Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of … 3 report_final_v.1... · 2010-06-01 · Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste

Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste electrical, electronic

equipment (WEEE) in Cyprus, Malta, Greece and France

1st Edition Nicosia, 2009

LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance

“Εnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling in Islands - REPT”

Action 3 University of Cyprus

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The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus:

Margarita Vatyliotou

Despo Fatta Kassinos

For the preparation of this report the following persons have contributed:

Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co. Ltd:

Kyriakos Parpounas, Constantinos Savva

Marios Vrahimis, Christiana Charalampous

Green Dot Malta Ltd:

Edgar Chircop

Mario Schembri

HE.R.R.Co:

Achilleas Gougos

Vasilis Makridis

Eco-Emballages:

Delphine Tascone

Pascal Gislais


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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

2. Geographical - Demographic information of the participating countries... 5

2.1 Information about Cyprus .......................................................................................... 5

2.2 Information about Malta ............................................................................................. 9

2.3 Information about Greece ........................................................................................ 11

2.4 Information about France......................................................................................... 13

3. Legislation and Policies on Packaging Waste Management ..................... 22

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 22

3.2 Cyprus...................................................................................................................... 24

3.3 Malta ........................................................................................................................ 25

3.4 Greece ..................................................................................................................... 26

3.5 France...................................................................................................................... 28

4. Legislation and Policies on WEEE ............................................................... 29

4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 29

4.2 Cyprus...................................................................................................................... 32

4.3 Malta ........................................................................................................................ 33

4.4 Greece ..................................................................................................................... 34

4.5 France...................................................................................................................... 34

5. Recovery and Recycling practices, technologies and techniques used in each country and islands chosen for packaging waste ............................. 36

5.1 Cyprus...................................................................................................................... 36

5.2 Malta ........................................................................................................................ 49

5.3 Greece ..................................................................................................................... 56

5.4 France...................................................................................................................... 63

6. Recovery and Recycling practices, technologies and techniques used in each country and islands chosen for WEEE ............................................... 85

6.1 Cyprus...................................................................................................................... 85

6.2 Malta ........................................................................................................................ 93

6.3 Greece ..................................................................................................................... 95

6.4 France.................................................................................................................... 102

7. Conclusions.................................................................................................. 114

8. References.................................................................................................... 116


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List of Acronyms

CAS: Civic Amenity Sites

CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons

CRT: Cathode Ray Tube

EC: European Commission

EEE: Electrical and Electronic Equipment

EU: European Union

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

HE.R.R.Co: Hellenic Recovery Recycling Corporation

MRF: Material Recovery Facility

MSW: Municipal Solid Waste

PET: Polyethylene terephthalate

PMD: Plastic, Metals, Drink cartons

REPT: Recycling Environmental Policy Tool

RoHS: Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment

WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment


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Figures Index

Figure 1: Municipalities in Cyprus (Union of Cyprus Municipalities, 2009) ...........................7

Figure 2: Cyprus GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent) (UNDP, 2007) .....................8

Figure 3: Local Councils in Malta (Malta Local Councils´ Association, 2009)........................9

Figure 4: Malta GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent), (UNDP, 2007).....................10

Figure 5: The four islands of France that have been selected for the REPT project .............13

Figure 6: Distribution of population in Corsica ............................................................16

Figure 7: Main towns of Guadeloupe........................................................................16

Figure 8: Main towns of Martinique..........................................................................17

Figure 9: Main towns of Reunion Island ....................................................................17

Figure 10: France GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent), (UNDP, 2007) .................18

Figure 11: Members and shareholders of Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a) ...............................................................36

Figure 12: Phases of geographical expansion of the Green Dot scheme in Cyprus (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b) ...............................................................41

Figure 13: Collection and sorting of paper by Green Dot Cyprus.....................................43

Figure 14: Collection and sorting of glass in Cyprus by Green Dot Cyprus ........................44

Figure 15: Collection and sorting of paper in Cyprus by Green Dot Cyprus .......................45

Figure 16: Collection bins for paper (brown), PMD (blue) and glass (green) in tourist areas and outside apartment houses in highly populated areas in Cyprus.................................46

Figure 17: Household packaging recycled in Cyprus in 2007 and 2008 per stream (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a) ...............................................................47

Figure 18: Commercial packaging recycled in Cyprus 2007 and 2008 per stream (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a) ...............................................................47

Figure 19: Βreakdown of the household packaging materials per material that were recycled in Cyprus in 2007 and 2008 (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a)..............................48

Figure 20: Sant’Antin Waste Treatment Plant in Malta..................................................52

Figure 21: Fractions of materials recovered in 2008 in Malta (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009b) ..54

Figure 22: GreenPak’s Performance in 2008 (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009b).......................54

Figure 23: National Development of Centers for Collection of Recycled Materials in Greece, 19 Selection Centers (February 2009) (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) ..............................................59


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Figure 24: Blue bins for two different collection streams on islands in Greece ....................61

Figure 25: Door to door distribution of recycling bags and bin collection in Greece..............62

Figure 26: Eco-Emballages structure of system ..........................................................64

Figure 27: Groups of municipalities in Corsica in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................67

Figure 28: Groups of municipalities in Guadeloupe in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................67

Figure 29: Groups of municipalities in Martinique in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................68

Figure 30: Groups of municipalities in Reunion in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................68

Figure 31: Sorting lines for Corsica´s household packaging...........................................71

Figure 32: Sorting centre in Pierrefonds, Reunion .......................................................73

Figure 33: Recycling results 2005 for Corsica, Martinique, Reunion and mainland France (kg/inh) (Eco-Emballages, 2009b) ...........................................................................79



Figure 36: Green Points for the selection of WEEE streams in various EU countries ...........89

Figure 37: Central WEEE storage facility in Austria .....................................................90

Figure 38: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) type screens ......................................................91

Figure 39: Mobile unit for the management of refrigerators............................................92

Figure 40: Packing of fluorescence lamps for export....................................................92

Figure 41: Uncontrollably dumped WEEE in a number of Greek islands ...........................95

Figure 42: Containers used for the collection of WEEE in the Greek islands ......................99

Figure 43: WEEE management in Lesvos island (Mytilene) .........................................101

Figure 44: Global structure of the WEEE system in France .........................................103

Figure 45: WEEE collection points in France ...........................................................103

Figure 46: Total amount of WEEE collected in the selected islands under study in France..111

Figure 47: Screens and large cooling appliances collected in 2008 (kg/inh) in the four selected islands of France ..............................................................................................111


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Tables Index Table 1: Population at the end of 2007 (Republic of Cyprus, 2007) ...................................5

Table 2: Population data for the years 2000,2003,2005 and 2007(Republic of Cyprus, 2007) ..6

Table 3: Cyprus GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008)..........................8

Table 4: Malta GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008)..........................10

Table 5: De facto population of Greece (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009) ..........................11

Table 6: De facto population of Greece by geographic region (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009) ..........................11

Table 7: Greece GDP per capita figures (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009) ..........................12

Table 8: Greece GDP at market prices (in million euro) (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009) ..........................12

Table 9: Demographic Information about Crete, Corfu and Greece in total (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009) ..........................12

Table 10: General information about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009) ...............................14

Table 11: Institutional information about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009) ...............................14

Table 12: Population information about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009) ...............................15

Table 13: France GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008) ......................18

Table 14: Basic statistics about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009) ...............................19

Table 15: National recycling targets for packaging for the REPT participating countries .......23

Table 16: Targets for Cyprus according to Directives 94/62/EC and 2005/20/EC ................24

Table 17: Recuperation targets for Cyprus for 2001 -2005 (Cyprus Environment Service) ....25

Table 18: Minimum overall recovery targets, overall recycling targets and material specific recycling targets for Malta for the period 2004-2013 (Waste management (Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulations, 2006)) ....................26

Table 19: Categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment covered by Directive 2002/96/EC (European Parliament and Council, 2002a) ...............................................................29


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Table 20: National targets for recovery, reuse and recycling of WEEE for the four REPT participating countries ..........................................................................................31

Table 21: Production of Municipal Solid Waste in Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus, 2009) ..........37

Table 22: Packed products entering the market in Cyprus (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2007) .................................................................37

Table 23: Packaging entering the market in Cyprus until 2005 (Environment Service of Cyprus, 2005) ....................................................................38

Table 24: Size of total packaging market and composition in packaging materials (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b) ...............................................................39

Table 25: Estimates of quantities of material entering the Cyprus market for the packaging categories referred to in the REPT Project (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b) .......40

Table 26: Phases of geographical expansion of the Green Dot scheme in Cyprus (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b) ...............................................................40

Table 27: Household packaging waste streams collected separately according to the Green Dot Cyprus scheme (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a) ..........................................42

Table 28: Waste disposal in public landfills in Malta (tonnes) (Waste Management Strategy Implementation Department, Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, Malta) ...................49

Table 29: Declared packaging quantities estimates for Malta (tonnes) .............................50

Table 30: Estimates of future productions for Malta (tonnes) (Ministry for the Environment, 2001) ........................................................................50

Table 31: Finalised statistics of separated waste collected for 2008 (in kg) through the Recycle Tuesdays initiative in Malta (WasteServ Malta Ltd, 2009) .............................................50

Table 32: Bring-In Sites statistics for Malta (in kgs) (Wasteserv Malta Ltd, 2009) ................51

Table 33: Waste recycled in Malta (years 2002-2006) (WasteServ Malta Ltd) ....................53

Table 34: Packaging material recycled in Malta and abroad in 2008 (Green Dot Malta Ltd) ...55

Table 35: Cost/tonne for the recycling and collection of packaging waste material for Malta (Green Dot Malta Ltd) ..........................................................................................55

Table 36: HE.R.R.Co Project Development (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)........................................59

Table 37: Packaging waste quantities in Greece for the year 2008 (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) ..........60

Table 38: Estimate of packaging waste quantities in Greece for 2009 (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) ......60

Table 39: Composition of the recovered municipal packaging waste in 2008 in mainland Greece and islands (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) ......................................................................60

Table 40: Operational costs on the recovered packaging waste in Greece (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) 61


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Table 41: Ecoemballages 2008 targets.....................................................................63

Table 42: % population covered by Eco-Emballages system in the four islands studied (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................65

Table 43: Packaging materials usually collected separately in France (Eco-Emballages)......65

Table 44: Municipalities and groups of municipalities dealing with packaging waste in the selected islands of France (Eco-Emballages).............................................................66

Table 45:Information on non-household packaging waste in the four selected islands .........69

Table 46: Collection features in Martinique ................................................................70

Table 47: Collection features in Reunion...................................................................70

Table 48: Sorting characteristics in the four selected islands of France (Eco-Emballages) ....71

Table 49: Information about Martinique´s sorting centre in Ducos (Inddigo Consulting, 2006) 72

Table 50: Sorting centres in Reunion .......................................................................73

Table 51: Existing treatment plants in the four selected islands of France .........................74

Table 52: Recycling plants in mainland France for the treatment of materials from Corsica ...74

Table 53: Recycling Plants in Saint Barthelemy, Guadeloupe ........................................75

Table 54: Recycling Plants in Saint Martin, Guadeloupe ...............................................75

Table 55: Recycling plants for the treatment of Martinique’s packaging waste....................76

Table 56: Recycling plants for the treatment of materials from Reunion............................76

Table 57: Waste characterisation in Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion............77

Table 58: Qualitative assessments of packaging waste generated in the four selected islands compared to mainland France ................................................................................77

Table 59: Spatial and temporal distribution of packaging waste in the four selected islands of France (AREAM, 2001) ........................................................................................78

Table 60: Total quantities of packaging waste recycled in Corsica, Martinique and Reunion (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)......................................................................................79

Table 61:Collecting and sorting costs for glass for Martinique and Reunion (in €/tonne) .......81

Table 62:Collecting and sorting costs for glass for Martinique and Reunion (€/inhabitant).....82

Table 63: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in Martinique and comparison with mainland France (in €/tonne collected) ...............................................................82

Table 64: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in two municipalities in Reunion and comparison with mainland France (in €/tonne collected) .........................................83


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Table 65: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in Martinique and comparison with mainland France (in €/inhabitant) ......................................................................83

Table 66: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in two municipalities in Reunion and comparison with mainland France (in €/inhabitant) ................................................83

Table 67: Recycling costs for Martinique and Reunion in €/tonne collected .......................84

Table 68: Quantities and values for WEEE in Cyprus for 2001, 2002 and 2003 (National Technical University of Athens, 2008)..........................................................86

Table 69: Estimate of the WEEE equipment per category based on statistical data from Austria and other European countries (WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd)................................87

Table 70: Targets for the collection of WEEE in Cyprus per category for a complete year (WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd) .......................................................................88

Table 71: Estimated amounts of WEEE in Malta (tonnes) (MEPA, WasteServ Malta Ltd) .....93

Table 72: Participating islands in the Appliances Recycling S.A. system in Greece .............96

Table 73: Private companies for the collection of WEEE on Greek islands - Quantities collected in 2008 (Appliances Recycling S.A.) ........................................................................97

Table 74: Total WEEE quantities collected in Insular Greece in 2008 from all collection sources (Appliances Recycling S.A.)...................................................................................97

Table 75: Examples of Greek islands where there is no or low participation by municipalities and WEEE quantities collected in 2008 (Appliances Recycling S.A.) ...............................98

Table 76: WEEE material quantities (treatment and recovered materials) in Mytilene (Appliances Recycling S.A.).................................................................................100

Table 77: Produced materials of special treatment from collection and sorting of WEEE in Mytilene (Appliances Recycling S.A.)..................................................................101

Table 78: Compliance schemes dealing with household WEEE in France (ADEME, 2008) .102

Table 79: Main categories of household WEEE in France (ADEME, 2008)......................104

Table 80: Distribution of the WEEE collected in France during 2007 (ADEME, 2008) ........104

Table 81: Participation of municipalities in WEEE collection in the four islands of France ...105

Table 82: Number of WEEE collection points according to the type in the four islands under study in France.................................................................................................106

Table 83: Number of existing storage platforms for WEEE on the four islands of France ....106

Table 84: Proportion of population having access to a public wasteyard including collection for used lamps in the four selected islands of France under study .....................................106

Table 85: Active collection points for used lamps in the four islands in France .................107


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Table 86: Used lamps production (in tonnes) per year for Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion ..........................................................................................................108

Table 87: Existing treatment plants for WEEE on the islands of France under study..........108

Table 88: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Guadeloupe....................109

Table 89: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Martinique ......................109

Table 90: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Reunion.........................109

Table 91: Quantities of WEEE collected in the four islands of France in 2008 (tonnes) ......110

Table 92: Origin of the collected WEEE quantities in the four selected islands in France ....112

Table 93: Collected used lamps quantities (kg) for each island of France under study in 2007 and 2008.........................................................................................................112


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1. Introduction

Islands are often characterized by a small size of population and land area, insularity and limited volumes of waste material. Furthermore, heavy dependence on outside aid and exports for recycling is a characteristic of islands and transport is both expensive and a significant burden to the environment. All these characteristics in many cases render the implementation of recycling schemes in islands to be economically unfeasible.

Action 3 of the REPT project aims at particularly analysing the current situation regarding recycling of packaging waste and WEEE in the four countries participating in the REPT project. Cyprus and Malta are small island member states and as such, they have individual commitments to the EU for the implementation of the Packaging and Packaging Waste and WEEE Directives. On the contrary islands in France and Greece do not have individual commitments. The statistics and quantities for those islands blend with those of the rest of the country and any problems with shortcomings versus the targets are masked. In these cases comparisons between the recovered quantities and costs for recycling on those islands and on the mainland are useful in order to draw some general conclusions about the drawbacks of waste (packaging and WEEE) management on islands. This Action aims particularly at identifying and presenting the possible and available sources of information for each country and islands studied, while, the comparison between the four countries will follow in the next Actions of the project.

For the case of France four islands have been selected for the purposes of the REPT project: Corsica which is considered as part of mainland France and Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion which are three overseas island departments and are considered as integral parts of the French Republic. For the case of Greece, HE.R.R.Co currently operates four Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) on the islands of Crete, Corfu and Zante. Only two of these MRFs are owned by HE.R.R.Co, one in Crete and one in Corfu and, thus, information is only provided for these two islands.

The REPT project focus is placed on the management of the following waste streams:

- Packaging waste: glass, metal, plastic and paper,

- Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): cooling equipment (fridges and air conditioners), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) screens and fluorescent lamps.

The analysis of the current situation in each country and islands studied includes the following:

Information about geographical and demographic information,

Information on the annual production of packaging waste and WEEE,

Recovery and recycling practices, technologies and techniques currently used for each of the selected waste streams,

Current legislations and policies adopted and applied in each country for packaging waste and WEEE,

Recovery / recycling of packaging waste and WEEE (quantities recovered),


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Costs associated with the recycling practices in each country (collection, sorting, treatment, recycling, communication e.t.c)

Data concerning the waste (packaging and WEEE) quantities recovered/ recycled in each country as well as the waste management collective schemes have been mainly collected by the local associated beneficiaries of the REPT project (Green Dot Cyprus, Green Dot Malta, HE.R.R.Co and Eco-Emballages) and the WEEE compliance schemes for Greece and France. Costs for recovery/recycling have also been mainly provided by the local associated beneficiaries of REPT. Additional information about each country / island studied (geographical and demographic information, legislation and statistics) have been obtained by the involved authoritities in each country, the statistical services, the website and through literature review.

The majority of the above mentioned data (data collection framework) have been successfully collected by all countries as presented in this report. However, the following problems were evident:

For the case of packaging waste:

1. General: Some difficulties, related to the availability and compatibility of data, were evident. Especially for the financial data (i.e. operational costs) these were not readily comparable due to the different practices applied in each country. Some differences were apparent not only in the collection methods but also in the various streams and the other parameters of the cost. The project’s associated beneficiaries have agreed to report the specific cost data in a specific format for each cost parameter and efforts have been made towards this direction. In addition in some cases, data are available from a number of sources (i.e. for the case of the produced waste quantities). For the future use of these data the advice of the responsible local associated beneficiary will be sought.

2. Produced packaging waste quantities for the case of Malta are only based on the declared numbers of the organizations registered with the competent authority and, therefore, the exact quantities are expected to be higher.

3. France, as the most advanced partner in the field of recycling, was expected to have the most data regarding the packaging recycling scheme; however, this is currently not the case for the four islands studied. Especially for the case of the overseas territories the operation of collective recycling schemes was delayed as compared to the mainland. In fact data for packaging waste production were not available for the four islands under study; therefore, only qualitative assessments could take place in comparison with the quantity produced on the mainland.

4. Collecting and sorting costs cannot easily be estimated for the case of France as the municipalities are responsible for covering this cost, therefore they only report to Eco-Emballages the quantities collected and sorted out and not the costs. The only information available about collecting and sorting costs is provided through some studies conducted for two local authorities in Reunion and one in Martinique. However, the trend is evident; recycling in islands is far more expensive as compared to the mainland.


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For the case of WEEE:

1. Household WEEE collection is recent for all the countries concerned. For the case of the overseas islands of France, 2008 was the first whole year of operation. Therefore the availability of data is expected to be higher in the coming years. The WEEE scheme in Cyprus was only accredited in June 2008 and it is yet expected to start collection of WEEE by the end of 2009, while WEEE Recycle in Malta has just recently been accredited. Therefore the data for Cyprus to be used within the framework of the REPT project are based on estimations while for the case of Malta data are scarce and only related to the general production of WEEE (no direct information is provided regarding the quantitities of waste cooling equipment and screens). This, however, does not seem to be a serious constraint for the case of Cyprus as the available data are good estimates on the WEEE streams examined as the relevant costs contracted to the operators are currently known.

2. Estimations on the WEEE produced quantities in Cyprus per year are based on the market, where for the case of Malta these are only based on the data declared by organisations registered with the competent authority and thus, the exact quantities for Malta are expected to be higher. For France, information regarding the WEEE produced quantities (exept for the case of lamps) was only reported about Martinique and mainland France, while, for the case of Greece no such information has been provided.

3. Data on the annual collected quantities of WEEE for recycling are only provided for Greece and France where the respective collective schemes are already operating. For the case of Greece, however, information is only provided on the total WEEE quantities collected and there is no distinction between the requested WEEE categories.

4. Even though, in Cyprus and Malta, the collective management of WEEE is organised by the same organisation with packaging waste (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co. Ltd and Green Dot Malta Ltd) through their WEEE Electrocyclosis Cyprus and WEEE Recycle schemes respectively, this is not the case for Greece and France. Therefore cost data could not easily be found from the WEEE organisation schemes who consider this information as confidential. In addition to this, the collection of the necessary data from these organizations has proved to be slow. For the case of France, however, some useful conclusions could be drawn regarding the increased costs for the recycling of WEEE on the islands.

The data as presented in this report are kept by the Management Team of the Project for each country and will be useful for the next actions of the project and in specific:

- Legislation collected (EC directives as well as national legislation for each country) and information included in this report will be needed for the preparation of Action 4 deliverable: Evaluation of the implementation of the relevant EC Directives in the participant member states. During Action 4 a comparison will also take place regarding the current recovery and recycling practices and achievements in each country and islands studied and this will be based on the data collected during Action 3.


