding)
Whilst Litigation funding is not new, the involvement of hedge funds and professional litigation funders has raised concerns that this could fuel a boom in class actions.
Specialist firms acting as “brokers” are on the increase and seem to have no problem in sourcing the funds necessary to mount litigation
MKM Longboat, a hedge fund has diversified and created a pool to invest in litigation
In June 2007 there was a report by the Civil Justice Council welcoming the concept of funding so long as it is properly regulated . The key concerns being compulsory disclosure of funding details and lawyers independence from the funders – the debate on transparency and the need for controls continues
Page 2330th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
APPENDIX 2:Environmental/ Climate
Change
Page 2430th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Environmental/ Climate Change:Potential D&O Exposures
Global warming is an increasingly important topic for public debate
Directors seem to have evaded being in the sights of plaintiff lawyers, regulators and environmental activists on global warming issues
Public companies should all be evaluating whether climate change is reasonably likely to have a material impact on future earnings
Whilst it is highly unlikely that third party claims, relating to climate change, against directors will succeed. There have however, been several significant third party claims against companies e.g. American Electric Power ( USD 4.6bn)
Shareholders of companies, who have suffered losses, are a more likely source of claims in the form of derivative claims against directors for breach of fiduciary duty to the company with respect to climate issues
Page 2530th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Environmental / Climate Change:Potential D & O Exposures
Regulators could also be a source of potential claims against directors. In Sept 2007 a petition was filed with the SEC for “Interpretive Guidance on Climate Risk Disclosure”
In the same month the New York Attorney General sent subpoenas to five electricity utility companies stating they had not adequately disclosed to their shareholders the financial risks relating to their greenhouse emissions
Directors per se have not been targeted but the regulators have focused on a classic D&O exposure that of material information to investors
Current D&O polices are not likely to afford much comfort to D&O’s. The Pollution Exclusion would apply to any discharge or release of air emissions or contaminants. There are however, carve outs to the exclusion where directors may not be indemnified by the company. There are also carve outs for security claims
D&O policies also have Bodily/ Injury and Property Damage Exclusions. So other Climate change claims will have possible coverage issues – depending on the language of the exclusion there may however be protection for shareholder derivative actions or securities class actions
A way around the Pollution/ Bodily Injury exclusion is for directors to purchase a Side A DIC cover with no pollution exclusion and with the Bodily Injury exclusion not applying to a pollution claim .
Page 2630th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
APPENDIX 3:A selection of Cases
Page 2730th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
CASE STUDY 1:Advancement of Defence
Costs
Page 2830th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs
D&O policies generally indemnify directors for their legal liability and defence costs
However, the fact that a policy will eventually pay defence costs is of little comfort to those directors who need the money up front
Most policies contain an advancement of costs clause. Policies also contain exclusions for fraud and dishonesty
Page 2930th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs
Wilkie v Gordian Runoff, Australia The High Court held that the insurer should pay a director’s costs until such
time if at all that he is found guilty of the sort of fraudulent conduct that would disentitle him to the cover. In short, the insurer could not rely on the exclusion unless or until the accused admitted guilt or a court reached a guilty finding. Then the insurer could claw back the monies paid.
Rich v CGU Insurance Limited, Australia The majority of the High Court rescinded leave to reconsider the NSW Court
of Appeal finding that the D&O policy gave the insurer discretion not to indemnify an insured suspected of fraud or other inappropriate behaviour. In doing so the court basically left as valid a Court of Appeal decision that produced the opposite result of the High Court’s ruling in Wilkie. However, in Rich the policy provided that the advancement of defence costs was discretionary and therefore, because of the particular wording, an allegation of fraud was enough to allow the insurer to refuse to advance defence costs.
Page 3030th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs (cont)
The key message from these two decisions is:
– If a policy provides that an insurer cannot rely on the fraud and dishonesty exclusion until there is an admission or finding of guilt AND the policy also provides that the defence costs must be advanced, insurers will almost certainly have no choice but to pay up-front.
