Current Source Inverter fed Induction Motor Drives: A Survey · PDF fileInternational Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES) ISSN: 2230-9784 A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi

Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011

International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES) ISSN: 2230-9784

Copyright Mind Reader Publications www.journalshub.com

Current Source Inverter fed Induction Motor

Drives: A Survey

A. K. Srivastava*, S. M. Tripathi**

*M.Tech. Student

Department of Electrical Engineering

Kamla �ehru Institute of Technology Sultanpur-228118(U.P.), India

e-mail: [email protected]

**Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Kamla �ehru Institute of Technology Sultanpur-228118(U.P.), India

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current source inverter (CSI)-fed induction motor (IM) drives. It also reviews various control methodologies, selective harmonic elimination techniques and methods for reduction in switching losses in CSI fed IM drives. Authors strongly believe that this survey article shall be very much helpful to the researchers working in the field of CSI fed IM drives for finding out the relevant references.

Keywords: Current source inverter, Direct torque control, Field-oriented control

Selective harmonics elimination, Switching losses.

1. Introduction

Power electronics has changed rapidly

during the last thirty years and the number

of applications has been increasing, mainly

due to the developments of the

semiconductor devices and the

microprocessor technology. An overview

of different power devices and the areas

where the development is still going on is

presented in Fig. 1 [1].

The voltage source inverter (VSI) fed

drives are most widely used in low and

medium power applications, but not used

widely in high power applications. Now a

days, current source inverter (CSI) fed

motor drives are increasingly used for

medium-voltage high-power applications

where fast dynamic response is not needed

because of the following advantages [2-4]:

• Simple converter topology,

• Inherent four quadrant operation,

• Reliability,

• Motor friendly waveforms with

low dv/dt.

Fig. 1 Development of power semiconductor

devices since 1950 [1]

Copyright © Mind Reader Publications Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011

15 Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….

Fig. 2 shows the functional block

diagram of the conventional CSI drive.

The present day CSI drives employ self

commutating devices such as gate turn-off

thyristors (GTOs) instead of SCRs as in

the past. Pulse width modulation (PWM)

techniques [5-25] can be used to get

improved output currents and voltages.

Even though a relatively high switching

frequency PWM will result in near

sinusoidal output voltages and currents, at

higher power levels the CSI is switched at

low frequency (200 Hz), to reduce

switching losses.

Fig. 2 Functional block diagram of the

conventional CSI drive

2. An Outline to Current Source Inverter fed Induction

Motor Drives

Literatures on CSI-fed induction motor

drives employing different control

methodologies, selective harmonic

elimination techniques and methods to

reduce switching losses are outlined in this

section.

Hatua et al. [26] presented a new

configuration for high power induction

motor drive in which induction machine is

provided with two three-phase stator

windings, one is excitation winding

powered by an IGBT based voltage source

inverter (VSI) with an output filter and

second is power winding fed by a load

commutated current source inverter (LCI).

The commutation of the thyristors in the

LCI is achieved by injecting the required

leading reactive power from the excitation

inverter. The m.m.f. harmonics due to the

LCI current are also cancelled out by

injecting suitable compensating

component from the excitation inverter, so

that the electromagnetic torque of the

machine is smooth. Filsecker et al. [27]

presented a complete design procedure for

a current source converter (CSC) that

consists of a PWM current source rectifier

(CSR) and inverter (CSI) feeding an

induction motor. The converter design is

made so that the switches in the inverter

operate at their maximum specified

junction temperature. Raj et al. [28]

proposed a new control strategy for

induction motor drives fed by current

source inverter in which a multivariable

state feedback as well as feed forward

control is applied for fast regulation and

stability of the drive system. The design of

the state feedback controller was based on

the application of the pole assignment

technique of industrial regulation theory to

a d-q axes state space linearised model of

the drive and includes a reduced order

observer to obtain faster dynamic response.

Basu et al. [29] proposed hybrid PWM

technique to reduce the torque ripple

considerably over conventional space

vector PWM (CSVPWM) along with a

marginal reduction in current ripple.

Shahalami et al. [30] presented, a novel

control approach of a CSI drive system

using an induction motor in which a

variant of hysteresis-band current control

adapted to the current source inverter

circuit topology is proposed. The current

control strategy is based on the correction

of the two out of three larger errors of the

instantaneous real currents of motor with

respect to their references. In order to

suppress the inherent instability of current

fed induction motor, a coefficient of

derivative of real motor’s currents is added

to the reference ones. Morawiec et al. [31]

presented a control system for the

induction motor fed by current source

converter based on a multiscalar model, a

new approach to the control of induction

motor based on DC-link current and rotor

flux vector in which speed observer system

is applied to receive sensorless drive. Li


A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi 16

et al. [32] proposed a loss reduction and

DC-link current minimization strategy for

a high-power current-source inverter (CSI)

fed drive. The proposed strategy consists

of an inverter maximum modulation index

control scheme and a flux optimization

algorithm. With the proposed DC current

minimization strategy, the losses in the

semiconductor devices and the DC-link

can be reduced, and the drive current

rating could be lowered. Bierk et al. [33]

showed that in high power applications the

inverter of a motor drive should have a

switching frequency as low as possible in

order to reduce the switching and snubber

losses. An effective pulse width

modulation (PWM) approach that can be

utilized successfully with high control

accuracy is combination of selective

harmonic elimination and pulse width

modulation (SHEPWM). SHEPWM can

optimize PWM output waveforms for

selected harmonic elimination or to

minimize total harmonic distortion (THD).

