Upload
ledat
View
221
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
6/21/2010
1
Current research in Current research in postharvest biology of postharvest biology of
ornamentals and cut flowersornamentals and cut flowers
CaiCai--ZhongZhong JiangJiang
USDAUSDA--ARSARS
Michael ReidMichael Reid
Department of Plant Sciences Department of Plant Sciences
UC DavisUC Davis
Value of California’s agricultureValue of California’s agriculture
2005 total $31.7 billion
Field crops,
$3.09
Greenhouse,
Nursery &
Floriculture,
$3.44
Vegetables &
melons, $6.25 Livestock &
poultry, $8.45
Fruits and nuts,
$10.47
Data from the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
6/21/2010
2
Source and sales of cut flowers in the Source and sales of cut flowers in the
U.S. during the last three decadesU.S. during the last three decades
The postharvest problemsThe postharvest problems
�� Flowers are shipped long Flowers are shipped long
distances and stored for long distances and stored for long
timestimes
�� >25% product losses in >25% product losses in
marketing chainmarketing chain
�� Flowers and potted plants don’t Flowers and potted plants don’t
last long enoughlast long enough
�� International market, strong International market, strong
competitioncompetition
�� Lower consumer satisfaction. Lower consumer satisfaction.
Customers don’t returnCustomers don’t return
6/21/2010
3
Postharvest sciencePostharvest science
�� Goal Goal -- reduce losses, reduce losses,
increase quality, expand increase quality, expand
markets markets
�� Understand factors Understand factors
involved in postharvest involved in postharvest
losseslosses
�� Develop better Develop better
technologies to reduce technologies to reduce
losses _ losses _ GeneticallyGenetically--improved cultivars improved cultivars
Factors affecting the postharvest Factors affecting the postharvest
life of ornamentalslife of ornamentals
��TemperatureTemperature�� DiseaseDisease
�� Water supplyWater supply
�� Leaf yellowing and Leaf yellowing and
flower senescenceflower senescence
�� EthyleneEthylene
6/21/2010
4
Temperature Temperature -- why is it important?why is it important?
�� Perishable products are alivePerishable products are alive
�� Flowers have high respiration ratesFlowers have high respiration rates�� Vase life after transit and storage is Vase life after transit and storage is
directly correlated with the respiration rate directly correlated with the respiration rate at the storage temperatureat the storage temperature
Improving the cold chainTransportation at low temperatures reduces respiration & improves the
subsequent life of cut flowers
3737 4141 46463232 5050 5555
6/21/2010
5
Temperature, respiration rate & Temperature, respiration rate & vase life in stock flowersvase life in stock flowers
y = 0.0012x4 - 0.0619x3 + 1.2003x2 - 3.6913x + 25.509
R2 = 0.9974
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Temperature (C)
Re
sp
ira
tio
n (
ml
CO
2 /
kg
hr) y = -0.0299x + 7.1564
R2 = 0.9426
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250
Total CO2 respired during storage (x100) ml CO2/kg
Va
se
lif
e a
fte
r s
tora
ge
(d
ay
s)
Effects of different shipping Effects of different shipping
temperatures on potted temperatures on potted CampanulaCampanula
plant qualityplant quality
Effects of different shipping Effects of different shipping
temperatures on potted temperatures on potted CampanulaCampanula
plant qualityplant quality
6/21/2010
6
Effects of shipment temperature on flower senescence Effects of shipment temperature on flower senescence and bud abortion on potted and bud abortion on potted Campanula Campanula plantsplants
20 C Room 20 C
15C10 C
5 C0 C
Fresh flowers
Wilted flowers
Fresh buds
Aborted buds
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
Nu
mb
er
pe
r in
flo
resc
en
ce
Advantages of decreased Advantages of decreased
temperature in handling flowerstemperature in handling flowers
�� 11. respiration. respiration
2. transpiration2. transpiration
3. ethylene production3. ethylene production
4. ethylene susceptibility4. ethylene susceptibility
5. disease growth (5. disease growth (BotyrtisBotyrtis))
6. condensation6. condensation
7. need for wet holding /packing7. need for wet holding /packing
8. bending8. bending
9. flower development9. flower development
10. color loss/yellowing10. color loss/yellowing
6/21/2010
7
CoolingCooling
�� Forced air for cut Forced air for cut
flowersflowers
�� Potted plants could be Potted plants could be
vacuum cooledvacuum cooled
�� presently passive presently passive
cooling if at allcooling if at all
�� condensation!condensation!