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- Data collected will be used for the analyses (technical, economical, environmental) conducted in Action 5: Identification of constraints and obstacles, the preparation of an automated decision support tool (DST) for the assessment and determination of optimal economic and environmental solutions for recycling in islands (Action 6) as well as in the DST implementation phase in each country (Action 7).

If during the above mentioned future actions, gaps in the already available data are identified, the involved local associated beneficiaries are expected to carry out additional data collection campaigns for the acquisition of the required data as suggested in the proposal. This report is only the basis, a starting point for the identification of the already available information in each country, the current practices used and the incurred constraints in the collection of the data.


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2. Geographical - Demographic information of the participating countries

2.1 Information about Cyprus Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily and Sardinia with an area of 9,251 sq. kilometres of which 1,733 are forested. It has a maximum length of 240 km from east to west and a maximum width of 100 km from north to south. It is situated at the north-eastern end of the East Mediterranean basin at a distance of 380 km north of Egypt, 105 km west of Syria and 75km south of Turkey. The Greek mainland is some 800 km to the west. The nearest Greek islands are Rhodes and Carpathos, 380 km to the west. The latitude of Cyprus is 34 33’ - 35 34’ north and its longitude 32 16’ - 34 37’ east (Republic of Cyprus, 2006).

Cyprus is a Presidential Democracy based on the constitution of the 1960 when Cyprus became an independent state out of British Rule as prior to that was a British Colony. Cyprus was invaded by Turkey in 1974 and Turkish Troops remain since then on the island occupying 37% of the land on the north part of the island. This leaves only about 5,000 km2 under the control of the Cyprus Government. All data in this report relate only to the land and the population leaving in the area controlled by the Cyprus Government. Cyprus population in the government controlled area is estimated to 789.300 at the end of the year 2007 of which 69.9 % is urban population and 30.1 % is rural population (Republic of Cyprus, 2007). Population figures about Cyprus are given in Tables 1 and 2 below:

Table 1: Population at the end of 2007 (Republic of Cyprus, 2007)

Nicosia Ammochostos Larnaka Lemesos Pafos TOTAL

TOTAL 310.9 43.7 131.9 226.7 76.1 789.3

Urban 231.8 - 81.7 183.0 55.0 551.5

Rural 79.1 43.7 50.2 43.7 21.1 237.8


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Table 2: Population data for the years 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007 (Republic of Cyprus, 2007)

POPULATION - SUMMARY DATA

Population in the Government controlled area (5896 km2)

2000 (end)

2003 (end)

2005 (end)

2007 (end)

(thousands) 697.5 730.4 766.4 789.3

Males 342.7 359.3 377.8 389.6

Females 354.8 371.1 388.6 399.7

Population distribution by age (%) 2000 (end)

2003 (end)

2005 (end)

2007 (end)

0 - 14 years 22.3 20.0 18.4 17.4

15 - 64 years 66.4 68.1 69.5 70.1

65 years and over 11.3 11.9 12.1 12.5

Population distribution by district (thousands)

2000 (end)

2003 (end)

2005 (end)

2007 (end)

Lefkosia 277.9 289.1 302.6 310.9

Ammochostos 37.8 40.1 42.2 43.7

Larnaka 116.2 121.9 128.1 131.9

Lemesos 199.5 209.2 219.9 226.7

Pafos 66.1 70.1 73.6 76.1

Share of urban population (%) 68.8 69.3 69.6 69.9

Households (thousand) 224.3 238.8 256.6 270.3

Average household size 3.09 3.04 2.97 2.90


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Population density at the government controlled area (5896 km2) is estimated to approximately 134 inhabitants per square km.

Local Authorities:

There are 24 Municipalities and about 350 communities in the government controlled area of Cyprus. Figure 1 shows all 33 municipalities in Cyprus (both for government and non government controlled areas).

Figure 1: Municipalities in Cyprus (Union of Cyprus Municipalities, 2009)

Economy:

Cyprus enjoys a healthy and growing economy. Most economic indicators are above the EU average. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita annual growth rates for the years 1975-2001 and 1990-2001 respectively are shown in Figure 2 below.


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Figure 2: Cyprus GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent) (UNDP, 2007)

These data have been obtained by the United Nations Development Programme΄s Human Development Report for the years 2007 and 2008. The GDP per capita for the years 2000, 2005 and 2007 have been taken by the World Statistics Pocketbook, 2008 edition and are shown in Table 3 below:

Table 3: Cyprus GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008)

GDP per capita (US$)*

2007 27465.2

2005 22398.7

2000 13399.0

*Government controlled areas

Year 1975-2001 1990-2001

GDP per capita annual growth rate(Percent) 4.80 3.20


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2.2 Information about Malta Malta is located in the Mediterranean Sea, just south of Sicily. Maltese islands include Malta, Gozo and Comino. The total area of the Maltese Islands is 316 km2. Malta is the most densely populated country in the EU and one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with about 1,265 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,000 per square mile). This compares with about 32 per square kilometre (85 per square mile) for the United States. The population in Malta is estimated to 410,000. A census (held every 10 years) was held in November 2005.

Distance between Malta and the nearest point in Sicily is 93 km, from the nearest point on the North African (Tunisia) is 288 km. Gibraltar is 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria is 1,510 km to the east. This strategic position has allowed Malta to develop as an important trading post. The Malta Freeport is one of the Mediterranean's leading ports for container transhipments.

Malta has no mountains or rivers. The coastline is well indented. The length of the shoreline round Malta is 136 km, and 43km round Gozo. Climate has made Malta an important tourist resort: average winter temperature is 12oC, and average summer temperature is 30oC. The average rainfall is 558.2 mm (Malta Tourism Authority, 2009).

Local Authorities:

Since 1993, Malta has been subdivided into 68 local councils or localities (municipalities). These form the most basic form of local government and there are no intermediate levels between it and the national level. The levels of the 6 districts (5 on the main island) and of the 3 regions (2 on the main island) serve statistical purposes. Figure 3 below shows the 68 localities in Malta.

Figure 3: Local Councils in Malta (Malta Local Councils´ Association, 2009)


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Economy:

The GDP per capita annual growth rates for Malta for the years 1975-2001 and 1990-2001 respectively are shown in Figure 4 below. These data have been obtained by the United Nations Development Programme΄s Human Development Report for the years 2007 and 2008. The GDP per capita for the years 2000, 2005 and 2007 have been taken by the World Statistics Pocketbook, 2008 edition and are shown in Table 4.

Figure 4: Malta GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent), (UNDP, 2007)

Table 4: Malta GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008)

GDP per capita (current US$)

2007 18227.3

2005 14686.2

2000 10010.3

Year 1975-2001 1990-2001 GDP per capita annual growth rate (Percent) 4.50 3.80


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2.3 Information about Greece Greece comprises the southern tip of the mountainous Balkan Peninsula and a complex of smaller peninsulas and islands that define the northeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea. Because of this combination of physical features, the topography of Greece is extremely complex and varied. Including all its offshore territory, Greece occupies 131940 square kilometers. It is bounded on the north by FYROM and Bulgaria; on the northwest by Albania; on the east by Turkey and the Aegean Sea; and on the south and west by the Sea of Crete, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Ionian Sea.

Information about the population in Greece based on the previous Censuses is given on Table 5, whereas in Table 6 information is given about the population in each geographic region.

Table 5: De facto population of Greece (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009)

Censuses 1971 1981 1991 2001

Greece, total 8,768,372 9,739,589 10,259,900 10,964,020

Table 6: De facto population of Greece by Geographic region (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009)

2001 Census Greece, total 10.964.020 Central Greece and Evia 4,591,568 thereof: Department of Attiki 3,761,810 Prefecture of Athens 2,664,776

» of East Attiki 403,918 » of West Attiki 151,612

Prefecture of Pireas 541,504 Peloponnissos 1,155,019 Ionian Islands 212,984 Ipiros 353,820 Thessalia 753,888 Makedonia 2,424,765 Thraki 362,038 Aegean Islands 508,807 Crete 601,131


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Economy:

The GDP per capita figures for Greece are provided in Table 7, whereas the GDP figures at market prices during the last five years are provided in Table 8.

Table 7: Greece GDP per capita figures (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

11,061,735 11,103,929 11,148,533 11,192,849 11,237,068 Total population in the middle of the year

16,798 17,594 18,878 20,231 21,281 Gross domestic product at market prices

Table 8: Greece GDP at market prices (in million euro) (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

185,851 197,645 213,207 228,180 242,946

In Table 9 below information is given about the population, area and population density of the islands of Crete and Corfu where Hellenic Recovery and Recycling Corporation, one of the beneficiaries of the REPT project, owns sorting facilities for packaging waste. This data is compared with the relevant data for the whole of Greece.

Table 9: Demographic Information about Crete, Corfu and Greece in total (General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece, 2009)

Population Area (sq. km)

Population density (hab/sq.km)

Crete 601,131 8,250 79

Corfu 107,275 641 177

Greece 10,964,020 131,940 82


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2.4 Information about France France is the largest country in the European Union by area and the second largest in Europe behind Ukraine (first if one includes its extra-European territories like Guadeloupe). It is one of the founding members of the European Union. It is located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. The total area of France is 674,843 km2 (43rd) or 260,558 sq mi and the area of Metropolitan France is 551,695 km2 or 213,010 sq mi (French National Geographic Institute, 2009).

Metropolitan France is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica. It extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Metropolitan France is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain.

By contrast, Overseas France (la France d'outre-mer) is the collective name for the French overseas departments. The four overseas departments; Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, and French Guiana, have the same political status as metropolitan France's departments. Metropolitan France and overseas France together form what is officially called the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 81.8% of the territory and 96.0% of the population of the French Republic.

Although France is not an island it contains a number of islands. Corsica is part of mainland France. In addition Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion are three overseas island departments and are considered as integral parts of the French Republic. French islands that have been selected to be studied for the REPT project are Corsica, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Reunion Island. These are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: The four islands of France that have been selected for the REPT project


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Tables 10 and 11 below show general geographic, demographic and institutional characteristics of the four selected islands.

Table 10: General information about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009)

Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion French mainland

Location Mediterranean sea

Caribbean sea

Caribbean sea

Indian ocean -

Number of islands 1 8 1 1 -

Area 8 700 km2 1 600 km2 1 100 km2 2 500 km2 550 000 km2

Population 300 000 400 000 400 000 800 000 61 000 000

Average population

density 35 inh/km2 250 inh/km2 350 inh/km2 300

inh/km2 110 inh/km2

Distance to mainland 180 km 6 700 km 6 800 km 10 000 km -

Relief High

mountains in the inside

volcanic area on west coast,

plateau on east coast

High mountains in

the north part, plains in

the South

Volcanic area, high mountains

-

Table 11: Institutional information about the four selected islands of France

(Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009)

Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion

Status regarding the EU island of France ultra-peripheral

region ultra-peripheral

region ultra-peripheral

region

Status regarding France “région”

“région”, “département d’outre-mer”



Number of “département” 2 1 1 1

Number of municipalities 236 34 34 24

Note: France is divided into 26 “rιgions”. Most of these “rιgions” are then subdivided into several “dιpartments”.


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As Reunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe are located far from the mainland, they are called “dιpartement d’outre-mer” (overseas territories). But the national French legislation does also apply and the political and administrative organisation is the same as in the mainland. However, there are some specificities of the legislation for the overseas territories.

The two Northern islands of Guadeloupe (see Figure 7), Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy are since 2007-2008 “overseas local authorities”. So now, institutionally speaking, there are no longer part of the “department” Guadeloupe.

Table 12 provides population figures about the four French islands. Figures 6-9 provide information about the distribution of population in the four French islands under study.

Table 12: Population information about the four selected islands of France

(Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009)

Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion Population 300 000 400 000 400 000 800 000

Average population density 35 inh/km2 250 inh/km2 350 inh/km2 300 inh/km2

Size of biggest town

Ajaccio : 60 000 inh

Point à Pitre: 140 000 inh

Fort de France: 100 000 inh

Saint Denis : 140 000 inh

Type of urbanisation

Mostly rural, except for two main towns Ajaccio and Bastia

Population concentrated in

towns (99% population

urban)

North part of the island rural,

south part more urban

Very rural in the inside of the island, high

concentration on the

seashore

Distribution of the population

Concentrated in two main towns

(36% of total population live in

Bastia and Ajaccio)

1/3 of total population live in the area of Point à Pitre

Along the coast, mainly in the

south

85% of total population

along the coast


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Figure 6: Distribution of population in Corsica

Figure 7: Main towns of Guadeloupe

Population density (inh/km2)

The area of Point à Pitre gathers about 140000 inh.

The other towns are all about 20 000 - 25 000 inh.


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Figure 8: Main towns of Martinique

Figure 9: Main towns of Reunion Island

Main towns of Martinique Inhabitants

Fort de France 100 000

Le Lamentin 35 000

Le Robert 20 000

Schoelcher 20 000

Sainte Marie 20 000

Le François 20 000

Main towns of Reunion

Inhabitants

Saint Denis 135 000

Saint Paul 90 000

Saint Pierre 70 000

Le Tampon 60 000

Saint André 45 000

Saint Louis 45 000


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Economy: France is a developed country and possesses the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest economy by purchasing power parity (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008). It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually (Ministre de l’Économie, de l'Industrie et de l’Emploi, 2008).

The GDP per capita annual growth rates for France for the years 1975-2001 and 1990-2001 respectively are shown in Figure 10. These data have been obtained by the UNDP Human Development Report for the years 2007 and 2008. The GDP per capita for the years 2000, 2005 and 2007, taken by the World Statistics Pocketbook 2008 edition, are shown in Table 13. Table 14 shows general economic characteristics of both the four selected islands and mainland France.

Figure 10: France GDP per capita annual growth rate (percent), (UNDP, 2007)

Table 13: France GDP per capita (United Nations Statistics Division, 2008)

GDP per capita (current US$)

2007 40089.9

2005 34018.0

2000 21811.6 **Includes French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion.

Year 1975-2001 1990-2001 GDP per capita annual growth rate (Percent) 1.7 1.5


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Table 14: Basic statistics about the four selected islands of France (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009)


2007 GDP ( € per capita) 25 000 17 200 19 100 16 200 30 000

Average annual salary net 2006 20 200 21 300 21 200 20 200 23 300

agriculture 2% 15% (2002) 6% (2001) 2% (2004) 2% (2006)

industry 16% 17% 15% 24% 21% GDP

distribution by sector

services 82% 68% 72% 74% 77%

% unemployment 8% 23% (2007) 21% (2007) 24% (2007) 8% (2007)

growth 3% 2.6% (2007) 0.9 % (2007) 5% (2005) 2%

Main economical activities

Tourism, vineyard,

fishing

Building, cement,

rum, sugar, tourism

Sugarcane, banana,

rum, tourism

Sugarcane, rum, retail

trade, tourism

-

The four selected islands for the REPT project base their economy on different activities. In specific:

• There are three major areas of economic activity in Corsica. The primary industry is tourism. The beauty of the landscape and the quality of the climate have encouraged the development of this industry - the island's major source of income. Tourism, greatest in the summer months, generates employment and is concentrated on the coast (Ajaccio, Balagne, Porto Vecchio, Cap Corse, Saint Florent). In addition, the mountainous regions, including the Natural Regional Park of Corsica, also attract tourists. The second major area is agriculture. Until the late advent of tourism, farming was the only productive activity on the island. Crops: clementine, kiwi, almond, plum trees, olive trees, vineyards, chestnut, breeding (goats, ewes, cows, pigs). Fishing is not a very important activity in spite of the coast's length. The third area of economic development is construction and agribusiness, both found in Northern and Southern Corsica. Although the island’s economy revolves around tourism, other industries are important. The major industries are food processing, fishing, wine making, mining of antimony and asbestos, quarrying of granite and marble, the preparation of tannic acid and exporting. Corsica's standard of living, particularly in the interior, is still somewhat below that of continental France. The need to import fuel, machinery and food has been a significant impediment to industrial development (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 2009).


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• The most important economic activities in Martinique are: Agriculture - The island chose to develop a plantation-style agriculture, of which the trio of sugarcane, banana and rum remains a fundamental element to our days, though decreasing exports from 2002 on have been directly linked to banana and sugarcane networks. Taking into consideration the ever-changing market, authorities have launched several timid attempts to diversify production, backed by the Regional Council in the period between 2000 and 2006. Fishing - This sector is characterised by small-scale, local organisation, both in the fields of fishing and retailing. Statistics are hard to assess, but it is more than likely that local consumption is significantly higher than local production (approximately 6,000 tonnes). Industry - The industrial sector is rather young in Martinique, and is the direct cause of the economic measures of the 70s and 80s, such as the famous law of tax optimisation. Opinions vary on this subject, but numbers quite obviously show that the plans of action implemented in order to stimulate Martiniquean economy have resulted in sharp growth and a consequent social evolution. Industry has slowly found its place on the island from the beginning of the 1990s. Services - The tertiary sector is the undisputed leader of local economy, accounting for 82.2% of the GDP and 80% of total workforce. Hotels are of utmost evidence, but a good level of services is visible all around the island, most particularly in the sector of Fort de France/ Lamentin. The towns have extended to their largest, land is scarce and traffic jams so intense that property developers are on the lookout for new grounds, in the vicinity of Trinite and Riviere Salee (take, for instance, Genipa, which is one of the most recent developments). However, as the island remains under strong French influence today, the service sector is often obviously connected to the food industry. Tourism - The development of tourism in Martinique began thanks to the overall economic situation of the 1980s, and the year 2000 welcomed not less than 500,000 tourists per year (a number relating to all types of tourist establishment, the most important of which is the island’s cruise ship tourism, accounting for approximately 200 – 250,000 clients per year). More than 6,000 companies, about 16% of the island’s total number of enterprises, participate in this market, employing 6,500 people (7% of the active workforce), mostly in the sectors of hotel and restaurant. Tourism plays a vital role in the region’s economic dynamism. (Ministère de l’Outre-Mer, 2009).

• The economy of Guadeloupe depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. It also depends on France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is a key industry; an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditional sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, mainly from France. Light industry features sugar and rum production. Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially high among the young. Hurricanes periodically devastate the economy. Agriculture - The main crops are sugarcane & bananas. Large sugar plantations that produce for both export and local consumption purposes continue to dominate. Sugarcane is grown on western and central parts of Grande-Terre due to its flat lands and rainfall of 1500 to 2500 mm. & on northeast section


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of Basse-Terre. There are rum distilleries to produce rum from sugar. Bananas are grown mainly on the western sides of the mountains on Basse-Terre & on the eastern coast of Basse-Terre. Other export crops are coffee, cocoa & citrus fruit. Fishing - offshore fishing is a traditional source of food, and the main catches. By the end of the 1990s, 11 fishing farms were registered in Guadeloupe and experiments are under way to catch and market fish in order to respond to growing demand. Industry - Major industrial activities include sugar refining, rum distilling, food processing, cement and brick manufacture, mineral water bottling, beverage making, chemical making, textile manufacture & electronics assembly. Jarry has an industrial free-port. Construction - Most of the construction sector is dominated by government in the form of public works. Such works provide an enormous boost to the economy and help relieve unemployment. Construction has boomed with tourism to construct hotels, apartments and cottages. Tertiary industries - Tourism is the major money earner for Guadeloupe. Pointe-à-Pitre is a cruise ship port. Tourism provides jobs such as hoteliers, waiters, tour guides & taxi drivers. There are many shopping centers especially in Pointe-à-Pitre where French perfumes, cosmetics & leather goods are sold along with local handicrafts as souvenirs. There is foreign direct investment such as McDonald's, KFC, and Subway have established operations in Guadeloupe. There are a number of small and medium sized retail outlets (Ministère de l’Outre-Mer, 2009).

• Reunion island has extensive port, airport, road and telecommunication infrastructures that meet European standards and that rank it as a major economic player in the region. The local economy includes a primary sector dominated by sugar cane growing, a secondary sector whose main added value is provided by the agrifood industry and a tertiary sector that has become the island’s main employer (administration and commercial department). The primary sector (agriculture and fisheries) accounts for 4% of total added value. Agriculture is dominated by the sugar cane crops which cover half of all arable land. Food crops (local market) or export crops (tropical fruits, vanilla and flowers) which offer high growth potential are also grown. Industrial fisheries has expanded since 1992 with profitable exports of products with high added value to European and Asian markets, The latter sector also offers major growth potential in the years ahead. The structure of the island's economy has evolved considerably in recent years to bring it more and more in line with that of metropolitan France. In two generations Reunion has moved from a single-industry economy based on sugar cane to a service-based economy (more than 80% of value added). Agriculture, production of sugar/rum, wholesale and retail trade, general government and construction are still the predominant sectors but their relative significance has stabilised or is declining slightly. Growth is now driven by market services and industrial diversification. Tourism, which has recently emerged as a sector, is now the leading source of external earnings. The local factors of production benefit only marginally from the rise in final consumption driven by government transfers, with the bulk left to imports. Trade is seriously imbalanced. The strategy of import-led growth must now turn more towards export markets (Ministère de l’Outre-Mer, 2009).