– However, if the policy contains a discretion about whether or not to advance these costs, up-front payments may not be obligatory
(Thanks to Peter Mann Partner of Clayton Utz Sydney)
Page 3130th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs (cont)
Refco case in Southern District New York An appeal hearing from a bankruptcy court ruling addressed the question
whether an Excess Insurer could withhold advancement of defence costs based on its determination that an exclusion in its policy precluded coverage
The primary wording upon which the excess carrier followed stated that “the Insurer will pay covered Defence Costs on an as-incurred basis. If it is finally determined that any Defence Costs paid by the Insurer are not covered by this Policy the Insured’s agree to repay such non covered Defence Costs to the Insurer”
The excess carrier contended it did not have to advance defence costs, relying upon the word “covered” in the advancement provision of the primary wording, thus qualifying the type of defence costs it would agree to pay on an incurred basis – the excess carrier’s contention was that its policy’s Conduct Exclusion unlike the primary wording, does not have an adjudication requirement
Page 3230th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs (cont)
The insurer argued that because the conduct exclusions in its policy have no adjudication requirement, “prior to a court determination, the insurer, has the unilateral right to determine whether defence costs are covered” – insurer determined that the insured’s claims were precluded under its policy
The judge noted that the insurers position placed undue emphasis on the word “covered” and that the word’s inclusion in the advancement provisions can “hardly be said to make an unambiguous change in the provision’s literal meaning and seems, at best, an unusual way to effectuate a fundamental change in the parties’ expectations”
The court found the wording to be ambiguous and interpreted the provision in favour of the insureds
Page 3330th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Advancement of Defence Costs (cont)
This case highlights the importance of including an adjudication provision in the conduct exclusion because in its absence the insurer might contend that it has the unilateral right to determine coverage and withhold policy benefits
(Extracts taken from the D&O Diary 16th July 2008 published by Kevin M. LaCroix)
The other key point is where excess insurers contain terms and conditions (especially exclusions) not contained in the underlying, this causes all sorts of problems.
Page 3430th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
CASE STUDY 2:Adequate Limits of
Indemnity
Page 3530th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Average Settlement Value ($m) 1st January 1996 – July 2008
Source: Nera Economic Consulting, July 2008
$9 $9$12 $12
$45
$17
$22$24
$21
$76
$82
$31
$32
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Average Settlement Value ($m) All Cases
Average $17.1
Average $45.4
Page 3630th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Adequate Limits of Indemnity
Just For Feet case The Limit was exhausted by shareholder class action litigation – Court
filings show only USD 100,000 of insurance was left for the outside directors after the preceding shareholders’ securities actions settled for USD 24.5m
– What is also interesting is that the outside directors paid out of pocket payments totalling some USD 40m the settle the trustees case against them
US v Stockman 17 months after the indictment there is still no trial date – the D&O policy
has been exhausted – there were some 12.5 million documents and 30 lawyers reviewing them. Thus far they have only completed examining a third of the total
Page 3730th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Adequate Limits of Indemnity (cont)
What is important about these cases?
Defence costs are expensive and it is not just in the USA. The more complex the case the more expensive it will be
The definition of Insured Person has broadened considerably, many more “insureds” now have access to the policy
The D&O market has gone through and continues to remain in one of the “softest” cycles ever. Broad cover and competitive premiums mean companies and their Boards have no excuse for not seriously thinking about purchasing additional coverage
Page 3830th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Adequate Limits of Indemnity (cont)
Broader cover means there is also the potential for more claims (and more complex claims) which are likely to be covered than in the past. Hence the need for buyers of D&O cover to be thinking about purchasing higher. Stockman is an example of the complexities and problems that can arise
Has Excess Side A DIC coverage been contemplated and purchased? The Just For Feet case shows how much directors may have to pay out of their own pockets in order to settle
Page 3930th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
CASE STUDY 3:Policy Interpretation –
Conduct Exclusion
Page 4030th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation – Conduct Exclusion
AT & T v Clarendon America Ins. Co. Coverage dispute arose out of stockholder litigation brought against several
AT &T directors alleging false and misleading statements. The action settled during trial with AT & T agreeing to pay USD 100m to the plaintiffs. National Union AT & T’s excess carrier denied coverage
The issue before the Delaware Superior Court was whether National Union could deny coverage based on the policy’s fraud exclusion. AT & T argued that the fraud exclusion requires an adjudication and does not apply to settlements
National Union’s fraud exclusion stated they were not obligated to pay any claim “brought about or contributed to in fact by any deliberate dishonest, fraudulent or criminal act or omission or any personal profit or advantage gained by any of the directors and officers to which they were not legally entitled and providing any such finding is material to the cause of action so adjudicated”