Works wonderfullyWorks wonderfully
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
0 50 100 150
Downdraft cooling
Room cooling
Cooler temperature
6/21/2010
8
Vacuum cooling:Vacuum cooling:
a better approach to rapidly cool a better approach to rapidly cool
down potted plantsdown potted plants
The rapidity of vacuum coolingThe rapidity of vacuum cooling
in less than 10 minin less than 10 min
vacuum
Soil & stems
Flower buds
6/21/2010
9
Disease prevention Disease prevention
Postharvest disease (primarily Postharvest disease (primarily
caused by gray mold (caused by gray mold (Botrytis Botrytis
cinerea) cinerea) is a common cause of poor is a common cause of poor
quality and shortened vase lifequality and shortened vase life
Postharvest control strategiesPostharvest control strategies
Host
Environment
Pathogen
Disease life cycle The disease triangle
6/21/2010
10
EnvironmentEnvironmentGrey mold Grey mold –– moisturemoisture
watch watch for condensation (good for condensation (good temperature management)temperature management)
��Spores accumulate on:Spores accumulate on:
�� Dead plant materialsDead plant materials
�� Cooler Cooler wallswalls
Genetic difference of disease Genetic difference of disease
resistance among rose genotypesresistance among rose genotypes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Bri
da
l A
kit
o
43
72
33
35
34
19
45
26
Ve
nd
ela
45
13
40
40
43
97
Blu
sh
ing
Ak
ito
40
29
Da
rk E
ng
ag
em
en
t
33
58
30
26
33
78
44
10
Variety/code
Tim
e t
o in
fec
tio
n (
da
ys
)
6/21/2010
11
�� Commercial / Industry SanitizersCommercial / Industry Sanitizers
�� Plant Defense CompoundsPlant Defense Compounds
�� FDA GRAS/GRASE DesignationsFDA GRAS/GRASE Designations
�� Alternative uses for existing productsAlternative uses for existing products
‘Orlando’ rose flowers were dipped in 0 or 10 ppm Cl02
then shipped to Florida within 3 days. Vase life evaluationshowed a significant reduction in Botrytis infectioncompared to non-dipped flowers.
?Time (days)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dis
ea
se
in
cid
en
ce
(% o
f fl
ow
ers
in
fec
ted
)
0
20
40
60
80
100 No chlorine dioxide dip
Plus chlorine dioxide dip
6/21/2010
12
�� Effective as a dip treatmentEffective as a dip treatment
�� 1 1 -- 6% solution6% solution
�� PhytotoxicityPhytotoxicity
Using NaOCl to control Botrytis infection in cut roseUsing NaOCl to control Botrytis infection in cut rose
6/21/2010
13
Effects of Effects of NaOClNaOCl treatment on Botrytis treatment on Botrytis
incidences during rose shippingincidences during rose shipping
Incidence (Akito)
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Dip H2O Dip Phyton 27 NaOCl
Treatments
Day 4
Day 7
Gold Strike
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
No Dip H2O Dip Phyton 27 NaOCl
Tre atments
Day 4
Day 7
Water supplyWater supply
�� Plants are mostly Plants are mostly
water (80water (80--90%)90%)
�� Loss of water causesLoss of water causes
�� loss of qualityloss of quality
�� wiltingwilting
�� accelerated agingaccelerated aging
�� (ethylene production)(ethylene production)
6/21/2010
14
Water supplyWater supply
�� How do plants get water?How do plants get water?
�� Evaporation from leaves Evaporation from leaves
(transpiration) creates (transpiration) creates
tension in the conducting tension in the conducting
system (xylem)system (xylem)
�� Tension drags water from Tension drags water from
the soil or vase solutionthe soil or vase solution
6/21/2010
15
Water supplyWater supply
�� Why do cut flowers wilt?Why do cut flowers wilt?
�� Air embolismAir embolism
�� Bacterial contaminationBacterial contamination
�� Why do potted plants wilt?Why do potted plants wilt?
�� DroughtDrought
�� WaterloggingWaterlogging
Air embolism blocks vesselsAir embolism blocks vessels
6/21/2010
16
Maintaining water supplyMaintaining water supply
�� FlowersFlowers
�� recut under waterrecut under water
�� use a preservativeuse a preservative
�� clean bucketsclean buckets
�� Potted plantsPotted plants
�� good mediumgood medium
�� water as neededwater as needed
�� allow to drainallow to drain
6/21/2010
17
An Alternative Postharvest Handling An Alternative Postharvest Handling Strategy for Cut Flowers Strategy for Cut Flowers ––Dry Handling after HarvestDry Handling after Harvest
0
5
10
15
20
25
Black Magic Charlotte Freedom Osiana Vendela
No hydration
Plus Hydration
Application of ABA enhances display Application of ABA enhances display
life of potted miniature rose plantslife of potted miniature rose plants
6/21/2010
18
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 50
Dis
pla
y l
ife (
days)
ABA concentration (ppm)
b
a aa
ABA treatments enhance display life of ABA treatments enhance display life of potted miniature rose plantspotted miniature rose plants
Application of ABA reduces Weight loss Application of ABA reduces Weight loss
from potted miniature rose plantsfrom potted miniature rose plants
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20
We
igh
t lo
ss
(%
of d
ay 0
)
Time (days)
0ppm10ppm20ppm50ppm
6/21/2010
19
Leaf yellowingLeaf yellowing
��For many ornamentals, leaf For many ornamentals, leaf yellowing during and after yellowing during and after production is a serious production is a serious quality issuequality issue
��Depending on the species, Depending on the species, this problem can be this problem can be overcome by application of overcome by application of the plant growth regulators, the plant growth regulators, GA, BA, or a mixture of the GA, BA, or a mixture of the two (recently registered as two (recently registered as ‘Fascination’)‘Fascination’)
Thidiazuron (TDZ)Thidiazuron (TDZ)
�� Also known as PhenylAlso known as Phenyl--N'N'--(1,2,3(1,2,3--
thiadiazolthiadiazol--55--yl) urea. yl) urea.