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3. Legislation and Policies on Packaging Waste Management

3.1 Introduction The Community first introduced measures on the management of packaging waste in the early 1980s. Directive 85/339/EEC covered the packaging of liquid beverage containers intended for human consumption only. Only some EU Member States introduced measures on packaging and packaging waste management with a view to reducing their environmental impacts. Serious Internal Market problems arose when cheap secondary materials from countries with recycling schemes that provided funding for collection and recycling appeared on the markets of other Member States where no such schemes were in place. Collection and recycling activities that relied on cost recovery through the sale of secondary raw material were threatened by collapse. For this reason, in 1992, the Commission came forward with a Proposal for a Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste and Directive 94/62/EC was adopted (Commission of the European Communities, 2009).

This Directive aims to harmonise national measures, which may include national programmes, to prevent the formation of packaging waste and to ensure the functioning of the Internal Market. It contains provisions on the prevention of packaging waste, on the re-use of packaging (it encourages the development of packaging reuse systems) and on the recovery and recycling of packaging waste.

Other preventive measures may consist projects to introduce producer responsibility to minimise the environmental impact of packaging or similar actions adopted, in consultation with economic operators. The Producer Responsibility Principle as a policy principle can be summarised as “concept that manufacturers and importers of products bear a degree of responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products throughout the products’ life-cycles, including upstream impacts inherent in the selection of materials for the products, impacts from manufacturers’ production process itself, and downstream impacts form the use and disposal of the products. Producers accept their responsibility when they design their products to minimize the lifecycle environmental impacts and when they accept legal, physical or economic responsibility for the environmental impacts that cannot be eliminated by design” (Davis, 1994). Currently,the “Green Dot” scheme has evolved into a proven concept in many countries as implementation of Producer Responsibility and is the financing symbol for the organisation of recovery, sorting and recycling of sales packaging. The “Green Dot” trademark is licensed by PRO Europe (Packaging Recovery Organisation Europe) which is the umbrella organisation for European packaging and packaging waste recovery and recycling schemes. It was founded in 1995 and it acts as the authoritative voice and common policy platform representing the interests of packaging recovery and recycling organisations (PRO Europe, 2009).

The Directive covers all packaging placed on the market in the Community and all packaging waste, whether it is used or released at industrial, commercial, office, shop, service, household or any other level, regardless of the material used (European Parliament and Council, 1994). Directive 2004/12/EC (amending Directive 94/62/EC) establishes criteria clarifying the definition of the term 'packaging'. Examples such as tea bags are not considered packaging, while, the film overwrap


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around a CD case or labels hung directly on or attached to a product are considered packaging. These are given in Annex I of the Directive.

Directive 94/62/EC (completed by 2004/12/EC) urged member states on setting up measures and facilities in order to achieve a number of recycling and recovery targets by the end of 2008. However, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, because of the large number of small islands, the presence of rural and mountain areas and the low level of packaging consumption respectively, will not be bound by the targets until 2011. In addition Directive 2005/20/EC sets a later deadline for the 10 new Member States (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia) to meet the targets of the revised Packaging Directive. The extensions are until 31 December 2012 for the case of Cyprus and until 31 December 2013 for the case of Malta (European Parliament and Council, 2005). The targets defined at EU level as well as country level are shown in Table 15.

Table 15: National recycling targets for packaging for the REPT participating countries

DEADLINES

Recycling targets

(% by weight) EU1 GR1 FR1 CY2 MA2

Glass 60 %

Paper and board 60 %

metals 50 %

Plastics* 22.5 %

wood 15 %

Overall recovery 60 %

Overall recycling 55-80 %

31/12/08 31/12/11 31/12/08 31/12/12 31/12/13

* counting exclusively material that is recycled back into plastics 1 Directive 2004/12/EC 2 Directive 2005/20/EC

To provide the necessary Community data on waste management, the Member States must ensure that databases on packaging and packaging waste are established on a harmonised basis so that the realisation of the targets of this Directive can be monitored. They must also promote information campaigns aimed at the general public and economic operators.


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3.2 Cyprus Cyprus, prior to harmonisation of its legislation with the EU legislation, had no legislation related to packaging waste management. Municipalities and Communities, under two relevant Laws, were responsible to collect and transport all the waste to non-secure landfills around the island. In fact, about 115 such non-secure landfills were registered a couple of years ago by the Ministry of Interior. Most of them are still operating.

Due to the lack of legislation, there was no sorting of the packaging waste from the rest of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). In addition, there was also no real data for the packaging waste entering the Cyprus market.

The first legislation for packaging waste management came in place in 2002 with the enactment of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Law (N32(I)/2002) which was a harmonisation Law to bring in the Cyprus national legislation the provisions of the 94/62/EC Directive for Packaging Waste. The basic Law was revised later on through a number of revisions in order to incorporate the revised targets and the new requirements of the 2004/12/EC Directive (Republic of Cyprus, 2003, Republic of Cyprus, 2005).

Based on the EU Directives the targets for Cyprus are listed below:

Table 16: Targets for Cyprus according to Directives 94/62/EC and 2005/20/EC Targets until 31/12/2005 (Law 32(I)/2002) Targets until 31/12/2012

Recuperation of at least 50% of the total amount of packaging waste

Recuperation of at least 60% of the total amount of packaging waste

Recycle at least 25% of the total amount of packaging waste

Recycle at least 15% per packaging material

Recycle at least 55% of the total amount of packaging waste

Recycle at least 60% glass

Recycle at least 60% paper

Recycle at least 50% metal

Recycle at least 22.5plastic (calculating only the plastic that can be plastic again)

Recycle at least 15% wood For harmonisation with 94/62 EC For harmonisation with 2005/20 EC

Of course, in the period between 1999 and 2005, Cyprus had to fulfil intermediate targets set by the EU Commission in light of the full enforcement of the Directive 94/62/EU by the end of 2005.

These intermediate targets are listed below:


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Table 17: Recuperation targets for Cyprus for 2001 -2005 (Cyprus Environment Service)

Material 1999 %

2001 %

2002 %

2003 %

2004 %

2005 %

Wood 0 0 8,2 10,1 11,9 15,9 Glass 8,2 9,5 10,5 17,0 24,8 39,7 Paper/cardboard 1,1 1,6 51,7* 59,7 61,0 70,0 Plastic 2,0 2,6 13,9* 18,3 24,56 38,0 Metals 23,8 24,0 24,0 25,4 43,1 63,4 Total 2,6 3,1 30,0 34,7 40,5 52,0 * estimations

As it was rather obvious, in a country without infrastructure and without any sorting culture, it was very difficult to meet the intermediate targets. Despite the scattered and rather heroic efforts of a handful of recycling companies to push things ahead, only small quantities of commercial packaging was recovered. There were only a couple of small pilot programs aiming at household packaging, but they suffered from the lack of interest from the public and the lack of sorting infrastructure on the island. Therefore, targets were not met but small steps were made in the process of recovery and recycling of packaging.

One of the most important changes that were brought in place with the new packaging legislation was the principle of “Producer Responsibility”. For the first time, the industry and not the government or the local authorities, was made responsible to deal with the management of its packaging. After a period of confusion and anxiety of what this new Law meant and after the continuous effort of the Environment Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment to make the new requirements known to the industry, the Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry decided to get involved. Being an umbrella organization associated with most of the local fillers and the importers of packed products, decided to form a collective packaging management system in line with the equivalent systems present in most EU member states. The operation of Green Dot Cyprus was the beginning of the real organised packaging management especially from the households.

3.3 Malta The three EU Directives (94/62/EC, 2004/12/EC and 2005/20/EC) were transposed into Maltese Law with the Waste Management (Packaging and Packaging Waste) Regulations, 2006 (Legal Notice 277 of 2006). The Competent Authority for the implementation of these Regulations is the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA). The legislation puts responsibility on producers with regards to finance and organizations are legally obliged to register with MEPA as producers of waste. The exact targets for Malta as defined by the Waste Management (Packaging and Packaging Waste) Regulations, 2006 are shown in Table 18.


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Table 18: Minimum overall recovery targets, overall recycling targets and material specific recycling targets for Malta for the period 2004-2013

(Waste management (Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulations, 2006))

Deadline Overall Recovery

Overall Recycling

Glass Recycling

Metals Recycling

Plastics Recycling

Paper and Board

Recycling Wood

Recycling

1/5/2004 20% 18% 15% 15%. 5% 15% n.a 31/12/2004 27% 21% 15% 15% 5%. 15% n.a 31/12/2005 28% 25% 15% 15% 5% 15% n.a. 31/12/2006 34% 29% 20% 22% 7% 20% 3% 31/12/2007 41% 35% 25% 27% 10% 25% 5% 31/12/2008 47% 41% 30% 31% 13% 30% 7% 31/12/2009 50% 45% 35% 34% 15% 35% 9% 31/12/2010 53% 48% 43% 38% 17.5% 42% 11% 31/12/2011 56% 51% 50% 41% 19.5% 50% 13% 31/12/2012 58% 53% 55% 46% 21.5% 55% 14% 31/12/2013 60% 55% 60% 50% 22.5% 60% 15% Notes: (1) The overall recovery includes recovery and incineration at waste incineration plants with energy recovery (2) There is no maximum target for the overall recovery. (3) The maximum target for overall recycling is 80%. (4) For the recycling target for plastics, exclusively material that is recycled back into plastics shall be counted.

In practice, only a fraction of organizations have registered with MEPA. The total number of registered producers of packaging in Malta was 1140 in 2008 and by the time of writing this report (August 2009) is 1590.

In general, there is a poor enforcement from the authorities; many organizations still believe that they have a “choice” with regards to recycling, or are totally ignorant of the legislation or think that by employing a contractor to dispose of their packaging waste, they are in compliance with the law. In addition it seems that many organisations believe that their legal obligations are being fulfilled by paying the eco-contribution tax levied on some types of packaging placed on the market according to the Eco-contribution Act that came into force during 2004 (Malta House of Representatives, 2004). In addition, organisations who know that by paying this tax does not mean compliance with the waste packaging regulations, refuse to incur further expense by self-complying or joining approved waste compliance schemes. The Authorities have confirmed via a Legal Notice that producers who have joined or will join private waste management compliance schemes will receive refunds of eco-contribution paid on packaging; however, to date, have not implemented a system of refunds.

3.4 Greece EC Directive 94/62 was transposed into Greek law with Law 2939/01 (Republic of Greece, 2001). On the basis of the Law 2939/01 packaging managers and local authorities are legally responsible.

Packaging Managers are: • A. suppliers of raw material for packaging, • B. packaging manufacturers and importers,


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• C. producers (fillers) and importers of packaged products, • D. traders of packaged products.

Their responsibilities (article 12 of the law 2939/01) are the following: • Suppliers and manufacturers (categories A & B) must take delivery of the

secondary material (packaging waste) from approved areas or plants and use it for the production of new products,

• Packaging fillers - importers (category C) must carry out the collection and sorting at the source of the packaging waste and to secure that the waste is led to reuse or to approved recovery plants,

• Distributors (category D) must collect packaging waste or used packaging and not trade products without marking.

Their responsibility is fulfilled either by entering into the Contract of Participation in the approved Collective Alternative Management System organised by HE.R.R.Co (Hellenic Recovery and Recycling Corporation) or with the organisation and approval by the Ministry for the Environment, Planning and Public Works of an alternative management system applying a deposit system to their packaging.

Local Authorities must ensure the alternative management of municipal packaging waste, which is organised either by them or in cooperation with the Collective alternative management system. Law 2939/01 provides the drawing up of six-year Contracts of Cooperation between the Local Authorities and the System determining: the operational plans of alternative management, the framework, the cooperation terms, as well as the evaluation criteria for the amount of financing by the responsible waste management institutions.

The updated goals as set by 2004/12/EC were incorporated into the national legal framework by means of Joint Ministerial Decision 9268/469/2007 (Republic of Greece, 2007). According to this decision the revised targets for Greece until 31 December 2011 are the following:

• Utilization of at least 60% by weight of the total amount of packaging waste, in which there is included recycling of at least 55% with:

• 60% by weight glass, • 60% by weight Paper & cardboard, • 50% by weight metal, • 22.5% by weight plastic, • 15 % by weight wood.

The above mentioned deadline was extended by three years for Greece, Ireland and Portugal because of their specific situations as the deadline for the rest of the member states was 31 December 2008. In specific Greece has received this extension as it is characterised by a large number of small islands.


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3.5 France The EU packaging directive is transposed into French legislation through two main decrees: 92-377 Decree (01/04/92) that deals with household packaging (end-user is a household), and 94-609 Decree (13/07/94) that deals with industrial and commercial packaging. These texts, however, existed before the EU directive and were completed afterwards.

92-377 Decree sets an obligation to each producer, importer, placing on the French market packaged goods meant for household consumers to take in charge or contribute to the disposal of all its packaging waste. In order to fulfil their legal obligations, producers have 3 possibilities:

- take in charge the disposal of their packaging and collect them through a deposit system, - take in charge by themselves the collection and treatment of their packaging, - transfer their take-back obligation to an accredited compliance scheme.

Any company willing to become a compliance scheme that takes in charge household packaging waste from producers has to be accredited jointly by the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Local Authorities.

To get the accreditation, the company has to present a document showing in detail the organisation, the contract models with producers and local authorities, the financial contribution requested from producers, the facilities planned to be used for the treatment and the recycling targets to be reached. This accreditation has to be renewed every 6 years (Republic of France, 1992).

Household packaging waste, as part of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), remains under the operational responsibility of local authorities.

According to 96-1008 Decree (November 1996), waste management plans (elaborated at a regional scale in France) have to include a part specifically dedicated to packaging waste, which sets recycling targets at least as high as the EU directive’s targets (Republic of France, 1996).

94-609 Decree deals with packaging of which end-user is not a household. Each end-user of non-household packaging waste has to sort its packaging waste separately from other types of waste and has to insure the recovery of it. The only ways of disposal for this kind of packaging waste are reuse, recycling or any operation aiming at getting reusable material or energy. In order to fulfil its legal obligations, the end-user has 3 possibilities:

- Recover its packaging in its own treatment facility, that has to be officially accredited - Have a contract with an officially accredited treatment facility - Have a contract with an intermediate company (waste transportation, waste trade).

For end-users generating less that 1100L per week and whose waste are handled by the municipal service, they have to separate their packaging waste as requested by the municipal service. The national recycling and recovery targets to be reached by France in 2008 are the same as those set by the EU Directive (2004).


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4. Legislation and Policies on WEEE

4.1 Introduction Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) known as the WEEE Directive aims at (a) the prevention of waste electrical electronic equipment, (b) reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce the disposal of waste, (c) the improvement of the environmental performance of producers, distributors and consumers and operators directly involved in the treatment of WEEE. Directive covers the following categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment:

Table 19: Categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment covered by Directive 2002/96/EC (European Parliament and Council, 2002a)

1. Large household appliances

2. Small household appliances

3. IT and telecommunications equipment

4. Consumer equipment

5. Lighting equipment

6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial goods

7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment

8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)

9. Monitoring and control instruments 10. Automatic dispensers

The Directive is based on the Principle of Producer Responsibility to create the link between the production phase and the waste phase of a product and concerns various actors involved in the life cycle of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), such as producers, distributors, consumers and operators of treatment plants.

The WEEE Directive puts the Producer Responsibility Principle in concrete terms and allocates responsibility to producers and other stakeholders involved in the lifecycle of electric and electronic products. Recitals 12 and 20 of the Directive clearly indicate the link between producer responsibility principle and upstream design changes, while Article 8 articulates the rationale behind the principle with the allocation of individual producer responsibility (IPR) for the management of new WEEE (those put on the market after 13 August 2005). Currently a number of collection and recovery systems for WEEE have been developed and operate throughout Europe. The WEEE Forum is a non-for-profit association of more than 40 open collection and recovery systems in Europe and provides a common platform for these producer responsibility organisations, or take-back systems, to foster ideas and share best practices through a proper management of electrical and electronic waste. It was founded in April 2002 preceding the entry into force of Directive 2002/96/EC on WEEE in February 2003 (WEEE Forum, 2009).


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Regarding WEEE, member states should ensure that by 31 December 2006 producers meet the targets shown in Table 20. The accomplishment of those targets for Cyprus as well as Malta has been extended until 31 December 2008.

In order to avoid possible financial implications for producers of the equipment concerned, Directive 2003/108/EC (amending Directive 2002/96/EC) provides for the financing of costs by the producers for the collection, treatment, recovery and environmentally sound disposal of WEEE from users other than private households from products put on the market after 13 August 2005. For historical waste being replaced by new equivalent products or by new products fulfilling the same function, the financing of the costs shall be provided for by producers of those products when supplying them (European Parliament and Council, 2003).

In addition to the WEEE Directive, Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, known as the RoHS Directive aims to approximate the laws of member states on the restrictions of the use of hazardous substances in WEEE. The Directive applies to the electrical and electronic equipment falling under the categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 shown in Table 19. According to this Directive, member states should ensure that , from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (European Parliament and Council, 2002b).


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Table 20: National targets on recovery, reuse and recycling of WEEE for the four REPT participating countries

DEADLINES

Rate of recovery

Rate of component,

material and

substance reuse and recycling

European Union1 Greece1 France1 Cyprus Malta

WEEE falling under categories 1 and 10 of Annex IA: • Large household appliances • Automatic dispensers

80 %

75% 31/12/2006 31/12/2006 31/12/2008

WEEE falling under categories 3 and 4 of Annex IA: • IT and telecommunications

equipment, • Consumer equipment,

75 % 65% 31/12/2006 31/12/2006 31/12/2008

WEEE falling under categories 2, 5, 6, 7 and 9 of Annex IA: • Small household appliances, • Lighting equipment, • Electrical and electronic tools (with

the exception of large-scale stationary industrial goods,

• Toys, leisure and sports equipment,

• Monitoring and control instruments

70 % 50% 31/12/2006 31/12/2006 31/12/2008

Gas discharge lamps - 80% 31/12/2006 31/12/2006 31/12/2008 1Directive 2002/96/EC


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4.2 Cyprus The same way that packaging management was not a requirement in Cyprus, there was no legislation either for the management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment prior to the harmonisation of Cyprus legislation with the EU legislation.

Because of the absence of legislation there was no organised collection of WEEE. In fact many old appliances still lie in the fields after their disposal from their owners. From time to time though, and depending on the prices of metals in the international market, small scrap metal collectors are collecting mostly white equipment rich in metal and trade them as scrap metal through the scrap metal yards. This on the one hand means that some of this equipment is collected from the fields and processed, but the processing is done along with any other scrap metal and without any prior decontamination of the equipment. In fact, this type of “processing” was also used for fridges, a practise that poses serious harm to the environment because of the presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), in the cooling system and the insulation of the fridges.

Legislation for the management of WEEE came in place initially in 2002 with the Waste Framework Law, (i.e. the Law for the Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste - Law 215(I)/2002). The Law was later on completed with the Regulation for the Management of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, (Regulation 668/2004). This regulation reflects the provisions of the 2002/96/EC, 2002/95/EC and 2003/108/EC Directives for the management of WEEE (Republic of Cyprus, 2004).

According to the Directives and the Regulation, Cyprus had by the end of 2008 to fulfil the target of separate collection of 4 kg per Capita of household WEEE and the respective treatment of these equipment with the recycling of a high content of the materials included in each type of equipment. These targets have not been met as there is still no separate collection of WEEE in Cyprus.

The new harmonised legislation installs Producer Responsibility for the management of WEEE. Companies importing Electrical and Electronic Equipment must be organized to collect and manage about 3,000 tonnes of WEEE of household type every year. The industry, with the support of Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry, has formed a collective WEEE management system under the organisation WEEE Electrocyclosis Cyprus Ltd. The organisation is a non-for-profit organisation representing currently about 180 importers of Electrical and Electronic Equipment to the Cyprus market. Most of the large importers of such equipment have already registered to the system.

The organisation chose to cooperate with Green Dot Cyprus for the management of its system. The design of the system was done by Green Dot Cyprus with the support of ERA GmbH, a similar WEEE system operating in Austria. The System was accredited by the authorities on June 1, 2008 as the first collective WEEE system in Cyprus. It is expected to start collection of WEEE before the end of 2009.


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4.3 Malta In Malta Waste Management (Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Regulations of 2007 bring into effect the provisions of Directive 2002/96/EC on WEEE as amended by Directive 2003/108/EC. The competent authority for the implementation of these Regulations is the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA). According to these Regulations the competent authority should have taken necessary measures to ensure that by December 31, 2008 at the latest a rate of separate collection of at least four kilograms on average per inhabitant per year of WEEE from private households is achieved (Ministry of Rural Affairs and the Environment, 2007).