Page 4130th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Conduct Exclusion (cont)
The Superior Court found:– New York law applied to the D&O policy and held that the fraud exclusion did not
bar coverage for dishonest, fraudulent or criminal acts or omissions unless there was a finding that such acts occurred and such finding was material to the cause of action being adjudicated
– Since the litigation settled there was no finding and a settlement is a settlement not an adjudication
– National Union could not rely on the exclusion
The importance of this case is that special attention needs to be paid to the language of the policy during negotiations
There seems to be a tendency in large claims, that insurers would prefer to seek the Court’s opinion in instances where there are potential coverage issues rather than find an early resolution
Page 4230th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
CASE STUDY 4:Policy Interpretation – Non-
Disclosure
Page 4330th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Non Disclosure
Known circumstance exclusions are typically found in professional indemnity and directors and officers insurance policies which are claims made policies
They exclude cover for claims where the insured knew of circumstances, before the inception of the policy, that either the insured knew or a reasonable person in the insured’s position should have known, had the potential to lead to a claim
Page 4430th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Non Disclosure (cont)
CGU Insurance Ltd v Porthouse, Australia Section 21 of the Insurance Contracts Act 1984 effectively provides that the insured
has a duty to disclose to the insurer, before entering into an insurance contract, every matter that the insured knows or a reasonable person in the circumstances of the insured could be expected to know , to be a matter relevant to the decision of the insurer as to whether to accept the risk and if so, on what terms
Exclusion 6.1 of the CGU policy effectively excluded cover for claims directly or indirectly based upon known claims and known circumstances
The High Court of Australia unanimously allowed CGU’s appeal and held they were entitled to rely upon Exclusion 6.1 to deny indemnity to Porthouse
The decision provides clarity on the interpretation of known circumstances exclusions for underwriters of P I and D&O policies in the Australian Market – whilst the wordings may differ they will be interpreted by reference to an objective standard and determined as a question of fact independently of an insured’s idiosyncrasies or state of mind. Further, the Court will apply where the hypothetical reasonable person with insured’s knowledge would conclude that an allegation or a claim was a real possibility
Page 4530th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Non Disclosure (cont)
Martin John Green in his capacity as Liquidator of Arimco Mining Pty Ltd (in Liquidation) v CGU insurance Limited & Ors
Another non disclosure decision just after Porthouse decision demonstrates the need for companies to disclose matters relevant to the risk of insolvency
Court reduced CGU’s liability to nil as a result of Arimco’s non disclosure
The claim against the directors was resolved however, the liquidators pursued the claim against CGU in respect of debts totalling more than A$ 21m incurred between 1st February and 14th March 1999
In defence to the claim CGU asserted that the directors failed to disclose a range of matters regarding the financial position of Arimco
CGU called evidence that it would have included an Insolvency Exclusion if it had been fully appraised of the true financial position of the ARL Group
Page 4630th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Non Disclosure (cont)
This case is useful because the judge, His Honour Justice Einstein referred to director’s obligations of disclosure under section 21 of the Insurance Contracts Act
– Did the Director know of the matter?
– If so, did the directors know that the issue was a matter relevant to the decision of the insurer whether to accept the risk and if so on what terms?
– If they did not, would a reasonable person in these circumstances be expected to know the issue was so relevant?
– Even if the matters ought to have been disclosed or there had been a misrepresentation, would the insurer have issued the policy in the way that it did in any event?
Page 4730th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
Policy Interpretation - Non Disclosure (cont)
His Honour found that the Annual Report did not reflect the company’s position in December 1998, despite the insured’s representations to CGU to the contrary as there had been significant adverse changes to operations of the company
This case is important because:– It highlights the danger of not fully and truthfully disclosing information to insurers
– It highlights the need for the insured to notify the insurer of any material changes to its financial position up to the inception of the policy and not to simply rely upon Annual Reports
The case also involved extensive evidence from CGU as to what would have transpired had it been made aware of Arimco’s financial position and the need for insurers to be able support their assertions that they would have insisted upon an insolvency exclusion if full disclosure had been made
Page 4830th October 2008Willis Amsterdam Seminar
What does this selection of recent cases tell us?
Despite the new and significantly enhanced wordings many of the same issues keep re-appearing
Insureds and Insurers are far more ready to go to court to sort contentious issues out
The cost of going to court is seriously expensive
Still have situations where insureds have inadequate limits of indemnity
There is a need to check the policies during renewal negotiations