�� Has strong Has strong cytokinincytokinin activity.activity.
�� Used as a growth regulator in Used as a growth regulator in
tissue culturetissue culture
�� Used as a cotton defoliant Used as a cotton defoliant
((DroppDropp))
�� Is not metabolized, so remains Is not metabolized, so remains
activeactive
6/21/2010
20
Growth regulators delay leaf Growth regulators delay leaf
yellowingyellowing
��TDZ (thidiazuron), a TDZ (thidiazuron), a nonnon--metabolized metabolized cytokinincytokinin
Effect of TDZ on leaf yellowing, flower Effect of TDZ on leaf yellowing, flower
opening and longevity in iris opening and longevity in iris
0 µM TDZ 500 µM TDZ0 µM TDZ 500 µM TDZ
6/21/2010
21
TDZ treatment after 30 days
Control after 30 days
Effects of TDZ on the leaves of Ornithogalum
ControlControlTDZ TDZ
Effects of TDZ on CyclamenEffects of TDZ on Cyclamen
6/21/2010
22
EthyleneEthylene
�� Some flowers and plants are very Some flowers and plants are very
sensitive to ethylene (0.1 ppm)sensitive to ethylene (0.1 ppm)
�� Ethylene is everywhereEthylene is everywhere
�� engines, ripening fruit, cigarette smokeengines, ripening fruit, cigarette smoke
�� Shouldn’t be a problemShouldn’t be a problem
�� STS, 1STS, 1--MCPMCP
Techniques for inhibiting Techniques for inhibiting
ethylene actionethylene action
�� Controlled atmospheresControlled atmospheres
�� Low oxygen, high COLow oxygen, high CO22 inhibit production, actioninhibit production, action
�� ChemicalsChemicals--STS STS
�� complex salt of silver nitrate, sodium thiosulfatecomplex salt of silver nitrate, sodium thiosulfate
�� used commercially with cut flowers, potted used commercially with cut flowers, potted
plantsplants
�� environmental issues environmental issues -- silver a heavy metalsilver a heavy metal
6/21/2010
23
STS STS
MCP provides valuable MCP provides valuable
protection for ornamentalsprotection for ornamentals
6/21/2010
24
Avoiding ethylene effects: cultivar Avoiding ethylene effects: cultivar
selection/engineeringselection/engineering
�� Choose insensitive cultivarsChoose insensitive cultivars
�� Snapdragons, Carnations, RosesSnapdragons, Carnations, Roses
�� Modulate ethylene's roleModulate ethylene's role
�� AntiAnti--sense ACC synthasesense ACC synthase
�� Etr mutants, antiEtr mutants, anti--sense binding sitesense binding site
Ethylene BiosynthesisEthylene Biosynthesis
6/21/2010
25
Example: Silencing a gene required for ethylene synthesis in petunias (ACC oxidase)
ControlTRV PhCHSTRV PhCHS/ACOTRV PhCHS/ACO
Day 0
Day 7
Day 3
Ethylene biosynthesis and sensing/signalingEthylene biosynthesis and sensing/signaling
6/21/2010
26
Overexpression of Overexpression of etr1etr1--1 1 byby inducible inducible
systemsystem extends flower longevityextends flower longevity
Overexpression of Overexpression of etr1etr1--1 1 byby inducible inducible
systemsystem extends flower longevityextends flower longevity
6/21/2010
27
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
�� USDAUSDA�� BARD_IsraelBARD_Israel�� American Floral American Floral
EndowmentEndowment�� Joseph H. Hill Joseph H. Hill
Memorial FoundationMemorial Foundation�� MellanoMellano & Company& Company�� KitayamaKitayama BrothersBrothers�� Goldsmith SeedsGoldsmith Seeds�� Rosen Rosen TantauTantau