Legislation puts responsibility on producers with regards to finance. Organizations are legally obliged to register with MEPA as producers of waste. Currently very few producers have registered with the competent authority and very limited data are held with regards to the amounts of EEE on the Maltese market. Producers who have registered with the Competent Authority are waiting for Private Compliance Schemes to be established, in order to join these schemes. The number of registered producers of WEEE in 2008 was 250 and the current number, as of August 2009, is 455.

Industry and trade saw a major conflict with the existing eco-contribution which is levied on many electric and electronic devices. They believe that they have already paid their financial contribution and the government would now have the task to organize collection and recycling of these appliances. The new regulation contains now the provision that producers/importers or schemes will be exempted from eco-contribution when giving proof that they individually or collectively within a scheme fulfil all requirements and targets of the new regulation. This will create an incentive for producers/importers to achieve high recycling and recovery targets of product groups they have brought into circulation earlier. It is intended that the new regulation will create flexible means of collection of WEEE from private households:

• by modified kerb side collection of bulky waste by local councils,

• by the new Civic Amenity Sites (supervised facilities where the public can bring a variety of household, mainly bulky, waste also including WEEE),

• by taking back WEEE by retailers (when selling a new product).

Estimates and comparisons with other European regions have indicated that the minimum collection rate of 4 kg per inhabitant and year will be achieved and over passed rather easily. The total amount of collected WEEE per year could be raised to several thousand tonnes (an amount of up to 4000 tonnes per year from Maltese households has been estimated based on the experience from other European countries) and most of this amount will come from large household appliances. MEPA will decide on existing applications for schemes to collect, transport, sort, dismantle, pre-treat and recover in Malta or abroad. Such system(s) should be lean in order to avoid unnecessary costs for overheads. All mayor activities should be regularly tendered in order to allow competition. Start up of such scheme(s) is estimated to take place soon (Malta Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, 2009).

In addition, the Malta Standards Authority's Consumer and Industrial Goods Directorate has transposed directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) through Malta's Legal Notice 396 of 2004. This was published in the Government Gazette of August 31, 2004.


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4.4 Greece Law 2939/01 as previously mentioned (Section 3.4) is related to the alternative management of packaging and packaging waste as well as other products. Therefore, all managers of WEEE are obliged to organise systems for the alternative management of WEEE produced by their activities.

Presidential Decree No 117 is specifically related to measures, terms and programme for the alternative management of WEEE in compliance with the provisions of the Council Directive 2002/95 “on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment” and Council Directive 2002/96 “on waste electrical and electronic equipment”.

Appliances Recycling S.A. aims at the achievement of the national targets, as these are set by the European Union and the Greek Government, as well as the effective control of the cost of the Alternative Management of WEEE. These quantitative and qualitative targets include the separate collection of at least 4 kg of WEEE of domestic origin on average, per resident per year and specific objectives as far as re-use and recycling of WEEE is concerned. The percentage of re-use and recycling varies from 50% up to 80% -minimum, the average weight per appliance (depending on the category of equipment).

Companies that are registered with the accredited collective system benefit from their exemption from the obligations that are imposed by Law 2939/01 and the Presidential Decree 117/2004 regarding specifically the alternative management of WEEE that concerns their activity and have the right to mark their products with the special symbol as a proof of registration with the collective system for the alternative management of the WEEE.

Presidential Decree 117 has been modified by Presidential Decree 15 of 2006 for the incorporation of the provisions of directive 2003/108 EC regarding the financing of the collection, treatment, recovery and environmentally sound disposal of WEEE from users other than private households by the producers.

4.5 France EC directives 2002/96 (WEEE) and 2002/95 (RoHS) were transposed into national French law through Decree 2005-829 of 20 July 2005 (Republic of France, 2005). The national collection, recycling and recovery targets are the same as those set by the WEEE Directive.

Electrical and Electronic Equipment concerned by the French law are the same as those described in the EC WEEE Directive. French law makes a difference between household and professional EEE. Professional EEE are products whose use is strictly professional or products that are sold exclusively through professional distribution.

According to this decree producers are:

- Manufacturers selling their products in France, - Importers of products from abroad to French market, - Distributors of own brand products, - Mail order sellers (products from abroad sold on French market).


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Regarding household WEEE manufacturers the use of certain hazardous substances is restricted or banned and each product has to be appropriately labelled.

Producers are responsible for the organisation and financing of collection and treatment of household WEEE they place on the market. They can either set up their own system or contribute to a compliance scheme. Producers have to declare to the National Register the amount of EEE put on the market and the amount of WEEE collected and treated. ADEME (French Environmental Agency) is in charge of the national registration. All producers have to annually report the quantity placed on the market and treated to ADEME.

Distributors have to accept to take back WEEE free of charge when selling a new product of the same type. That is the “one for one take back”. They also have to inform customers about the cost of WEEE treatment when selling a product. The eco-contribution paid when buying an EEE has to clearly appear on the bill.

Compliance schemes have to be accredited jointly by the Ministry of Ecology, Industry and Local Authorities for a maximum period of 6 years. Accreditation is obtained only if the company can prove that all legal obligations of producers will be fulfilled.

In the French legislation, contrary to other WEEE, there is no distinction between household and professional waste for lamps. Otherwise the French legislation has no specificity compared to EU directive.


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5. Recovery and Recycling practices, technologies and techniques used in each country and islands chosen for packaging waste

5.1 Cyprus The operation of Green Dot Cyprus was the beginning of the real organised packaging management especially from the households. It took about two years for this new organization to get accepted and embraced by the Industry. During this process, the organization also joined the Green Dot network of packaging management systems. In 2005, the 30 first large companies joined the organisation as its founding shareholders and the staffing of the organisation began. The development of the system was done with the support of the Belgian Green Dot organisation, Fost Plus. The Cypriot organisation submitted its accreditation application in January 2006 and was accredited in August 2006 for a six year period. As of 2008, the organisation counts 456 members and 86 shareholders (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co. Ltd, 2009a).

Figure 11: Members and shareholders of Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd

(Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a)

5.1.1 General information about the production of solid and packaging waste in Cyprus Some basic data about the production of municipal and packaging solid waste in Cyprus are given on Table 21 below:


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Table 21: Production of Municipal Solid Waste in Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus, 2009)

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Indicator Unit 2000 2003 2005 2007

Total amount generated 1000 tonnes 469,59 517,63 553,30 586,75

Per capita generation of waste kg/person 677 718 730 747

Cyprus is mainly an import economy. Therefore, a lot of packed products entering the market are imported from abroad. There are no concrete data about the total quantities of packaging entering the market. Table 22 below is, according to the authorities, a good analysis of the composition of the municipal solid waste in Cyprus for 2007.

Table 22: Packed products entering the market in Cyprus (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2007)

Ingredients Tonnes/year Percent (%) Glass 13,255 2.5 Paper/cardboard 143,154 27 Plastic 21,208 4 Metals 74,228 14 Garden waste 53,020 10 Biodegradable organic 177,617 33.5 inactive 47,718 9 Total 530,200 100

The quantities of glass, paper, plastic and metals, as listed above, refer to the total quantities of such material produced as waste in Cyprus and not just packaging.

Table 23 below is an extract from a report prepared for the Environment Service of the Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment for the packaging entering the market until 2005.


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Table 23: Packaging entering the market in Cyprus until 2005, (Environment Service of Cyprus, 2005)

PACKAGING 2002 2005 Rest

Tonnes Tonnes %

HOUSEHOLD PACKAGING

Plastic - Pet 2,684 2,876 7%

Plastic- all the others 26,257 28,133 7%

Paper 20,607 22,191 8%

Glass 19,648 21,159 8%

Zinn 9,396 10,068 7%

Aluminum 4,543 4,868 7%

Subset 83,135 89,295 7%

COMMERCIAL PACKAGING

Paper 15,455 16,559 7%

Cardboard 15,455 16,559 7%

Plastic 11,253 12,057 7%

Glass 1,034 1,108 7%

Steel 495 530 7%

Wood 10,908 11,688 7%

Subset 54,600 58,501 7%

Final Total 137,735 147,796 7%

After the operation of Green Dot Cyprus in 2006, packaging material is reported more systematically, on an annual basis, from the companies participating in the system. Of course the system is not representing the whole of the industry yet; therefore the numbers are still not complete. Most of the large packers or importers of packed goods though are now registered with


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the system, so the system already has a good picture of the packaging market and it is easier to make extrapolations of the total size of the market.

The latest estimates of the system for the size of the packaging market and the composition in packaging materials are listed in Table 24 below:

Table 24: Size of total packaging market and composition in packaging materials (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b)

Declared (tonnes) 2008

Market (tonnes) 2008

Market* (tonnes) 2010

Market* (tonnes) 2012

GLASS 20,087 30,298 30,298 31,207

PAPER 11,104 16,749 16,749 17,251

STEEL 2,209 3,332 3,332 3,432

ALUM 2,603 3,927 3,927 4,045

PET 6,261 9,443 9,443 9,727

HDPE 1,776 2,678 2,678 2,759

TETRAPAK 1,854 2,796 2,796 2,880

PP 890 1,343 1,343 1,383

PE 1,716 2,589 2,589 2,667

PVC 652 983 983 1,013

PS 375 565 565 582

OTHER 1,835 2,767 2,767 2,850

OTHER NON 730 1,101 1,101 1,134

PAPER C** 9,210 13,892 13,892 14,309

PLASTIC C** 2,504 3,776 3,776 3,890

WOOD C** 7,823 11,800 11,800 12,154

OTHER C** 1,298 1,958 1,958 2,017

Total 72,929 110,000 110,000 113,300

*Estimates **Commercial Packaging


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More specifically, the estimates of the quantities of material entering the market that as referred to in the Life Project are listed in Table 25 below:

Table 25: Estimates of quantities of material entering the Cyprus market for the packaging categories referred to in the REPT Project (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b)

Declared (tonnes)

Market (tonnes)

Market* (tonnes)

Market* (tonnes)

2008 2008 2010 2012

PAPER 22,169 33,437 33,437 34,441

GLASS 20,087 30,298 30,298 31,207

PLASTIC 16,008 24,146 24,146 24,870

METAL 4,813 7,259 7,259 7,477

Total 63,077 95,141 95,141 97,995

*Estimates

5.1.2 Development and operation of Green Dot Cyprus

Green Dot Cyprus developed initially two sorting plants, one in the Nicosia and one in the Limassol areas and eventually installed separate collection of packaging in cooperation with local authorities in various places around the island.

The geographical expansion of the separate packaging collection was performed in four phases as shown in the table and the map below in the most populated parts of the island.

Table 26: Phases of geographical expansion of the Green Dot scheme in Cyprus (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b)

Phases Population covered 1 125,000 2 130,000 3 170,000 4 120,000

Total to date 545,000


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With the four phases of expansion, (between February 2007 and June 2009), the system now covers about 70% of the island population. It is expected to grow further in the future with a long term target to be available everywhere.

Figure 12: Phases of geographical expansion of the Green Dot scheme in Cyprus

(Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009b)

Green Dot Cyprus currently purchases all services required for the operation of the system from the private sector or from local authorities with which it cooperates. For this reason it collaborates with a significant number of private waste management and recycling organizations in Cyprus.


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5.1.3 Collection, Sorting and Treatment of packaging waste streams in Cyprus

The three streams of packaging waste which are collected separately according to the Green Dot Cyprus scheme from household are the following:

Table 27: Household packaging waste streams collected separately according to the Green Dot Cyprus

scheme (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a)

Packaging waste stream Description

1. Paper

Cartons and corrugated cartons including newspapers, magazines and advertising leaflets.

2. PMD* A mixed stream of plastic bottles and flasks, metal packaging (tin and aluminum) and tetrapak type drink cartons.

3. Glass Glass packaging (bottles and jars)

* PMD stands for Plastic, Metals and Drink Cartons (tetrapak)

These three categories are separated in households by the citizens from the rest of the solid waste and are kept in separate bins, since their collection is done separately and with different frequency. The manner of collection of the three above mentioned packaging waste streams depends on the density and the type of population in each respective area.

The collection of paper and PMD streams in highly populated areas is done through kerbside collection, as is done with all the rest of the solid waste. On the contrary, the collection of glass is effected through the “bring system” where citizens take the material to predefined spots where special bins are placed for glass packaging waste.

Paper Stream Collection:

This stream, due to its nature and use, is a dry paper stream if it is not mixed with other waste. This allows its collection to be less frequent since health issues and bad smells do not arise from its temporary at-home storage. This stream is collected separately from other waste streams directly from each household. The frequency of door to door collection due to its favorable characteristics, is twice per month. After its collection it is taken to a paper sorting unit which sorts each type of paper and prepares it through for recycling in Cyprus or abroad. Apart from the door to door collection every two weeks, a number of brown bins (bring points) have been located for the collection of paper. The public, offices and manufacturers can separate paper and take them in the nearest brown recycling bins of their neighbourhood. The recycling points are placed in accessible and visible places (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a).


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Figure 13: Collection and sorting of paper by Green Dot Cyprus

Glass Stream Collection:

The glass stream is collected separately from other material and it is the only material which is not collected through kerbside collection but through the bring system. For its collection special bins are placed at points which are within the local authorities. One glass litter bin is placed for approximately every 600 residents. The collection of the material is done with the use of an open truck equipped to empty bell shaped bins. The frequency of collection is defined depending on practical experience concerning the concentration of the material. The glass is transported after collection to a sorting unit where it is cleaned, grinded and is promoted for recycling locally or abroad (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a).


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Figure 14: Collection and sorting of glass in Cyprus by Green Dot Cyprus

PMD Stream Collection:

The PMD stream is sorted by citizens in special transparent bags. The stream comprises of bottle covers, plastic bottles made of PET, plastic bottles and flasks made from PE and HDPE, tin cans, aluminum cans and tetrapak type drink cartons. This stream is collected from home to home (kerbside collection) once a week. The collection is done with usual press trucks. PMD stream is sorted in to six or seven subcategories (PET, PE, PP, tetrapak, Aluminium, ferrous metals, paper) at the two special sorting units that have been developed by the system for this purpose. The first sorting unit operates in Nicosia (Latsia Industrial Area) and currently receives PMD waste from the districts of Nicosia and Famagusta. The second one operates in Limassol (Moni area) and accepts the PMD stream of both Limassol and Paphos. The development of these two sorting units was undertaken by A.M. Interbalance consortium.

The material is sorted and arranged in these units based on specifications followed by other European systems so that the material may be efficiently recycled. For population living in a house or a block of flats but their waste is collected from a special wheeled bin near their house, next to this bin another blue bin is normally located, with the mark of Green Dot Cyprus. In this bin the PMD bags or the PMD materials can be placed (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a).


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Figure 15: Collection and sorting of paper in Cyprus by Green Dot Cyprus

Collection in Tourist Areas and less Populated Areas:

The second manner of collection concerns far away Communities and Tourist areas. The tourist regions have the particularity of seasonal accumulation of population. This means that collection in one specific day will not attribute particularly since the visitors of small duration, or the holiday-makers of a region, will not have the information or be able to participate to the program.


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Consequently, an alternative way of collection has been chosen with the use of bring points for the collection of the three streams of materials. The public separates the materials in the three streams (i.e. paper, glass and PMD) and takes them in the nearest recycling bins of their neighbourhood, where separate bins are situated for each stream of material. The recycling points are placed in accessible and visible places. One recycling point is used for 600-700 people. At the same time, bins are placed in hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. where large quantities of packaging are produced, especially during the summer tourist season (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a).

Figure 16: Collection bins for paper (brown), PMD (blue) and glass (green) in tourist areas

and outside apartment houses in highly populated areas in Cyprus

The same method with bring points for the material is used and will be further utilised in the future for smaller or remote communities during the expansion of the program in such areas.

5.1.4 Recovery and Recycling of Material

The Green Dot system in Cyprus manages both commercial and household packaging. The management of commercial packaging is easier than the household packaging. Commercial packaging is usually found concentrated in larger quantities and is more homogeneous than household packaging. In Figures 17 and 18 the amounts of household packaging recycled in 2007 and 2008 per stream, and the amount of commercial packaging recycled for the same years are presented.


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432.425

2.411.761

378.754

1.083.205

805.983

1.680.301

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

Paper Glass PMD

2007

2008

Figure 17: Household packaging recycled in 2007 and 2008 per stream


3.853 3.847

705848

1.565

1.190

72 0

2.212

612

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

4.000

Paper Plastic Steel Alum Glass

2008

2007

Figure 18: Commercial packaging recycled in 2007 and 2008 per stream


The following pie chart (Figure 19) presents the breakdown of the household packaging materials per material that was recycled in 2007 and 2008.


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7%3%0%

26%

1%1%1%1%

60%

PET

PE

PP

GLASS

FILM

TETRAPAK

ALUMINIUM

FERR. METALS

PAPER

Figure 19: Βreakdown of the household packaging materials per material that were recycled in 2007 and

2008 (Green Dot (Cyprus) Public Co Ltd, 2009a)

5.1.5 Costs for recovery / recycling of material

The relevant costs for the collection schemes used in Cyprus (bins and kerbside collection), transportation of material (inland and export) and communication costs are provided in the relevant excel file provided by Green Dot Cyprus (Annex 1).


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5.2 Malta The GreenPak waste management compliance scheme for Malta is operated under Green Dot Malta Ltd. Green Dot Malta Ltd, (initially established in 2004 as GreenPak Ltd) is fully authorised to run the GreenPak compliance scheme across Malta and Gozo for the recovery of packaging waste in response to the EU Packaging Directive.

All companies whose activities lead to the generation of packaging waste in Malta have an obligation to recover such packaging. By joining the GreenPak compliance scheme, companies are able to meet this obligation. The GreenPak compliance scheme is the only registered compliance scheme in Malta fully authorised by MEPA (Malta Environment and Planning Authority). Currently, the number of GreenPak’s members is 257 (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009a).

WasteServ Malta Ltd. was established in November 2002 and is the company responsible for organizing, managing and operating integrated systems for waste management including integrated systems for minimisation, collection, transport, sorting, reuse, utilisation, recycling, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. WasteServ Malta Ltd. operates integrated systems for export of waste to destinations outside the Maltese islands. The company operates integrated systems for waste management in accordance to the Law of Malta. It is responsible for the waste management policy and plan of the Government of Malta while observing internationally recognized waste management principles (WasteServ Malta Ltd, 2009).

5.2.1 Production of solid and packaging waste in Malta

Some basic data about waste disposal in public landfills in Malta are given on Table 28 below:

Table 28: Waste disposal in public landfills in Malta (tonnes)

(Waste Management Strategy Implementation Department, Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, Malta)

Municipal solid waste Construction and demolition waste Industrial and other waste 2003 201,835 538,069 41,351 2004 211,718 30,897 31,909 2005 218,601 17,436 21,673 2006 218,204 4,502 24,549 2007 254,570 5,023 18,946

Table 29 provides estimations on the declared packaging quantities in Malta for the years 2005 – 2008. Table 30 provides estimates on the future productions of packaging waste based on the Solid Waste Management Strategy for the Maltese Islands (Ministry for the Environment, 2001).


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Table 29: Declared packaging quantities estimates for Malta (tonnes)

Glass Plastics Cardboard Paper Metal 2005 494,770 266,140 892,035 135,480 2006 662, 750 431,390 1,297,764 374,340 2007 2,125,070 1,286,470 3,026,934 421,950 2008 1294 786 1754

sources: 2005 WasteServ

2006 to 2007 WasteServ & Green Dot Malta Ltd 2008 Green Dot Malta Ltd

Table 30: Estimates of future productions for Malta (tonnes) (Ministry for the Environment, 2001)

Paper Glass Plastic Metal

2010 12k 5k 10k 2k

2015 23k 9k 13k 3k

2020 30k 11k 17k 4k

5.2.2 Collection, Sorting and Treatment of packaging waste streams in Malta

Currently, packaging and municipal waste in Malta is mainly recovered by:

• Door-to-door collection: WasteServ Malta Ltd. is taking part in the 'Irricikla t-Tlieta' initiative (Recycle Tuesdays initiative), which is being coordinated by the Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs. WasteServ, apart from accepting separated waste collected in order to sort it and send it for recycling (through its Material Recovery Facility at the Sant'Antnin Waste Treatment Plant), is also contributing to the scheme by providing freephone services. Below are the finalised statistics of separated waste collected for 2008 (in kg) through the Recycle Tuesdays initiative in Malta:

Table 31: Finalised statistics of separated waste collected for 2008 (in kg) through the Recycle Tuesdays initiative in Malta (WasteServ Malta Ltd, 2009)

May 323,100 Jun 487,560 Jul 676,170

Aug 472,280 Sep 606,260 Oct 543,120 Nov 510,260 Dec 631,800

Totals 4,250,550


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• Bring-in Sites: In collaboration with Local Councils, WasteServ Malta Ltd began to introduce Bring-In Sites in 2003. In these sites the public can deposit clean dry recyclable waste (plastic, metal, glass and paper) in separate colour-coded bins. The Bring-in Sites consist of four containers: blue for plastic, white for paper, brown for glass and black for metal. Materials from these Bring-in Sites are collected separately and taken to Sant'Antnin Waste Treatment Plant where they are further sorted by hand and then sent for recycling to various companies, both locally and abroad. By the end of 2007, 197 Bring-in Sites had been set up in various localities in Malta and Gozo; the amount of material collected had risen by 24.6% between 2006 and 2007 (i.e. from 2,255 to 2,810 tonnes). By the end of 2008, 226 Bring-in-Sites had been set up across the Maltese islands. Through EU structural funding, WasteServ Malta Ltd will be able to introduce up to 400 Bring-In Sites. In Addition 200 Bring-in-Sites have already been installed at schools. Malta has benefited from €4.6 million in structural funds from the European Union to finance the nationwide waste separation project entitled “Establishing Civic Amenity and Bring-In Sites, a separate household waste collection and an integrated communications strategy”. This initiative is the first of a series aimed at encouraging waste separation at source in line with various EU directives. This should reduce a significant part of municipal waste requiring final disposal in landfills. The use of these collection sites by citizens has increased significantly over the last years. Response from the public to the introduction of these facilities was very positive, and the rate of participation has increased steadily as shown in Table 29 below.