This technique is used with voltage source

inverters (VSI) and current source

inverters (CSI) as well. Banerjee et al. [34]

proposed a CSI-fed induction motor drive

scheme where GTOs are replaced by

thyristors in the CSI without any external

circuit to assist the turning off of the

thyristors. The current-controlled VSI,

connected in shunt, is designed to supply

the volt ampere reactive requirement of the

induction motor and the CSI is made to

operate in leading power factor mode such

that the thyristors in the CSI are auto

sequentially turned off. The resulting drive

will be able to feed medium-voltage, high-

power induction motors directly. Li et al.

[35] presented a novel flux adjustment

power-factor (PF) control strategy for a

high-power pulse width-modulated

current-source inverter-fed motor drive

system. Unlike all the other PF

compensation techniques, the proposed

flux adjustment approach does not require

online modulation index control of the

rectifier and the inverter, and therefore,

offline selective harmonic elimination

modulation can be implemented on both

the rectifier and the inverter to minimize

the line-side and motor side waveform

distortions. The proposed PF regulation

method, together with a properly designed

input line capacitor, can ensure a unity PF

throughout the whole speed range

(including flux-weakening range). Beig

et al. [36] presented a novel CSI drive in

which two identical multilevel inverters

are used as active filters, one at the input

end and another at the motor terminals

with common DC bus. The active filter at

input end provides necessary active current

to maintain DC bus. Such an arrangement

will ensure sinusoidal input currents,

sinusoidal motor currents and motor

voltages. The proposed configuration

promises a better alternative compared to

other conventional methods like use of

passive filters or multi pulse rectifiers at

the input stages in terms of cost and

performance. Payam et al. [37] designed a

nonlinear controller for doubly-fed

induction machine (DFIM) drives based on

adaptive input-output feedback

linearization control technique using the

fifth order model of induction machine in

fixed stator d-q axes reference frames with

stator currents and rotor flux components

as state variables. The nonlinear controller

can perfectly track the torque and flux

reference signals in spite of stator and

rotor resistance variations. Two level

SVM-PWM back-to-back voltage source

inverters are employed in the rotor circuit

in order to make the drive system capable

of operating in the motoring and

generating modes below and above

synchronous speed. Mukherjee et al. [38]

presented feed-forward control strategy for

the LC filter to have a good bandwidth for

the filter output voltage. This filter control

strategy is introduced along with a

sensorless vector control strategy for the

SQIM drive. This complete strategy retains

the high dynamic performance of the drive

even with the LC filter. Qiu et al. [39]

described the minimization of the line and

motor-side harmonics in a high power



current source drive system. The proposed

control achieves speed regulation over the

entire speed range with enhanced transient

performance and minimal harmonic

distortion of the line and motor currents

while limiting the switching frequency of

current source converters to a maximum of

540 Hz. To minimize the motor current

harmonic distortion, space vector

modulation (SVM) and selective harmonic

elimination (SHE) schemes are optimally

implemented according to different drive

operating conditions. Beig et al. [40]

proposed a novel CSI drive which

overcomes the drawbacks of conventional

CSI drives such as harmonic resonance,

unstable operation at low speed ranges,

and torque pulsation and results in

sinusoidal motor voltage and current even

with CSI switching at fundamental

frequency. A sensorless vector controlled

CSI drive based on proposed configuration

is developed. Rees et al. [41] presented a

new DC-link current set value assignment

and a method to improve the models for

magnetizing current and field angle by

using steady-state stator voltages. Imecs

et al. [42] presented a tandem converter

arrangement of two inverters connected in

parallel: a high-power pulse-amplitude

modulated current-source inverter and a

low-power pulse-width modulated voltage-

source inverter. Kwak et al. [43] presented

a hybrid converter system employing a

combination of a load-commutated

inverter (LCI), a DC-DC buck converter,

and a voltage-source inverter (VSI) for the

large induction motor drives. The buck

converter enables both the VSI and the

LCI to be fed from the single-diode

rectifier. As a result, the DC-link inductor

size can be reduced and the LCI is

operated without the controlled rectifier. In

addition, faster dynamic response can be

obtained through the VSI and the buck

converter operation. Bojoi et al. [44]

introduced a new multi-source fed drive

topology based on a multi-phase induction

machine. The reference application is the

hybrid fuel cell (FC) traction system (fuel

cell and battery). The FC power and the

battery power are directly added at the

machine level, without any additional DC-

DC converters. The proposed drive

topology uses two three-phase inverters

having different DC link voltages provided

by the FC and the battery, respectively. In

this drive topology, the machine can

operate asymmetrically and the control

system must be able to cope with different

power levels in the two sections of the

drive. A rotor field oriented control

strategy has been implemented using a

stationary frame current control scheme.