2 Table 32: Bring-In Sites statistics for Malta (in kgs) (Wasteserv Malta Ltd, 2009)

Paper Plastic Metal Glass Total

2005 892,035 266,140 135,480 497,770 1,788,425

2006 1,084,764 352,390 185,340 632,750 2,255,244

2007 1,272,934 500,470 205,950 831,070 2,810,424

Occasionally, however, problems arise with those citizens not wishing to have containers in the vicinity of their home or also with those local councils not able to identify sites for the containers in densely populated areas (Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, 2009).

• Civic Amenity Sites: Civic Amenity Sites (CAS) are supervised facilities where the public can bring a variety of household (mainly bulky) waste, including old


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furniture, waste electrical and electronic equipment and garden waste. Between 2004 and 2006, Malta stood to benefit from 4.6 Millions Euros in structural funds to set up the necessary facilities that will help the further implementation of source segregation and the separate collection of waste. Until end of 2008 in Malta four CAS started operation, while, a fifth CAS is to be opened in Gozo. Scrap metal, waste wood as well as other bulky waste will continue to be processed locally to avoid land filling. The Sant’ Antnin Composting Plant has been upgraded and includes a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF (commissioned by January 2008) treats the separated light packaging fraction approximately 36,000 tonnes per annum). The facility will also include a digestion plant (to be commissioned within 2009) to recover energy from the biodegradable waste fraction received at this facility (approximately 35,000 tonnes per annum). 16.4 million Euros in Cohesion funds from the EU have been allocated for this development” (Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, Malta).

• Organisations΄ Warehouse Collection.

• Public initiatives and educational campaigns.

Packaging waste materials collected separately through the above mentioned management schemes are transferred to Sant' Antnin Waste Treatment Plant where they are further sorted by hand and then sent for recycling. WasteServ has secured 16.7 million EU co-funding, in support of upgrading and improving the Sant’ Antnin Waste Treatment Plant. When the upgrade is completed, the Sant’Antnin Waste Treatment Plant is expected to annually process and treat 36,000 tonnes of dry recyclables and 35,000 tonnes of organic waste mainly resulting from the municipal solid wastes produced by residents in the vicinity.

Figure 20: Sant’Antin Waste Treatment Plant

The fully enclosed upgraded plant shall include, according to Wasterv Malta Ltd, 2008 the following facilities:

• Material Recovery Facility (MRF) for the manual sorting of dry recyclable waste recovered by the separation at source, including products received from the Bring-in Sites,

• Mechanical Treatment Plant (MTP) to mechanically separate the MSW received to prepare the organic fraction for further processing,


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• Digestion and Stabilising (Composting) Plant, which would treat the source-separated biodegradable waste and mechanically sorted biodegradable waste from the MTP in order to produce biogas and digested material to be used as Compost,

• Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP), which will run on the biogas produced and return electrical power enough for 1,400 households of 4 persons each, besides the heat required to run the plant,

• Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser (RTO) to treat gasses and odours generated within the closed compartments before being released into the atmosphere,

• Waste acceptance station for the collection of data and control waste deposit at this site.

Packaging from the business community is mainly collected through private schemes, although some organizations claim to be “self-compliant”. Enforcement is very weak. The majority of packaging waste of Malta is treated overseas. The total number of organizations on the Maltese islands is not known; however, registered producers for both packaging and WEEE are a very small percentage of said number.


Table 33 provides information about the quantities of waste recycled in Malta between 2002-2006. This information has been provided by WasteServ Malta Ltd.

Table 33: Waste recycled in Malta (years 2002-2006)* (WasteServ Malta Ltd) Quantity (tonnes) Waste Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Plastic Plastics 1.29 8.44 34.26 185.03 329.7 Paper & board Newspapers 135.35 93.39 96.92 427.96 783.01 White Paper 110.68 92.96 203.16 105.79 129.02 Mixed Paper 110.54 - 112.2 - - Cardboard 9.46 0.74 358.91 211.22 1,070.53 Metals Aluminium Cans 1.74 1.58 5.08 10.61 11.73 Ferrous Cans - - 154.84 104.64 191.62 Ferrous Metal - - 43.5 316.55 557.15 Tyres Tyres - - 389.99 1,066.12 1,424.48 Pallets Pallets - 65 63 3.34 65 Glass Glass 0.96 - - - - Batteries Batteries - - - - 51.14

Total 370.02 262.11 1,461.86 2,431.26 4,613.38

* Note: This data is subject to revision


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Currently, for the third consecutive year, the collection service of segregated waste materials as operated by the GreenPak Scheme continued to improve in both efficiency and also as regards the quality of materials collected. GreenPak΄s performance as well as the fractions of materials recovered in 2008 are shown in Figures 21 and 22 below.

Figure 21: Fractions of materials recovered in 2008 in Malta (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009b)

Figure 22: GreenPak’s Performance in 2008 (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009b)

Much of the Waste collected is shipped over-seas for treatment. Only a small fraction of cardboard is recycled locally. Table 34 provides information about the quantities of material recycled locally and exported in 2008.


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Table 34: Packaging material recycled in Malta and abroad in 2008 (Green Dot Malta Ltd)

(Tonnes) Material recycled Material recycled locally Material exported

Glass 1036.052 nil 1036.052 Plastic 481.29 nil 481.29 Paper 557.66 24.37 533.29 Metal 149.569 nil nil

5.2.4 Costs for recycling / recovery of material

Table 35 provides information on the costs for recycling and recovery of packaging waste material for the case of Malta.

Table 35: Cost/tonne for the recycling and collection of packaging waste material for Malta (Green Dot Malta Ltd)

Recycling (Cost in Euro per tonne) Paper 60 Glass 55 Plastic 15 Collection (Cost per tonne) (Cost in Euro per tonne) Warehouse Combined Cost (Glass, Paper, Plastic, Metal) 85 Consumer

Catering Establishments Project Paper 190 Glass 726 Plastic 236

Household Project Combined Cost (Glass, Paper, Plastic, Metal) 580


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5.3 Greece Until now, for the alternative management of packaging and packaging waste in Greece three collective and a private alternative waste management systems have been accredited by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works (Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, 2009). The most significant, in terms of areas and population covered as well as material quantities recovered, system is the system operated by Hellenic Recovery and Recycling Corporation (HE.R.R.Co), accredited in 2003. HE.R.R.Co participates in the REPT consortium as one of the seven associated beneficiaries representing Greece and is also the representative of Greece in PRO Europe. In addition it currently operates four Material Recovery Facilities in Greek islands, two in Crete, one in Corfu and one in Zante and thus is expected to provide useful information about packaging waste management in the Greek islands.

Below the four alternative packaging waste management systems are briefly described before focusing particularly on the data provided by HE.R.R.Co. In 2008 525.000 tonnes out of the total of 1.050.000 tonnes of packaging waste material, have been recovered – recycled by the four systems.

5.3.1 Alternative packaging waste management systems in Greece

Collective Alternative Management System (C.A.M.S) of Hellenic Recovery and Recycling Corporation:

The system (C.A.M.S –RECYCLING) was accredited according to the ministerial decision 106453/2003. A number of industrial and commercial enterprises have a shareholding of 65% in the share capital of HE.R.R.Co. The Central Union of Municipalities & Communities in Greece (KEDKE) has a shareholding of 35% in the System’s share capital.

HE.R.R.Co operates in the whole of Greece allowing the managers of non hazardous packaging waste (packers and importers of packaging) to comply with their legal obligations on the recovery and recycling of their packaging waste. Currently the system

collaborates with 1300 industrial and commercial enterprises.

For the recycling of packaging waste HE.R.R.Co is operating in the following four Action Areas (HE.R.R.Co, 2009):

• Municipal packaging waste projects (blue bins): Financing and development of the ‘blue bins’ network in collaboration with the local authorities for the recycling of packaging waste. The methodology followed for the collection of packaging waste is based on the packaging waste disposal by the citizens in appropriately labelled blue bins. Used packaging (e.g. beer or soft drinks cans, glass and plastic bottles, tins, paper packaging) is disposed into these bins which can be found in defined, by the local authorities, locations. For this reason C.A.M.S. – RECYCLING disseminates a 35 litres reusable bag as well as


57

informative material to all citizens in the municipalities where the system operates. Citizens participating in the system have to store in this specific bag all used packaging, empty and clean. The collected packaging is transferred to a number of Centers for the Sorting and Recovery of Materials, where recyclable materials are further sorted before they are sent for recycling. Currently, there are 19 such centers which cover the following areas: Attiki, Thessalloniki, Irakleio, Chania, Kalamata, Patra, Zakinthos, Shimatari, Lamia, Karditsa, Corfu, Katerini, Magnisia, Ioannina. In addition two more such centers are under construction in Alexandroupolis and Rhodes. Until now the system collaborates with 610 municipalities and covers a population of about 6.8 million citizens.

• Commercial and Industrial Packaging waste: Provision of financial incentives to industries related to commercial and industrial packaging waste collection aiming at their recycling / recovery.

• Specific Activities (e.g. collection of only one particular stream such as glass): These acticities aim at the collection and recycling of packaging waste from a number of locations like hotels, beaches, restaurants placing emphasis to the recycling of plastic and glass packaging.

• Other contracts (i.e. energy): Contracts aiming at the utilization of energy from packaging waste.

In 2008 the system has recovered/recycled 415,844 tonnes of packaging waste of the 1,050,000 tonnes of produced packaging waste. This corresponds to a percentage of 39.6% (Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, 2009).

Collective system for the alternative management of waste oils packaging (ΚΕΠΕ∆ ΑΕ):

This system was accredited in 2003 and it operates on the alternative management of waste oils packaging in the whole of Greece. KEPED collaborates with 135 industries (95% of oils market in Greece). The management of metal and wood packaging waste takes place in collaboration with a number of contractors. Plastic and paper packaging are collected in specific bins which are located in gas stations and car-shops. In addition specific 10-35 m3 containers are located in industries. Aiming at informing the

managers as well as citizens the system participates in a number of informative events and exhibitions, they visit a number of schools and give a number of interviews in the media. In 2008 they have collected 3,930 tonnes of used waste oils packaging out of the total number of 5,400 tonnes (Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, 2009).


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Collective System for Alternative packaging waste management of the municipalities of Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patra and Irakleio:

This system was approved by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works in 2008. It operates supplementary to the alternative management of packaging waste that operates on a Pan-Hellenic level. The shareholders of this system are the municipalities of Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patra and Irakleio and the companies Carrefour Marinopoulos, INFOQUEST, Sourotis, Atlantik, and Alfa Alfa Energy. The system aims to develop an integrated system with the use of high technology equipment for the recycling of plastic, metal, glass and

paper packaging waste by offering a mutual incentive to consumers. It is planned that, during its sixth operating year, the system will be extended to the whole country with the placement of 900 collection centers in squares, parks, supermarkets, schools etc. The system will further operate a number of specific actions for the certification and collection of industrial packaging waste (plastic, paper and wooden packaging).

Private system for the alternative management of packaging waste of A.B. Vassilopoulos S.A.:

This private system was approved according to the Ministerial Decision 106156 in 2004. For the recovery and recycling of its packaging waste, the company has placed 39 collection centers of high technology outside their supermarkets. In these centers the consumer returns the reusable glass packaging as well as metal, plastic, glass and paper packaging and can either receive a small amount or offer this amount to a voluntary scheme. In 2008, the company recovered 5,241 tonnes of packaging waste of which 1,148 tonnes were packaging waste bearing the label of the company (Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, 2009).

5.3.2 Development and operation of HE.R.R.Co

Of the four systems the REPT project will focus on the HE.R.R.Co recycling scheme. This system operates in islands on which the project will focus and is one of the seven partners of the REPT project. More details on the development of this system are given below:


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Table 36: HE.R.R.Co Project Development (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)

Indicator 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Population covered (millions) 0.4 2.5 4.3 6.1 6.6

Contracted Municipalities 102 211 337 446 610

Sorting facilities (number) 3 9 12 15 18

Recycling Bins 5,143 10,767 25,103 51,602 76,530

Collection vehicles 16 32 95 140 236

Recycling bags (millions) 0.08 0.16 0.7 1.2 1.7

Jobs 78 171 510 680 1.052

Tagarades

Neochorouda

Katerini

Ioannina

Kerkyra

Patra

Zakynthos

Kalamata

ΧΑΝΙΑ

Thermi

Karditsa

Volos

Iraklio

Marousi

Sximatari

Lamia

Elefsina

Fili

Aspropyrgos

HERRCO Private Public

Figure 23: National Development of Centers for Collection of Recycled Materials, 19 Selection Centers (February 2009) (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)


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HE.R.R.Co operates twenty (20) Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) of which nine (9) are owned by HE.R.R.Co. Currently only four MRFs are operating on the islands today: Crete (2), Corfu and Zante.


Table 37 provides information on the quantities of total packaging waste recovered by the HE.R.R.Co compliance scheme (in total and by the blue bin stream only), while in Table 38 estimates are provided for 2009. Information on the % composition of municipal packaging waste in mainland Greece and on islands for 2008 is provided in Table 39.

Table 37: Packaging waste quantities in Greece for the year 2008 (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)

Total market (tonnes) 900,000 to 1,050,000

Recovered packaging waste (tonnes) 416,000

Blue bin stream (tonnes) 117,323

Declared quantities (tonnes) 565,000

Table 38: Estimate of packaging waste quantities in Greece for 2009 (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) Estimate for 2009

Declared quantities (tonnes) 600,000

Recovery (tonnes) 450,000

Table 39: Composition of the recovered municipal packaging waste in 2008 in mainland Greece and islands (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)

PROJECT Paper Plastic Metal Glass

Mainland 77.8% 13.4% 4.4% 4.5%

Island 73.7% 18.6% 4.2% 3.5%

Table 39 shows differences on the composition of the packaging waste between mainland and islands. For this reason HE.R.R.Co is applying separate collection streams on the islands especially focusing on the collection of glass and paper.


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Figure 24: Blue bins for two different collection streams on islands in Greece


Operational costs: By comparing MRFs owned by HE.R.R.Co in both mainland and islands it is evident that sorting costs are higher on islands. MRFs owned by HE.R.R.Co are not operated by the company itself but with contractors. The total sorting cost equals to the sum of operational costs (covered by HE.R.R.Co, such as maintenance) and the average financial cost of the contractor operating the MRF:

Sorting Cost = operational costs + average financial cost of the contractor operating the MRF

Table 40 provides information about the operational costs of MRFs both in mainland Greece as well as in Crete (island example).

Table 40: Operational costs on the recovered packaging waste in Greece (HE.R.R.Co S.A.)

Project* Recovered quantities (tonnes)

Sorting costs (€/tonne)

Small MRF's (Nr. 2) 4,533 59 Mainland

Medium MRF's (Nr. 4) 5,238 58

Island Crete 7,888 71

* MRFs owned by HE.R.R.Co


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Collection: Collection is a responsibility of all local authorities as HE.R.R.Co does not deal with collection. Assuming an average collection weight of 3.5 tonnes/truck and an operational cost of 0.8 €/km the estimated collection cost will be 0.25€/ (tonne x km).

Figure 25: Door to door distribution of recycling bags and bin collection in Greece

Communication: For the development of a new project the communication cost is 1.6€/ household. This cost includes leaflets and recycling bags to a door to door distribution. Generally for a project regardless of whether it is on the mainland or island for the first year of operation the cost is 1€/ habitant/ year and after the first year 0.5€/ habitant/ year.

More information regarding the relevant costs for the collection schemes used in Greece, transportation of material as well as communication costs are provided in the relevant excel file provided by HE.R.R.Co (Annex 2).


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5.4 France Concerning household packaging, producers legally have the possibility to set up their own system. However, almost all of them choose to transfer their obligations to a compliance scheme (easier and cheaper), by giving a financial contribution proportional to the amount of household packaging put on the market. There is no deposit system for household packaging in France. Local authorities are in charge of operationally setting up the separate collection of household packaging waste. They also in the first place pay for the service (from a tax paid by inhabitants) and then get financial support from the compliance scheme. So, the operational responsibility remains to local authorities, and the financial responsibility is shared between producers and local authorities.

Eco-Emballages is the only accredited compliance scheme. The system started business operation on November 1992. Eco-Emballages was created on the initiative of industry. The shareholders of the company are product and packaging material manufacturers, importers and trading companies. According to Eco-Emballages Annual Report 2008, 47,000 companies are covered by 22,487 contracts. The company΄s turnover is 423 million €, and the number of employees 182. Currently there are 1332 contracts with local authorities (which represent 98% of local authorities in France). In 2008 3.7 million tonnes of packaging waste were recovered (79% of packaging waste stream) of which 3.0 million tonnes were recycled (63% of packaging waste stream).

5.4.1 Operation of Eco-Emballages

Eco-Emballages is a private, non for profit company. The structure of the Eco-Emballages scheme is presented in Figure 26. The accreditation has imposed Eco-Emballages to reach the targets shown in Table 41.

Table 41: Ecoemballages 2008 targets

Eco-Emballages 2008 targets EU directive’s 2008 targets type of packaging household all glass 65% 60% paper-cardboard 50% 60% plastics 21.5% 22.5% metals - 50%

aluminium 30% - steel 75% -

wood - 15% global recycling 55% 55% global recovery 60% 60%


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Figure 26: Eco-Emballages structure of system

The system is financed mainly by fillers, distributors and importers of household products who pay a license fee for the use of the Green Dot trademark. On average, companies contribute 0.6 eurocents per package. Eco-Emballages then provides financial and technical support to the local authorities who undertake the separate collection and recovery of household packaging waste. Eco-Emballages does not have any contract with collection or sorting operators. Each local authority is free to choose its operators and the collection conditions (type of collection, frequency and material streams). However, local authorities are obliged through their contract with Eco-Emballages to sort out the materials (end of sorting plant) according to Eco-Emballages’ requirements and these material streams have to fulfil the technical prescriptions set up by Eco-Emballages. Then, each local authority either trades the sorted material by itself, or gives it to Eco-Emballages’ material organisation that will trade it on its behalf. In any case, the gains made from the trade of sorted materials go to local authorities.

Table 42 shows the % population covered by the Eco-Emballages collective scheme in each of the four islands studied for the purposes of the REPT project. Information is also provided about the starting date of packaging collection in each island.

producers

financial contribution

transfer of legal requirements

French government

accreditation

commitment of packaging recovery

local authorities

collection and sorting

recycling, recovery


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Table 42: % population covered by Eco-Emballages system in the four islands studied (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

HOUSEHOLD PACKAGING Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion French

mainland Starting date of

packaging collection early 1990s 1999-2004 2000-2004 2000-2002 early 1990s

% population that has separate collection ≈90% 10% ≈100% ≈100% ≈100%

In Guadeloupe, separate collection is in place in the two Northern Islands - Saint Martin (2004) and Saint Barthelemy (1999). However, separate collection on the main island (around Point-à-Pitre) has been inaugurated in May 2009. As a result, all the collected data and information given about Guadeloupe for the purposes of this study will refer only to Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy.

5.4.2 Collection, Sorting and Treatment of packaging waste streams in France

As mentioned above, each local authority does organise separate collection of packaging waste, adapted to the local context. With about 1,300 local authorities, there is a wide variability of collection features throughout the country. The packaging materials usually collected separately in France are shown in Table 43.

Table 43: Packaging materials usually collected separately in France (Eco-Emballages) material picture examples

glass

bottles and jars

plastics

bottles and jars only (no plastic films, no tubs, no plastic bags)

paper-cardboard

board boxes, paper bags, card, drink cartons

metals

aluminium and steel cans, sprays e.t.c


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These materials are collected through many various streams. However, glass is always collected separately, and most of the time through a bring site network (collective containers). Lightweight packaging can be collected all together or in a different stream for each material; through bring site network or door-to-door collection.

Concerning the four selected islands to be studied for the case of France, as municipalities are responsible for the collection and treatment of municipal waste, most of them have gathered into a group of municipalities so as to benefit from the economy of scale. As part of municipal waste, household packaging waste also falls within the competence of the municipality. More precisely, if the municipality has a contract with Eco-Emballages, it is in charge of collecting and sorting household packaging waste while Eco-Emballages takes care of the treatment (providing packaging waste meets the standards). Table 44 gives information about the municipalities and groups of municipalities having a contract with Eco-Emballages. The groups of municipalities mentioned in Table 46 do not cover all municipalities for Corsica and Guadeloupe. These groups are only the ones Eco-Emballages have a contract with, meaning the ones where separate collection of packaging is established. Figures 27-30 show the geographical location of those groups and provide information about their population.

Table 44: Municipalities and groups of municipalities dealing with packaging waste in the selected islands of France (Eco-Emballages) Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion Number of municipalities 236 34 34 24

Number of groups of municipalities dealing with packaging waste

4 3 3 5

Names

CC Costa Verde, CA pays Ajaccien, Biguglia, SYVADEC

Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, SMICTOM agglomeration pointoise

CACEM, CCNM, CAESM

CIVIS, CC SUD, CIREST, CINOR, TCO


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Figure 27: Groups of municipalities in Corsica in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Figure 28: Groups of municipalities in Guadeloupe in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Name of Local Authority Population Syvadec 130 000 CC Pays Ajaccien 65 000 CC costa Verde 7 000 Commune de Biguglia 5 000

Name of Local Authority Population Saint Martin 35 000 Saint Barthelemy 8 000 SICTOM Agglomération Pointoise

150 000


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Figure 29: Groups of municipalities in Martinique in contract with Eco-Emballages (Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Figure 30: Groups of municipalities in Reunion in contract with Eco-Emballages

(Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Name of Local Authority Population CCNM 110 000

CACEM 170 000 CAESM 100 000

Name of Local Authority

Population

CINOR 200 000 TCO 200 000 CIVIS 145 000

CC SUD 100 000 CIREST 100 000


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Concerning non-household packaging waste, as in the mainland, the end-user of the packaging is responsible for its sorting and treatment. However, packaging waste from small shops is often collected together with household packaging. Little information is available concerning non-household packaging waste in the four selected islands studied and this has been listed in Table 45.

Table 45: Information on non-household packaging waste in the four selected islands of France (Poncelet Elisabeth, personal communication, 16/04/09)

Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion Existing

packaging collection

probably probably Cardboard collection from shops in Fort-

De-France

comments Existing sorting

centre for industrial packaging

Existing sorting centre for industrial packaging

-

No information available

Collection features:

Corsica: All groups of municipalities have a bring-site system: one container for glass and one container for lightweight packaging. The municipality of Biguglia is currently testing a door-to-door collection system, with individual bags for lightweight packaging (Ochier Vincent, personal communication, 2009).

Guadeloupe: In Saint Martin collection of packaging is made through a bring site network: one container for glass and one for lightweight packaging. In Saint Bartelemy collection is made through a single container where glass and metals are collected and there is no separate collection of plastic and cardboard packaging as they are used together with residual waste in the incineration plant to produce energy.

Martinique: The three groups of municipalities have chosen a “bring-sites” system of collection, which is a network of big containers, rather than individual bins. However, CACEM is testing a door-to-door collection system (with individual bins) on pilot sites, for about 15,000 people. This door-to-door system should be

extended to the whole territory of CACEM in the next years. However, there is no study showing that the door-to-door system is more efficient (Inddigo Consulting, 2006). More information about collection of packaging waste in Martinigue is provided in Table 46.


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Table 46: Collection features in Martinique

CACEM1 CAESM2 CCNM3 Number of

streams 4 2 4

plastics Plastics cardboard Cardboard

metals

Lightweight packaging Metals

Type of streams

glass glass Glass

Collection features

density of bring sites 1 for 800 inh 1 for 600 inh 1 for 1000 inh

1 Optimisation Report : Inddigo Consulting (July 2006) Étude sur la connaissance des coûts et optimisation de la collecte des déchets ménagers et assimilés de la CACEM, Rapport de phase 1 : Étude des coûts État des lieux, diagnostic, France

2 Website of the local office of ADEME in Martinique: Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie, Délégation de la Martinique (2006), Opération phare Mise en œuvre de la collecte sélective des emballages sur le territoire de la CAESM, www.ademe.fr/martinique/dechets_menage_realis.asp

3CCNM website, www.ccnm.fr

It should be noted that in the mainland, the average density of containers is one for 500 inhabitants. Contrary to the mainland, paper packaging such us beverage cartons, newspapers and magazines are not collected in Martinique because there is no outlet.

Reunion: All local authorities have a bring-site system for glass packaging. For lightweight packaging, CIREST has also a bring-site system while CINOR, CIVIS, CC SUD and TCO have a door-to-door collection system. More information is provided in Table 47.

Table 47: Collection features in Reunion

CIVIS1 CINOR2 CCSUD3 TCO4 CIREST5 system Door to

door Door to door Door to door

Door to door Bring site Lightweight

packaging Frequency

door-to-door

collection

Once a week

Once every two weeks

Once every two weeks

Once a week -

system Bring site Bring site Bring site Bring site Bring site glass density of bring sites

1 for 1150 inh 1 for

500inh 1 for 1200inh

1 CIVIS: Optimisation Report : PÖYRY Energy Consulting (November 2006) Optimisation de la collecte sélective des emballages ménagers de la CIVIS, Phase 1 : État des lieux et diagnostic avec étude des coûts, France 2 CINOR: Website of the local authority: Coopération Intercommunale du Nord de Réunion, La collecte sélective des déchets, http://www.cinor.fr/FR/Sommaire/article.php?numero=19 3 CC SUD: Optimisation Report : PÖYRY Energy Consulting (October 2007) État des lieux et diagnostic avec étude des coûts de la gestion des déchets ménagers de la CC Sud, France 4 TCO: Website of the local authority: Territoire de la Côte Ouest, La collecte selective, http://www.tco.re/index.php?Page=70 5 CIREST: Website of the local authority: Communauté Intercommunale Réunion Est, Environnement, les bornes d’apport volontaire, http://www.cirest.fr/?id_rubrique=84&id_article=470


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Sorting features: Information about sorting of packaging waste in the four selected islands is provided in Table 48.

Table 48: Sorting characteristics in the four selected islands of France (Eco-Emballages) Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion

Sorting line on the island 1 1 1 3

Household X X X Type of

packaging accepted industrial X

X

(only cardboard from shops)

X

comments

This sorting line is closed since

01/01/09 because of

financial reasons

Sorting line located in Saint

Bartelemy

Enlargement works in 2008 to

extend the capacity

Corsica: As there is no sorting line for household packaging on the island, lightweight packaging is gathered in the ports before being shipped to a sorting line on the mainland, in bulk. Two sorting lines are taking care of Corsica’s household packaging: one in La Seyne/Mer, and one in Martigues (see map below – Figure 31). Regarding glass packaging, there are 3 gathering platforms (Ochier Vincent, personal communication, 2009).

Figure 31 : Sorting lines for Corsica´s household packaging


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Guadeloupe: A large plant composed of a sorting centre and recycling facilities for plastic has been built in 2004. However, since separate collection has not started yet in the main island, the plant is lacking materials.

Martinique: In Ducos, the sorting centre opened in 2000 and was modernized at the beginning of 2008, so as to have a bigger capacity. Materials are sorted out and baled in the centre before being exported. More information is provided in Table 49.

Table 49: Information about Martinique´s sorting centre in Ducos (Inddigo Consulting, 2006)

Municipalities concerned CACEM, CAESM, CCNM

owner Martinique recyclage (private)

operator Martinique recyclage (private)

Capacity 12 000 tonnes/year (since 2008, after enlargement works of 3M€)

Q<1.5 tonnes/hour

Average annual sorted quantity 3800 tonnes in 2007

% wrong sorting 10% cardboard, 12% plastics

Type of packaging Household + cardboard from shops of Fort de France

Date of opening 2000

technology Manual sorting

Reunion: There are three sorting centres in Reunion island as shown in Table 50:


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Table 50: Sorting centres in Reunion (Gislais Pascal, personnal communication, 2009, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2007)

Sainte Marie Pierrefonds Le Port

Municipalities concerned CINOR, CIREST CIVIS, CC SUD TCO

owner VAL OI (private) CIVIS TCO

operator VAL OI (private) CIVIS Cyclea (semi-private)

Capacity 10 000 tonnes/year 20 000 tonnes/year

1.5<Q<3t/h 1.5<Q<3t/h 1.5<Q<3t/h

Average annual sorted quantity 9 000t in 2007 15 000t in 2007 10 000t in 2008

% wrong sorting 20-30% 36% 25%

Type of packaging Household + industrial

Household + 80 professional clients

Household + industrial

Date of opening 2002 2001 1999

Technology Manual

(Vaucher)

mostly manual, metals extracted by overband

(Staedler)

Mostly manual

(Staedler)

staff 20 60

Figure 32: Sorting centre in Pierrefonds, Reunion


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Treatment facilities:

Concerning treatment facilities in the four selected islands, currently there are only three in Guadeloupe and one in Reunion as shown in Table 51. In Martinique there is only a glass crusher in a specific project. In addition, the recycling plant in Reunion currently treats only industrial plastics (no packaging from separate collection of municipalities).

Table 51: Existing treatment plants in the four selected islands of France

Corsica1 Guadeloupe2 Martinique2 Reunion2

Existing treatment plants on the island 0 3 0 1

Type of plant Plastic granulation,

PE and PP recycling, 2 glass crushers

Plastic granulation

1 Ochier Vincent, Eco-Emballages Local Manager for Corsica, personal communication, 2009 2 Gislais Pascal, Local Manager for Overseas territories, personal communication, 2009, Inddigo Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2007

In Corsica, there is no local treatment. After collection, packaging is shipped in bulk to sorting centres in the mainland, and then is recycled in various locations. More details are provided in Table 52.

Table 52: Recycling plants in mainland France for the treatment of materials from Corsica

(Ochier Vincent, personal communication, 2009)

Glass cardboard plastic metals

Location of recycling plant Béziers Arles France,

Italy, Spain Steel: Fos/mer

Aluminium: Compiègne

Type of recycling glassfactory papermill Steel factory,

alloy ingots

Distance travelled from sorting centre 200km 100km

50-100km,

750km

Type of transport ground ground ground, ship ground

Type of packing bulk bale bale bale


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Concering Recycling Plans in Guadeloupe (Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy) information is given in Tables 53 and 54 below:

Table 53: Recycling Plants in Saint Barthelemy, Guadeloupe (Gislais Pascal, personal communication, 2009)

Saint Barthelemy glass Metals

Location of recycling plant locally

Type of recycling Crushed and used in road

building

Distance travelled from sorting centre 3km

Type of transport ground

Type of packing bulk

quantity of metals collected so far has not been enough to fill in a full container, so the material is just stored by now

Table 54: Recycling Plants in Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (Gislais Pascal, personal communication, 2009)

Saint Martin glass cardboard plastic metals

Location of recycling plant locally Europe Continental

Guadeloupe Louisiana

Type of recycling Crushed and used in road

building papermill

Granulation+export for PET,

recycling in grating for PE and PP

Steel factory

Distance travelled from sorting centre 5km

7500km (feeder to

PTP) PET flakes to China 2000km

Type of transport ground ship ship ship

Type of packing bulk 40’ baled 40’ baled 40’ and bulk

Concerning recycling plants in Martinique a glass crusher has been recently bought to produce sand and gravel that will be used in construction on the island. A container of metal packaging has


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been sent for recycling in mainland a few years ago but as for now, the quantity collected is not enough to export a new container. More information about the recycling plants used for the recycling of packaging waste of Martinique in provided in Table 55.

Table 55: Recycling plants for the treatment of Martinique’s packaging waste (Gislais Pascal, personal communication, 2009, Inddigo Consulting, 2006)

glass cardboard plastic

Location of recycling plant Bordeaux Europe Guadeloupe

Type of recycling glassfactory papermill granulation for PET, recycling for PE and PP

Distance travelled from sorting centre 6800km 6800km 200km

Type of transport ship ship ship

Type of packing Bulk in 20’OT Baled in 40’ Baled in 40’

In Reunion, there is no local treatment for packaging waste. After collection, packaging is shipped and recycled in various locations as shown in Table 56.

Table 56: Recycling plants for the treatment of materials from Reunion (Gislais Pascal, personnal

communication, 2009, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2007)

glass cardboard plastic metals

Location of recycling plant South Africa South Africa,

Indonesia India, Malaysia India, Vietnam

Type of recycling Glass factory paper mill Fibre for PET, granulation for hdPE

Steel factory, refiner or

melting factory Distance travelled

from sorting centre 2000km no information available

Type of transport ship ship ship ship

Type of packing Bulk in 20’OT Baled in 40’ Baled in 40’ Bulk in 40’


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5.4.3 Production of packaging waste

Concerning the four islands studied in the REPT project (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion and Corsica) there has been no recent study about packaging consumption or packaging waste production. And the end of the 90s, characterizations of waste were made in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion, thus assessing the amount of packaging waste among household waste (Ochier Vincent, personal communication, 2009). Information is provided in Table 57.

Table 57: Waste characterisation in Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion (Ochier Vincent, personal communication, 2009)


% of packaging waste among household waste

probably like mainland

40% 22% 23% 25%

Date of estimation - 1994 1997 1997 2004

In Guadeloupe, the percentage of packaging is very high, mainly because of the high consumption of beverages (in glass containers). In the other islands, the proportion seems to be like in the mainland.

Regarding the quantities of packaging waste generated, there is no accurate study. Below are some qualitative assessments:

Table 58: Qualitative assessments of packaging waste generated in the four selected islands compared to mainland France

Corsica1 Guadeloupe2 Martinique2 Reunion2 France

Household packaging

waste production

(kg/inh)

Probably higher

because of the impact of

tourism

Probably higher


tourism + high

consumption of glass

packaging

Probably higher


tourism

Probably lower

because consumption of packaging

is not as high

About 5,2 million tonnes3,

86 kg/inh (2004 study)3

Non-household

packaging waste

production (kg/inh)

Probably higher

because of high rate of imported product

Probably higher

because of high rate of

imported product

Probably higher

because of high rate of imported product

Probably higher

because of high rate of

imported product

About 7,5

million tonnes3

120 kg/inh3

1 Meeting with Vincent Ochier, Eco-Emballages Local Manager for Corsica 2 AREAM, Gestion de Déchets Ménagers et Gestion d’Emballages et de Déchets d’Emballages dans les Régions Ultra-périphériques, July 2001, 59p. 3 Eco-Emballages internal database


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In Corsica, the packaging waste production is very likely to be higher than in the mainland, because the way of life of local people is the same as in the mainland and tourism increases the summer production. Besides, the great amount of imported products increases also the packaging waste production.

In Guadeloupe, the very high consumption of beverages, tourism, and large amount of imported products probably generates a bigger quantity of packaging waste as in the mainland.

In Martinique, even if the packaging consumption of local people might be lower than in the mainland, because of tourism and the need for imported product, the production might be on the whole about the same amount as in the mainland.

In Reunion island, tourism is not so important as in Corsica, Guadeloupe and Martinique, and the local consumption of packed products is probably not as important as in the mainland. However, it is still an island so the need of imported products is also high.

On the whole, there is no quantitative assessment of the packaging waste production in islands. However, the production of industrial and commercial packaging waste is definitely higher than in the mainland due to the insularity. The production of household packaging waste might be higher than in the mainland too. Information about the spatial and temporal distribution of packaging waste production in the four islands is provided in Table 59.

Table 59: Spatial and temporal distribution of packaging waste in the four selected islands of France

(AREAM, 2001) Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion

Spatial distribution of packaging waste

Same as population,

mainly concentrated in two main towns

Concentration in the area of

Point-à-Pitre

Greater production in the south due

to tourism

Same as population,

concentrated along the coast

Temporal distribution of

packaging waste throughout the

year

High impact of tourism from

May to September

Great impact of tourism from December to

April

Great impact of tourism from December to

April

Limited impact of tourism from October to December


The total amounts of packaging waste that have been recycled in Corsica, Martinique and Reunion in kilograms per inhabitant as compared to the mainland France are shown in Table 60. Data for Guadeloupe is not included, as there are only two towns where separate collection of packaging has been set up. As shown from Table 60 the quantities of recycled materials in the islands are at least three times lower than in the mainland. Table 60 as well as Figures 33-35 show the results for the different materials for the years 2005-07.


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Table 60: Total quantities of packaging waste recycled in Corsica, Martinique and Reunion


Total recycled (kg/inh) Corsica Martinique Reunion average French

mainland

2005 8 4 15 42

2006 11 6 15 44

2007 13 5 (no metals) 17 45

2005 Corsica Martinique Réunion France (mainland)

paper-cardboard 0.4 0.7 6.5 6.8 plastic 0.6 0.6 1.3 3.3 glass 6.8 2.6 6.9 30.5

metals 0.24 0.19 0.568 1.4 total 8.0 4.1 15.3 42.1

Figure 33: Recycling results 2005 for Corsica, Martinique, Reunion and mainland France (kg/inh)



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paper-cardboard 0.7 1 6.3 7.3 plastic 0.9 0.8 1.4 3.5 glass 9.7 3.9 7.2 31.3

metals 0.19 0.25 0.62 1.4 total 11.5 6.0 15.5 43.6




paper-cardboard 0.9 0.3 5.6 7.7 plastic 1.1 1.3 1.4 3.6 glass 10.6 3.4 9.3 32

metals 0.38 - 0.5 1.5 total 12.9 5.0 16.8 44.6




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Collecting and sorting costs cannot easily be estimated by Eco-Emballages since the municipalities are responsible for covering this cost. Municipalities normally report to Eco-Emballages the quantities collected and sorted out, but they do not report the costs.

However, some local authorities have made some studies about their waste management that were co-financed by Eco-Emballages. For the islands concerned only two local authorities in Reunion and one in Martinique have made such a study and this is the only available information about collection and sorting costs. It is difficult, however, to know whether the costs of the studied local authorities are representative of the respective island as there is no information about other municipalities. There is no information about costs for Corsica and Guadeloupe.

As compared to mainland France (Table 61) costs per tonne of glass collected are at least 3 times higher than in the mainland, partly because of the limited amount of collected materials. On the contrary, costs per inhabitant are not as high as in the mainland (Table 62). Indeed, in the mainland, the level of service is higher (density of containers, frequency of collection etc) because the tonnage collected is more important.

Table 61:Collecting and sorting costs for glass for Martinique and Reunion (in €/tonne)(Inddigo Consulting,2006,PÖYRY Energy Consulting,2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting,2007, Eco-Emballages,2009b)

Costs in €/tonne Martinique Reunion 1 Reunion 2 Average French

mainland

Year of analysis 2005 2005 2006 2006

Type of collection Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites

containers 100 55 50 17

collection 250 75 100 36

TOTAL 350 130 150 53


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Table 62:Collecting and sorting costs for glass for Martinique and Reunion (€/inhabitant) (Inddigo Consulting,2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting,2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting,2007,Eco-Emballages,2009b)

Costs in €/inhabitant Martinique Reunion 1 Reunion 2 average French

mainland

Year of analysis 2005 2005 2006 2006

Type of collection Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites

containers 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6

collection 0.6 0.4 1 1.4

TOTAL 0.9 0.6 1.5 2

Regarding lightweight packaging, costs in €/tonne collected are given in Tables 63 and 64. Costs in €/inhabitant collected are given in Tables 65 and 66.

Table 63: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in Martinique and comparison with mainland France (in €/tonne collected) (Inddigo Consulting, 2006, Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Costs in €/tonne Martinique Plastic

mainland average Plastic

Martinique cardboard

mainland average

cardboard

Martinique metals

mainland average metals

Year of analysis 2005 2006 2005 2006 2006 2006 Type of

collection Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring

sites containers 290 145 425 32 1000 285 collection 1270 330 1450 71 2535 1500

sorting 800 280 890 9.2 31 100 Disposal of

refuse 14 20 14 - - -

TOTAL 2375 800 2780 75 3580 1900


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Table 64: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in two municipalities in Reunion and comparison with mainland France (in €/tonne collected)

(PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2007, Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Costs in €/tonne Reunion 1

all lightweight packaging

Reunion 2 all lightweight

packaging

mainland average all lightweight

packaging Year of analysis 2005 2006 2006

Type of collection Door-to-door Door-to-door Door-to-door containers 17 42 30 collection 260 360 170

sorting 300 320 162 Disposal of refuse 12 20 -

TOTAL 590 740 374

Table 65: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in Martinique and comparison with mainland France (in €/inhabitant) (Inddigo Consulting, 2006, Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Costs in €/inhabitants

Martinique Plastic

mainland average Plastic

Martinique cardboard

mainland average

cardboard

Martinique metals

mainland average metals

Year of analysis 2005 2006 2005 2006 2006 2006 Type of

collection Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring sites Bring

sites containers 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 collection 1 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.1

sorting 0.6 0.9 0.4 0 0.1 Disposal of

refuse

TOTAL 1.9 2.7 1.3 0.3 0.7 1.4

Table 66: Collecting and sorting costs for lightweight packaging in two municipalities in Reunion and comparison with mainland France (in €/inhabitant)

(PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2006, PÖYRY Energy Consulting, 2007, Eco-Emballages, 2009b)

Costs in €/inhabitant Reunion 1 Reunion 2 average French

mainland Year of analysis 2005 2006 2006

Type of collection Door-to-door Door-to-door Door-to-door containers 0.6 1 1.8 collection 8.7 8.8 10

sorting 10 7.7 9.5 Disposal of refuse 0.4 0.5 -

TOTAL 19.8 18 22


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Regarding costs for recycling Eco-Emballages has no available information for Corsica and Guadeloupe. The costs include what Eco-Emballages pays to the operator that transport and trade the materials, so the price of sale is already deducted. Glass should be delivered by the municipalities to a gathering platform while lightweight packaging is directly picked-up by the operator from the end of the sorting line. Table 67 gives the recycling costs for Martinique and Reunion in €/tonne collected.

Table 67: Recycling costs for Martinique and Reunion in €/tonne collected (Gislais Pascal, personal communication, 2009)

2007 Martinique Reunion

Paper-cardboard 195€/tonne 37€/tonne

Glass 30€/tonne 60€/tonne

Plastics 178€/tonne 0€/tonne

steel - 67€/tonne

aluminium - 67€/tonne

It should be noted that prices can vary widely from one year to another (due to variation of oil price, market etc). On the whole, Eco-Emballages has to pay about 1million Euro each year to cover the costs of transportation and recycling in Reunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe, while nothing is paid on the mainland. The comparison with average national figures is not possible in this case, as in the mainland, Eco-Emballages does not pay the operator, so the cost is not known. But usually, as the price of material is high, the balance is positive; the gain covers the costs.

Concerning costs for communication Eco-Emballages offers a financial support to local authorities for local communication. Local authorities have to present a project that has to be validated by Eco-Emballages. The allocation is 0.6€/inhabitant/year (maximum). However, the average real amount asked is about 0.3€/inhabitant/year.


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6. Recovery and Recycling practices, technologies and techniques used in each country and islands chosen for WEEE

6.1 Cyprus The new WEEE legislation in Cyprus installs Producer Responsibility for the management of WEEE. Companies importing Electrical and Electronic Equipment must be organized to collect and manage about 3,000 tonnes of WEEE of household type every year.

In Cyprus, the industry, with the support of Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry, has formed a collective WEEE management system under the organisation WEEE Electrocyclosis Cyprus Ltd. The organisation is a non-for-profit organisation representing currently about 180 importers of Electrical and Electronic Equipment to the Cyprus market (WEEE Electrocyclosis Cyprus Ltd, 2009). Most of the large importers of such equipment have already registered to the system. The organisation chose to cooperate with Green Dot Cyprus for the management of its system. The design of the system was done by Green Dot Cyprus with the support of ERA GmbH, a similar WEEE system operating in Austria. The System was accredited by the authorities on June 1, 2008 as the first collective WEEE system in Cyprus. It is expected to start collection of WEEE before the end of 2009.

6.1.1 Production of WEEE in Cyprus

When dealing with the management of WEEE one has to take into account that due to the life span of the equipment and the quick development of the technology, the amount of WEEE produced every year is usually different from the account of new equipment entering the market. It is normally expected that there is less WEEE produced every year than new equipment entering the market. There are actually no sound data of the equipment entering the market every year in Cyprus. The most recent information from the government authorities are included in a report prepared in 2008 and are tabulated below in Table 68.


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Table 68: Quantities and values for WEEE in Cyprus for 2001, 2002 and 2003 (National Technical University of Athens, 2008)

2001 2002 2003

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

Refrigerators 18,949 2,569,850 24,783 3,108,371 20,350 2,080,518

Washing machines 28,095 3,427,853 25,590 3,695,110 20,775 3,004,270

Ovens 71,750 4,739,396 99,103 5,552,731 89,689 5,845,322

Televisions 56,428 9,291,564 59,138 9,730,198 61,247 9,226,496

P,C & Printers 168,036 44,722,081 170,426 41,702,108 137,001 35,198,240

Small Household appliances 284,054

Total 343,258 64,750,744 379,040 64,072,572 329,062 55,354,846

WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd, in order to prepare its business plan has cross checked the relevant data with some of the large importers of equipment. Data were available in some categories but not all. To deal with this shortcoming, the system compared the data available with statistical data from Austria and a few other European countries. The final estimate of the equipment per category is tabulated below in Table 69.


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Table 69: Estimate of the equipment per category based on statistical data from Austria and other European countries (WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd)

Type Category Items Mean

weight (Kg)

Total weight

(Kg)

Refrigerators Appliances of air conditioning and Fridges 25,000 50 1,250

Freezers Appliances of air conditioning and Fridges 2,000 50 100

Air conditioner appliances Appliances of air conditioning and Fridges 35,000 35 1,225

135 2,575

Washing machines Big Household appliances 26,000 55 1,430

Dish washing machines Big Household appliances 12,000 45 540

Ovens Big Household appliances 15,000 35 525

Cooking Big Household appliances 7,500 20 150

Hobs gas Big Household appliances 7,500 35 263

Hoods Big Household appliances 15,000 15 225

Cloths dryers Big Household appliances 8,500 35 298

Microwaves Big Household appliances 36,000 15 540

3,970

Computer Screens and TV set Computer Screens and TV set 55,000 25 1,375

Small Household appliances Small Household appliances 1,474,032 2 2,948

Fluorescent lamps Fluorescent lamps 0,2 90

10,958

According to the responsibility of the industry for the collection of 4kg/capita of household type WEEE, the system has developed its planning for the collection of 3000 tonnes of household type WEEE per year which is about 27% of the amount of equipment entering the market every year.


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Table 70 below lists the targets for collection of WEEE per category for a complete year. As mentioned earlier, the system is planning to start collection before the end of 2009. The aim is to meet these targets in 2010.

Table 70: Targets for the collection of WEEE in Cyprus per category for a complete year

(WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd)

Category Quantities placed

in the market (tonnes)

Expected rate of

recuperation

Expected collected tonnes

Big Household appliances 3,970 23% 893

air conditioners appliances and Fridges 2,575 32% 811

Computer Screens and TV set 1,375 27% 371

Small Household appliances 2,948 32% 929

Fluorescent lamps 90,000 27% 24

10,958 3,028

Future estimates have also been provided by WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd for the quantities placed on the market in 2009, 2010 and 2012 and particular information is also provided on the WEEE categories referred to in the REPT project (refrigerators and airconditioners, TVs and monitors, energy saving lamps). These estimates are provided in the relevant excel file for Cyprus (Annex 1).

6.1.2 Collection and Sorting of WEEE

WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd plans to start collection of WEEE from various sources including:

1. Collection from retail shops, as the shops have the one to one take back responsibility for old equipment,

2. Collection of old equipment from offices,

3. Seasonal campaigns with the local authorities for the collection of WEEE from households.

In the future, the system will utilise a network of Green Points for the selection of various streams of waste. This network will be developed by the government and will consist of about 150 such Green Points around the island. Some pictures of such points from other European countries are shown below.


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Figure 36: Green Points for the selection of WEEE streams in various EU countries

All the collected material from all the relevant sources will be sorted and stored in central sorting and storage points. Two such points will be developed at strategic locations. The first point is expected to be operable around the end of 2009 to accept the first collected WEEE. The pictures below show a similar central storage facility in Austria.


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Figure 37: Central WEEE storage facility in Austria

6.1.3 Treatment of WEEE

The treatment of WEEE in Cyprus will be performed in 5 categories. These categories are:

1. Large appliances

2. Small appliances

3. Screens and TV sets

4. Fridges and cooling equipment

5. Fluorescent lamps

The first 4 categories are expected to be treated on the island and the final secondary raw materials will be exported in other countries. At the beginning, the treatment will be more manual but it will eventually be more automated as the collected quantities grow and justify further investments.

Category 5 will not be treated on the island due to the small quantities. Therefore, the lamps will be collected, stored and eventually be exported to licensed treatment facilities abroad.

The most complicated categories to treat are the three categories covered in the current life project. These are the fridges and cooling equipment, the screens and TV sets and the fluorescent lamps. The treatment for these categories will be as follows:


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Computer Screens and TV sets

In this category, both computer screens and TV sets are expected to be treated. Special treatment is required of older Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) type screens, because they include lead, fluorescence material and coatings of clay. The existence and management of these materials is more difficult than other appliances. In the first years of operation of the system, it is expected that large quantities of CRT screens will be collected because they are now considered old and will be replaced with the newer and more modern types of screens such as Plasma, LCD or other types. The new screens do not present the same complications with the management of CRT screens.

Figure 38: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) type screens

It is currently expected that this type equipment will be exported for treatment in licensed facilities abroad. This is to avoid the complications of a small scale treatment of complicated equipment on the island. In the future and with the growth of the quantities, the system will look into the partial disassembling of screens in Cyprus.

Refrigerators and Cooling Equipment

This section refers to Refrigerators and Cooling Equipment. This category of appliances presents particular difficulties, mainly because of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are used in the refrigeration systems. Especially for the refrigerators, apart from the presence of CFCs in the cooling systems, CFCs are also present as a blowing agent for the polyurethane foam used for insulation in the shell of fridges.

The manufacture of a permanent facility for the management of refrigerators in Cyprus is not viable because of the small quantities. Such a unit becomes feasible for the treatment of more than 100,000 refrigerators annually, where in Cyprus about 25,000 refrigerators are sold every year.

Consequently the most feasible solution for the management of refrigerators in Cyprus is with the use of special mobile unit for their management. The plan is to have a local storage facility where step 1 treatment will be performed and the fridges will be stored. The mobile unit will be visiting the island when at least 10,000 refrigerators are stored for treatment.


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Figure 39: Mobile unit for the management of refrigerators

Fluorescence Lamps

The fluorescence lamps are a small category of WEEE, however they are very important because they include mercury in the tubes. Mercury is a very toxic waste severally affecting the humans, therefore the treatment of tubes should be done is special facilities equipped for such waste.

The quantities of lamps that exist in the Cypriot market do not justify the development of such a unit for their management in Cyprus, but neither also the visit of a mobile unit for the same reason. Consequently it is expected that the lamps will be properly packed and exported for management in special licensed facilities abroad.

Figure 40: Packing of fluorescence lamps for export

6.4.6 Costs for collection/treatment

Collection, storage and treatment costs for the three WEEE categories under study (refrigerators and airconditioners, televisions and monitors, energy saving lamps) have been estimated by WEEE Electrocyclosis (Cyprus) Ltd and can be found in the relevant excel file provided for the case of Cyprus (Annex 1). Information is also provided about the income from airconditioners, administration and communication costs.


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6.2 Malta According to the provisions of Waste Management (Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Regulations, 2007 (L.N. 63/07) producers of EEE who put the packaging material on the market are to register as EEE producers with Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) every year, and declare the amount of EEE that has been put on the market during the previous year. Currently very few producers have registered with the competent authority and very limited data are held with regards to the amounts of EEE on the Maltese market. Producers who have registered with the Competent Authority are waiting for Private Compliance Schemes to be established, in order to join these schemes. The number of registered producers of WEEE in 2008 was 250 and the current number, as of August 2009, is 455.

A new scheme called WEEE Recycle, run by Green Dot Malta Ltd has recently been set up in Malta. This new scheme has already the backing of major leading companies operating in the electrical and electronic sector (Green Dot Malta Ltd, 2009a). The WEEE recycling legislation requires companies trading in electrical products to recycle a high percentage of the products they sell. GreenPak is one of the PRO Europe partners already running WEEE schemes. Other such countries are the UK, Cyprus and Austria.

Producers need to provide MEPA with a certificate from an authorised waste management facility. The certificate should prove that the WEEE generated from the product they put on the market has been recovered/recycled. Producers that join a collective authorised WEEE collection, treatment and recovery scheme should provide this information through their authorised WEEE collection, treatment and recovery scheme. MEPA may also audit the procedures adopted by the producers and the collective authorised WEEE collection, treatment and recovery scheme to ensure accuracy and validity.

6.2.1 Production of WEEE in Malta

There is currently no data with regards to total weights of WEEE in the Maltese market. The only amounts held are as declared by organisations registered with the competent authority as shown in Table 71.

Table 71: Estimated amounts of WEEE in Malta (tonnes) (MEPA, WasteServ Malta Ltd) 2007 2008

Large Household Appliances 3086.99 2380.03

Consumer Equipment 2120.29 1065.47

Lighting Equipment 368.43 796.35


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It is estimated that an EU citizen produces on average, 14 kg of WEEE per year, therefore population in Malta will generate an average of 5,740 tonnes per year.

6.2.2 Collection, Sorting and Treatment of WEEE

It is intended that the new WEEE regulation in Malta (Legal Notice 63 of 2007) will create flexible means of collection of WEEE from private households:

• by modified kerb side collection of bulky waste by local councils,

• by the new Civic Amenity Sites and

• by taking back WEEE by retailers (when selling a new product).

Estimates and comparisons with other European regions have indicated that the minimum collection rate of 4 kg per inhabitant and year will be achieved and over passed rather easily. The total amount of collected WEEE per year could be raised to several thousand tonnes (an amount of up to 4000 tonnes per year from Maltese households has been estimated based on the experience from other European countries) and most of this amount will come from large household appliances. MEPA will decide on existing applications for schemes to collect, transport, sort, dismantle, pre-treat and recover in Malta or abroad. Such system(s) should be lean in order to avoid unnecessary costs for overheads. All mayor activities should be regularly tendered in order to allow competition. Start up of such scheme(s) is estimated to take place soon (Malta Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, 2009).

Currently household WEEE is collected through Civic Amenity Sites (supervised facilities where the public can bring a variety of household (mainly bulky) waste). Some part of scrap metal is processed locally to avoid landfilling (Malta Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, 2009). Sorting is carried out on-site at these facilities. Private systems to commence with collecting and treating of WEEE are still in the initial stages of being established.


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6.3 Greece Appliances Recycling S.A. is the collective system responsible for the operation of the alternative management of the Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the whole of Greece. Companies that are registered with the collective system benefit from their exemption from the obligations that are imposed by Law 2939/01 and the Presidential Decree 117/2004 regarding the alternative management of WEEE that concerns their activity and have the right to mark their products with a special symbol as a proof of registration with the system. Appliances Recycling S.A. specialises in Waste Management of EEE which is defined as the sum of activities of collection, transport, temporary storage, reuse and treatment (recycling and recovery of energy) of WEEE or/and their components and their subassemblies (including their consumables) so that after their reuse or treatment, they are streamed back into the market (Appliances Recycling S.A., 2009).

The system is also responsible for the management of WEEE in a number of Greek islands as, apart from the matter of legal obligation, this issue is considered very important due to mainly aesthetic reasons especially on a number of islands with high touristic activity.

Figure 41: Uncontrollably dumped WEEE is currently the case in a number of Greek islands

6.3.1 Collection, Sorting and Treatment of WEEE in Greek islands

The total of municipalities of Insular Greece that collaborate with the Appliances Recycling S.A. collective system and their respective WEEE quantities collected in 2008 are shown in Table 72. Table 73 provides information about the quantities of WEEE collected in islands by private companies. The Total WEEE quantities collected in Insular Greece from all the collection sources are shown on Table 74.


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Table 72: Participating islands in the Appliances Recycling S.A. system (Appliances Recycling S.A.) Municipality Island Quantities collected in 2008

(kg) % of total collection by island municipalities

Agios Nikolaos Crete 29640 7.22% Irakleio Crete 2160 0.53% Ierapetra Crete 6370 1.55% Moires Crete 3150 0.77% Rethimno Crete 20560 5.01% Chania Crete 22890 5.57% Hersonissos Crete 790 1.95% Karistos Evia 5520 1.34% Halkida Evia 5560 1.35% Vatheos Samos 4190 1.02% Ios Ios 3170 0.77% Naoussa Paros 4300 8.41% Mytilene Lesvos 34550 8.41% Kea 8030 1.96% Corfu 7430 1.81% Kos 62760 15.28% Leukada 7120 1.73% Limnos 6570 1.60% Rhodes 151740 39.95% Syros 6200 1.51% Chios 10790 2.63% Aigina Poros Kithera Hydra Samothraki Thasos Skiathos Zante Kefallonia Ikaria Kalymnos Leros Nisyros Mikonos Amorgos Kimi Evia Istiaia Evia Avlonas Evia Stiraion Evia TOTAL 410690 100%


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Table 73: Private companies for the collection of WEEE in islands - Quantities collected in 2008

(Appliances Recycling S.A.) Municipality Island Collection Company Total collection (kg)

Irakleio Crete

5 Collection Companies (Creta Eco, Kokkalis, Katheris, Karouzakis,

Vitsaksakis)

1067320

Halkida Evia 157260

Lesvos 2 Collection Companies (Samiotou, Vounatsos) 873168

Chios Flamos S. 27230 Zante Nikolaidou 182000 Syros Alifragkis 211000 Corfu Tompros 692600

TOTAL 3210578

Table 74: Total WEEE quantities collected in Insular Greece in 2008 from all collection sources (Appliances Recycling S.A.)

PRICE GROUP Prefecture

2008 quantities (municipalities +companies)

% of total collection in Greece

% of total collection in insular Greece

Β93 Rethimno 0 0.0% 0.0% Β94 Chania 107 0.0% 0.0% Β91 Irakleio 1174843 2.5% 37.3% Β92 Lasithi 0 0.0% 0.0% Β83 Lesvos 972907 2.1% 30.9% Β85 Chios 15636 0.0% 0.5% Β22 Corfu 796272 1.7% 25.3% Β82/95 Kyclades 86472 0.2% 2.7% Β21 Zante 51676 0.1% 1.6% Β23 Kefallonia 0 0.0% 0.0% Β24 Leukada 0 0.0% 0.0% Β84 Samos 0 0.0% 0.0% Β81 Dodekanisa 54559 0.1% 1.7%

Total collected in Insular Greece in 2008 3152472 6.7% 100%

Total collected in Greece in 2008 47141882


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Problems currently faced regarding WEEE management in Greek islands are the following:

• A number of particularities and difficulties are related with the collection and transport of WEEE,

• Transport cost is much higher as compared to WEEE management in mainland Greece,

• There are incomplete connections of shipping companies to and from a number of islands,

• A problem may appear for the collection and transfer of WEEE in peak touristic seasons especially in islands with particularly increased numbers of tourists,

• It is not practically easy to operate WEEE storage facilities in all islands,

• In a number of cases municipalities do not collaborate with the system or the collection quantities are very low.

A number of examples of islands were problems are faced are given below in Table 75. However, in such cases the system collaborates with private companies for the collection of solid waste.

Table 75: Examples of Greek islands where there is no or low participation by municipalities and quantities collected in 2008 (Appliances Recycling S.A.)

Island Comment Collection by the municipality (kg)

Collection of WEEE by a private company (kg)

Zante Company: Athina Nikolaidou - there is no participation of municipalities

- 182000

Corfu Company: Demetrios Tompros - low participation of municipalities

7430 692600

Chios Company: Sotirios Floros - low participation of municipalities

10790 27230

Syros Company: Alifragkis – low participation of municipalities

(started collection in 2009) 211000


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For the collection of WEEE in the greek islands the following are used:

• Hagen type containers - 38m3,

• 240 litre bins in municipal collection points (for the collection of small size appliances),

• Bins especially used for the collection of fluorescent lamps.

Figure 42: Containers used for the collection of WEEE in the Greek islands

The following vehicles are used for the transfer of WEEE in islands:

• Three axis trailers,

• Trucks for the transfer of containers,

• Platform trucks.

Apart from the municipalities with low or no collaboration there are a number of municipalities which have effectively collaborated with the system. Such municipalities are:

• Municipality of Rhodes (151740kg corresponding to 39.95% of the total collection of municipalities in Greek islands),

• Municipality of Kos (62760kg corresponding to 15.28% of the total collection of municipalities in Insular Greece),

• Municipality of Kea (8030kg corresponding to a collection of 12 kilograms per person).

In order to further improve the organization of the system it was suggested that autonomic units for the collection, sorting and depollution on site are created. The proposed units are expected to serve the following operations:

• Collection of WEEE at their place of production,

• Transfer of WEEE at the units,


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• Reception, weighting and discharge of mixed WEEE,

• Sorting of WEEE in the ten defined categories according to legislation,

• Disassembly - Depollution of WEEE,

• Packing of sorted materials,

• Transfer of the sorted materials (packs) to steel factories or car shredders for mechanical treatment and recovery of materials,

• Management of waste that result from the cleaning (depollution) process,

• Utilisation of possible materials that result from the procedure,

• Transfer of the remaining materials (those which cannot be utilised) in landfills,

• Specific categories of WEEE (eg. fridges) will be sent in relevant facilities for their treatment.

This effort is currently pilot tested in Mytilene by Appliances Recycling S.A. in collaboration with the company Samiotou Brothers and Co. Table 76 below provides information on the quantities of WEEE materials treated and recovered during 2007 and 2008 in Mytilene. The quantities of produced materials of special treatment from collection and sorting of WEEE in Mytilene are shown in Table 77.

Table 76: Material quantities (treatment and recovered materials) in Mytilene (Appliances Recycling S.A.)

Years Totals Materials to be utilised

Materials to be landfilled

Materials and components selectively treated (Annex IV of Presidential Decree 117)

2007 (tonnes) 517 404 88 25

2008 (tonnes) 877 747 131 90

2007-2008 (tonnes) 1395 1151 219 114

2007-2009 (%) 100 82.5% 15.7% 6.4%


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Table 77: Produced materials of special treatment from collection and sorting of WEEE in Mytilene (Appliances Recycling S.A.)

Produced materials and components of WEEE for selective treatment

(Annex IV of Presidential Decree 117) 2007 2008

Type of material (kg) Samiotou brothers

TOTALS (kg)

% of total materials for

selective treatment

Capacitors with PCB 270 545 815 0.71% Electrolyte capacitors (height > 25 mm, diameter > 25 mm or proportionately similar volume)

278 670 948 0.83%

Batteries 96 3497 3593 3.15% Printed circuit boards > 10 cm2 3570 8608 12178 10.68% Plastic containing brominated flame retardants

5579 0 5579 4.89%

Liquid crystal displays (LCD) > 100 cm2 0 15 15 0.01% Toner cartridges 0 596 596 0.52% Components containing asbestos 6 49 55 0.05% Cathode ray tubes 8383 57658 66041 57.90% Oils (liquid containers) 0 1039 1039 0.91% Components containing radioactive substances

0 244 244 0.21%

Gas discharge lamps 0 154 154 0.14% Mercury from gas discharge lamps 0 0 0 0.00% External electric cables 6317 16307 22624 19.83% Components containing refractory ceramic fibres 38 150 188 0.16%

Totals from the beginning of the year 24538 89532 114070 100%

Figure 43: WEEE management in Lesvos island (Mytilene)


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6.4 France Like for packaging, almost all of the producers choose to transfer their obligations to a compliance scheme (easier and cheaper), by giving a financial contribution proportional to the amount of household packaging put on the market. In practice, compliance schemes do organize the separate collection and treatment of WEEE, on behalf of the producers. The financial contribution paid by producers should cover all costs generated by the management of household WEEE. Contrary to packaging waste, local authorities are in theory not involved in the system. More precisely, they are not obliged to set up a public WEEE collection system. However, they can participate by having free of charge collection points in public waste yards.

6.4.1 Operation of compliance schemes for WEEE

In France, there are four compliance schemes dealing with household WEEE; Ecologic, Eco-systemes and ERP France dealing with all WEEE except for lamps and Recylum dealing with lamps only (ADEME, 2008). These systems and their market share are presented in Table 78.

Table 78: Compliance schemes dealing with household WEEE in France (ADEME, 2008)

Name Market share 2008

70%

20% All WEE except for lamps

10%

Lamps only

100%

(of lamps market)

All four systems were accredited in 2006 for three years. Each compliance scheme has to collect and treat a quantity set according to its market share. In 2006 the four compliance schemes jointly created “OCAD3E” which is an interface with the municipalities. The global structure of the WEEE system in France is shown in Figure 44.


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Figure 44: Global structure of the WEEE system in France

6.4.2 Collection and sorting of WEEE in France

The consumer has three possibilities (Figure 45):

• Brings the WEEE to a public waste yard, • Brings the WEEE to the distributor if buying a new item, • Brings the WEEE to a ¨charity structure¨ in order to be repaired and sold again.

Figure 45: WEEE collection points in France

WEEE is then collected by the contractors of the compliance schemes. Contrary to packaging, compliance schemes have to finance all costs for collection and treatment, and contract directly


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with operators. Municipalities having a public collection in waste yards get some subsidies from OCAD3E. All quantities collected are then gathered on platforms before being sent for treatment. Household WEEEs are divided into the following 5 categories:

Table 79: Main categories of household WEEE in France (ADEME, 2008)

large cooling appliances

large non-cooling appliances

screens

small appliances

lighting equipment

According to figures of French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME, 2008) for the year 2007 out of the 1.3Mtonnes of household WEEE generated, 157 000 tonnes were collected (2.6 kg/inh) with the distribution shown in Table 80. Out of these, 141000 tonnes were treated of which 84% was recycled. There are about 10500 collection points throughout France covering a population of 45 million inhabitants.

Table 80: Distribution of the WEEE collected in France during 2007 (ADEME, 2008)

21% 43% 19% 15% 2%

Contrary to the mainland, compliance schemes are not in competition in the “overseas territories” where Ecologic is responsible for the management in Guadeloupe and Eco-systèmes is responsible for the management in Reunion and Martinique. The case of Corsica is different as it is an island part of the territory. Both Ecologic and Eco-systèmes are operating on the island.


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Récylum is the only compliance scheme for lighting equipment in France. It is therefore in charge of the management in all four islands under study. In order to make the management easier, Récylum has a representative of the company in each islands (except for Corsica) to deal with everyday tasks.

Operational responsibility falls to producers and when transferred, to the compliance schemes. The latter are in charge of setting up and managing a collection and treatment system. Household WEEE collection has started in November 2006 in the mainland (including Corsica) and in November 2007 in the overseas territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion). So 2008 was the first whole year of operation of the system for most of the islands. As the distributors are obliged by law to take back WEEE when a new one is bought, they account until now for the main source of WEEE. However, as more and more municipalities are joining the system the collection is expected to evolve quickly in the coming years.

As mentioned above, consumers can bring back their WEEE to different places as distributors are obliged to take back WEEE when the consumer buys a new product of the same kind. So we consider that 100% of the population have access to a collection system through distributors. On the other hand, as the participation of municipalities is voluntary, not all of them have set up public collection (Eco-systemes, 2009, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09). The participation of municipalities in the four islands under study is described in Table 81 below:

Table 81: Participation of municipalities in WEEE collection in the four islands under study (Eco-systemes, 2009a, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

Collection features about the number of WEEE collection points in the four islands under study are shown in Table 82 and the number of the existing storage platforms is presented in Table 83.

Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion France

Local authorities having public waste yards

2 (SYVADEC,

CA Pays Ajaccien)

about 20 municipalities

1

(CACEM)

3

(CCSud, CIREST, CINOR)

Almost all

population 230 000 170 000 400 000 55 million

% population 77% Over 50% 43% 50% about 90%


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Table 82: Number of WEEE collection points according to the type in the four islands under study in France (Eco-systemes, 2009a, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

Table 83: Number of existing storage platforms on the four islands of France under study (Eco-systemes, 2009a, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)


Existing storage platform on the island 1-2 1 1 soon 1

For the case of lamps, a network of public waste yards exists (voluntary system for municipalities). In Table 84 below is the proportion of the population having access to a public waste yard including collection for used lamps.

Table 84: Proportion of population having access to a public wasteyard including collection for used lamps (Lantoinette Xavier, personal communication, 4/9/09)

Like other types of WEEE, used lamps can be collected through different ways, mainly through distributors or public waste yards (for households). There is also a network of professional collectors more specified in collection of non-household WEEE. However, as there is no distinction between household and professional WEEE, all collection points can be used for both types. Below (Table 85) is the number of active collection points in each island, according to the type:


Distributors 15 33 60 10 500

Public waste yards 20 8 2 12 3 000

Charity structures 0 0 0 1


population 63700 106 840 166 140 212 029 40M

% population 24% 27% 43% 30% 63%

Starting date of separate collection Jan. 2007 Feb. 2008 Feb. 2008 Nov. 2007 Nov. 2006


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Table 85: Active collection points for used lamps in the four islands in France (Lantoinette Xavier, personal communication, 4/9/09)

For all islands the main type of collection system is through distributors but the involvement of municipalities should be stronger in the coming years. Récylum has faced certain inertia from all actors in the overseas territories, where the environmental activities are not as present as in the mainland. Regarding the collection activity itself, used lamps are systematically collected by trucks making a collection round for other wastes too (the production of used lamps would not be sufficient to fill in a truck). There is one collection operator per island. The collection operator is, except for the case of Corsica, also in charge of the storage and transfer to the treatment facility.

In Martinique, Guadeloupe and Reunion lamps, once collected, are brought to a gathering platform, where they are stored in former 40 feet containers. There is only one storage platform in each island. As used lamps are regarded as hazardous waste, these platforms are specific sites that require an authorization from public authorities. In Corsica, there is no storage centre. An operator comes from Marseille (mainland) each month to collect - among other materials - used lamps. Used lamps are then directly brought back to Marseille by boat.

6.4.3 Production of WEEE

Data for the production of WEEE are not readily available for all the islands under study. After sending questionnaires to Eco-systemes and Ecologic in June 2009 the exact production of WEEE was only known about Martinique (16 kg/inh.year). It is, however, assumed that the global production of household WEEE, even if not precisely known in the islands, should be on the whole about the same amount as in mainland, which is ca. 15 kg/inh.year.

In Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion, however, it is observed that the distribution of WEEE production between the several product categories is different, and this is mainly attributed to the different climate conditions. Hence, the share of large appliances like radiators and other heating appliances is less important while the share of cooling equipment and air conditioners is greater.

For the case of lamps the data also include professional waste as there is no distinction between the two streams. Moreover there is no separation between lamps and tubes but the distribution is

Types of collection points

Total Public waste yards Distributors Others

Corsica 23 1 29 0

Guadeloupe 59 10 46 3

Martinique 48 3 42 3

Reunion 111 8 96 7


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globally 80% tubes and 20% lamps. Information about the production of used lamps is given in Table 86.

Table 86: Used lamps production per year for Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion (tonnes) (Lantoinette Xavier, 2009, personal communication, 4/9/09)


Used lamps production per year 30 100 100 300

The production of waste (used lamps) per inhabitant per year is slightly more important as compared to the mainland due to large awareness campaigns promoting and providing low consumption lamps to the local population. This tendency should be confirmed in the coming years.

6.4.4 Treatment of WEEE The number of existing treatment plants for WEEE on the islands concerned as well as the types of WEEE treated on these plants are shown in Table 87:

Table 87: Existing treatment plants on the islands

(Eco-systemes, 2009a, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)


Existing treatment plant on the island 0 1 0 1

Type of products treated - Large non cooling

appliances - All products except cooling equipment

Note: Martinique might have in the future a platform where WEEE would be disassembled and crushed, but costs are important.

For the case of Corsica, all WEEE categories (large cooling appliances, large non cooling appliances, screens and small appliances) are transferred by ship to recycling plants in the mainland. For Guadeloupe, Martinique and Reunion information about the transfer of WEEE is provided in Tables 88, 89 and 90 respectively.


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Table 88: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Guadeloupe (Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

GUADELOUPE Large

cooling appliances

Large non cooling

appliances screens Small appliances

Location of recycling plant France local France France

Distance travelled from sorting centre 6 700km 6 700km 6 700km

Type of transport ship ground ship ship

Type of packing Containers 40’ Containers

40’ Containers 40’

Table 89: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Martinique (Eco-systemes, 2009a)

MARTINIQUE Large

cooling appliances

Large non cooling


Location of recycling plant France France France France

Distance travelled from sorting centre 6 800km 6 800km 6 800km 6 800km

Type of transport ship ship ship ship

Type of packing Containers 40’

Containers 40’

Containers 40’ Containers 40’

Table 90: Information about the transfer of WEEE produced in Reunion (Eco-systemes, 2009a)

REUNION Large cooling appliances

Large non cooling


Location of recycling plant France (95) local local local

Distance travelled from sorting centre 10 000km

Type of transport ship ground ground ground Type of packing Containers 40’

For the case of lamps, there are no sorting or treatment facilities on any of the islands studied. As for now, used lamps are only stored, until the quantity is sufficient to be sent for recycling. This actually causes some problems because the legal storing time is 90 days maximum and this period is not enough to gather sufficient quantity in the islands. So Récylum had to negotiate locally with local public authorities to obtain an extra storing time (6 to 12 months). In Reunion Island, a


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container is almost full and has been in place for 12 months, so local public authorities are currently complaining about it. It will probably be sent to the mainland (harbour of Le Havre – 20 000km) soon. When the containers of the other islands become full they will also be sent to Le Havre for treatment (8000km from Martinique and Guadeloupe).

Otherwise, Recylum is studying the feasibility of having a local crusher on each island (except for Corsica). This has the double advantage of reducing the volume of waste to be transported and also changes the status of waste. Indeed, a crusher separates the hazardous powder from the glass. Then the hazardous materials can be landfilled locally and the glass (no hazardous any more) can be stored for longer time and brought back to the mainland in smaller volumes (Lantoinette Xavier, personal communication, 4/9/09).

6.4.5 Recovery and Recycling of Material Regarding the results of the WEEE collection systems in France for the four selected islands (quantities collected in 2008), these are provided in Table 91 and Figure 46.

Table 91: Quantities of WEEE collected in the four islands of France in 2008 (tonnes) (Eco-systemes, 2009a, Ecologic, 2009, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

2008 Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion France Large cooling

appliances 255 340 85 100 55 000

Large non cooling appliances 390 330 140 170 115 000

Small appliances 80 80 5 70 40 000 screens 115 60 15 45 50 000

Total (tonnes) 840 780 245 385 260 000 total collected

kg/ inh 2.8 1.95 0.6 0.48 4.3


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Figure 46: Total amount of WEEE collected in the four selected islands under study (Eco-systemes, 2009a, Ecologic, 2009, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

We can notice that collected quantity is not as high as in the mainland. However, the difference is not as important as for packaging. One factor that can explain this is the fact that WEEE collection is free of charge for the municipalities whereas they have to organize - and partly pay the service of packaging collection. Also distributors are obliged to take-back. Another factor that was mentioned through the questionnaires is that on islands, there are no problems of stealing whereas it is a big issue in the mainland. This is probably due to a limited local market for the stolen materials and very high costs for exportation.

The quantities of screens and large cooling appliances collected in 2008 in the four selected islands are given in Figure 47.

Figure 47: Screens and large cooling appliances collected in 2008 (kg/inh) in the four selected islands

(Eco-systemes, 2009a, Ecologic, 2009, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09)

Table 92 provides information on the origin of the collected quantities of WEEE in the four islands (% percentages). The quantity collected through municipalities should grow in the coming years in the islands (especially in Martinique and Reunion where this figure is very low). Indeed, WEEE


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collection is mandatory for distributors whereas it is voluntary for municipalities. As a result, more time and effort is required in order to have municipalities involved in the system.

Table 92: Origin of the collected quantities in the four selected islands in France

(Eco-systemes, 2009a, Ecologic, 2009, Perrier R.L., personal communication 9/6/09) 2008 Corsica Guadeloupe Martinique Reunion France

distributors 5% 55% 100% 89% 45% public waste yards 95% 45% 0% 11% 50% Charity structure 0% 0% 0% 0% 5%

For the case of used lamps the collected quantities (in kilograms) for each island (years 2007-2008) are provided in Table 93. These quantities also include non-household waste quantities as there is no separation for the case of lamps.

Table 93: Collected used lamps quantities (kg) for each island under study in 2007 and 2008

(Lantoinette Xavier, personal communication, 4/9/09)

Total 2007

Total 2008 kg/inh

Public waste yards

Distributors Others

Corsica 605 1635 0.006 0% 100% 0%

Guadeloupe 0 1165 0.003 0% 30% 70%

Martinique 0 1790 0.005 0% 70% 30%

Réunion 0 4315 0.006 0.02% 50% 50%

In mainland France, 3 850 000 kg were collected in 2008 (0.06 kg/inh). The performance in the mainland is about ten times higher than in islands.

6.4.6 Costs for collection/treatment

On islands, the activity of collection itself, i.e. taking back WEEE from various collecting points and going to a gathering platform does not seem to be more expensive as the same activity in mainland France. The produced quantity of WEEE is sufficient to fill in the trucks and the islands are of small size making the gathering platform not too far.

On the contrary, it is the transportation from the gathering platform to the treatment plant that makes the situation in islands much more expensive. Indeed, there is almost no treatment plant on islands, meaning most of the produced quantity has to be exported to the mainland and thus generating over-costs. This is especially true for large cooling appliances, because the treatment is difficult and expensive, meaning a large amount of waste items is necessary to have a viable plant.


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In Guadeloupe and Corsica, transfer from the gathering platform to the treatment plant is about 75% more expensive as compared to the mainland. Strangely enough, this cost is more significant for Corsica than for Guadeloupe due to a strong monopoly of one sea transportation company.

The treatment itself does not seem to be more expensive as most of the quantity is treated together with the quantities of WEEE generated on the mainland, in specific treatment plants.

Concerning communication costs an incentive financial support is given to local authorities participating in the system in order to make communication campaigns. In specific, during the first year of activity an amount of 0.20€/inh is provided, whereas, during the second and third years of activity amounts of 0.15€/inh and 0.075€/inh are provided respectively (Eco-systemes, 2009b).

For the case of used lamps there is only one operator per island. In Corsica, this operator is only in charge of collection. There is then another operator from the mainland in charge of the transfer to the treatment plant. In the other islands, the operator is in charge of the collection, storage and transfer to the treatment plant. For all islands, the treatment operator is located in the mainland and is not specific to the waste coming from islands. For all islands, an overcost is noted, for the phase of transfer to the treatment plant. This is, on the one hand, due to the distance of islands from the mainland but also to local taxes, transportation companies’ monopoly etc. Until now, no used lamps have been transferred to the mainland from the four islands as the quantity is not sufficient to fill in a container (Lantoinette Xavier, personal communication, 4/9/09).


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7. Conclusions

This report aimed at providing useful information on the current situation and already available data, for each of the countries involved in the REPT project, in the fields of packaging waste and WEEE recycling. Useful information has been recorded and data have been collected for Cyprus, Malta, mainland France and mainland Greece as well as selected islands of France and Greece that participate in collective recycling schemes for packaging waste and WEEE.

The data and information presented in this report are expected to be further utilised over the next actions of the project:

- Evaluation of the implementation of the relevant EC Directives in the participant member states and comparison between the current recovery and recycling practices and achievements in each country and islands studied,

- Identification of constraints and obstacles, - Preparation of an automated Decision Support Tool (DST) for the assessment and

determination of optimal economic and environmental solutions for recycling in islands and DST implementation in each country.

If, during the implementation of the above mentioned actions, gaps or disparities are identified, the already collected information will be properly updated by the REPT associated beneficiaries in order to meet each need and achieve the best possible results.

A number of difficulties were identified during the collection of the data presented in this report. These were mostly related to the compatibility of data (especially cost data) between the countries, lack of specific data in national registries or the associated beneficiaries responsible for the organisation of the collective recycling schemes and the confidentiality of specific data especially as concerns the WEEE collective schemes operating for France and Greece. In addition, as most of the collection schemes on the islands are new, the availability of real data as well as the experience gained by the relevant organisations are expected to be higher in the coming years.

These difficulties, however, do not seem to be a constraint in order to draw some significant conclusions on the particularities of islands. Especially for the cases of Greece and France some useful conclusions could be drawn:

- As compared to mainland France costs per tonne of glass collected in three local authorities in Martinique and Reunion are at least 3 times higher than in the mainland, partly because of the limited amount of collected materials. On the contrary, costs per inhabitant are not as high as in the mainland. Indeed, in the mainland, the level of service is higher (density of containers, frequency of collection etc) because the tonnage collected is more important. For the rest of lightweight packaging materials (plastic, metals, cardboard) the total costs per tonne are again much more significant as compared to the mainland. It is also evident that the quantities of recycled materials (in kg/inhabitant) for the case of islands are at least three times lower than in the mainland.

- For Greece it is also evident that more costs are required for the Material Recovery Facilities operating on Greek islands (operational costs + financial cost of contractor).


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- For the case of WEEE it is the transportation from the gathering platform to the treatment plant that makes the situation in islands much more expensive. Indeed, there is almost no treatment plant on islands, meaning most of the produced quantity has to be exported to the mainland and thus generating over-costs. This is especially true for large cooling appliances, because the treatment is difficult and expensive, meaning a large amount of waste items is necessary to have a viable plant. In Guadeloupe and Corsica, transfer from the gathering platform to the treatment plant is about 75% more expensive as compared to the mainland. The monopoly of sea transportation companies may also significantly add to this cost. In addition it has been noticed that the collection performance of WEEE (in kg/inhabitant) is lower on the islands than on mainland France.

- For the case of used lamps on the islands of France an over cost is noted, for the phase of transfer to the treatment plant. This is, on the one hand, due to the distance of islands from the mainland but also to local taxes, transportation companies’ monopoly etc. Until now, no used lamps have been transferred to the mainland from the four islands as the quantity is not sufficient to fill in a container.

- For the case of Greece a number of particularities have been identified regarding the difficulties faced regarding WEEE management on islands. These are related to insufficient shipping connections with a number of islands, the collection and transfer of WEEE in peak touristic seasons, the practical difficulty - due to the small size of some islands - of operating WEEE storage facilities in all islands and the luck of collaboration with a number of island municipalities.

Useful conclusions are also expected to be drawn during the next REPT actions where the already collected information will be used in order to compare and identify the reasons behind the different levels of implementation of the relevant EC Directives between the four countries and between the islands studied for the purposes of the project.


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8. References

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