Nikolic et al. [45] presented a speed

sensorless direct torque control (DTC)

implementation in a current source inverter

(CSI) fed induction motor drive. DTC of a

CSI fed induction motor drive involves the

direct control of the rotor flux linkage and

the electromagnetic torque by applying the

optimum current switching vectors. For

sensorless control of the drive, an

improved estimator is applied using stator

voltages and currents. The stator current,

voltage and resistance are not measured,

but determined by a reconstruction from

DC link measurements and the inverter

switches states. Mohapatra et al. [46]

presented a harmonic elimination and

suppression scheme for a dual-inverter-fed

open-end winding induction motor drive.

Two isolated DC-link sources with voltage

ratio of approximately 1:0.366 are required

for the presented drive. These two isolated

DC-links feeding two inverters to drive the

open end winding induction motor

eliminate the triplen harmonic currents

from the motor phase. Kwak et al. [47]

presented a novel, hybrid solution

employing a combination of a load-

commutated inverter and a voltage-source

inverter for the induction motor drives. By

avoiding the use of output capacitors and a

forced DC-commutation circuit, this

solution can eliminate all disadvantages

related with these circuits in the

conventional load commutated inverter

based induction motor drives. In addition,

improved quality of output current



waveforms and faster dynamic response

can be achieved. Kwak et al. [48]

presented a current-source based rectifier /

inverter topologies used in medium and

high power AC drive applications.

Reference [48] also presents the theoretical

analysis and mathematical derivations for

the two topologies - one with a PWM

current source rectifier (PWM-CSR) and

the other using a thyristor rectifier in

parallel with an active filter in order to

achieve unity power factor in the utility

lines. The two drive systems are

systematically compared. Bojoi et al. [49]

presented a direct rotor-field-oriented

control of a dual-three phase induction

motor drive. The stator windings are fed

by a current-controlled pulse width-

modulation (PWM) six-phase voltage-

source inverter. Three key issues are

discussed: (a) the machine dynamic model

is based on the vector space decomposition

theory; (b) the PWM strategy uses the

double zero-sequence injection modulation

technique which gives good results with

low computational and hardware

requirements; and (c) to eliminate the

inherent asymmetries of the drive power

section, a new current control scheme is

proposed. Salo et al. [50] presented vector

controlled current-source PWM inverter

fed induction motor drive. The vector

control system of the induction motor is

realized in a rotor flux oriented reference

frame, where only the measured angular

rotor speed and the DC-link current are

needed for motor control. Methods to

damp the stator current oscillations and to

compensate the capacitive currents drawn

by the load filter are presented. The

proposed methods operate in an open-loop

manner and can be realized without

measurement of any electrical variable.

Salo et al. [51] presented a high

performance vector controlled PWM

current source inverter (PWM-CSI) fed

induction motor drive where only the

measured rotor angular speed and the DC-

link current are needed for motor control.

Novel methods for compensating the

capacitive currents of the motor filter and

damping the motor current oscillations in

the transient conditions are presented.

Espinoza et al. [52] analyzes the existing

motor drives based on current-source

topologies and proposes a control strategy

that addresses some of the drawbacks of

this approach compared to the voltage-

source approach. The proposed strategy

features the following: (a) an on-line

operated PWM inverter using

instantaneous output capacitor voltage

control based on space-vector modulation

and (b) an additional inverter modulation

index control loop ensuring constant

inverter modulation index and minimum

DC-link current operation. The resulting

additional advantages include the

following: (i) fixed and reduced motor

voltage distortion; (ii) minimized DC-bus

inductor losses; (iii) minimized switch

conduction losses; and (iv) elimination of

motor circuit resonances. Mohamed et al.

[53] utilized the H∞ loop shaping design

procedure (LSDP) with µ-analysis (µ

LSDP) to design a controller for a CSI-fed

induction motor drive system in order to

achieve robust stability and robust

performance against various model

uncertainties. Lee et al. [54] presented a

novel control strategy for induction motor

drives fed by PWM current source

converter and inverter system. A

multivariable state feedback control with

feed-forward control is applied for the

improved control of both the converter

input and inverter output currents, which

gives fast transient responses. Dakir et al.

[55] presented a control system for PWM

current source inverter (CSI) fed induction

motor which has an estimator whose

principal function is to perform

contemporary calculations of rotor flux

magnitude and induction machine load

angle. Machine rotor flux observation-

error was checked at static and dynamic

states of the entire drive system, taking

into consideration: the changes in stator

and rotor resistances the stator current

frequency and various estimator sampling



periods. Jamshidi et al. [56] suggested a

simpler speed controller to eliminate the

steady state error due to load changes in

speed response of closed-loop control of

currents source inverter fed induction

motor drive. This simple controller makes

use of normal PI controller with the

concept of reduction of disturbance by

prediction. The change of load torque of

the motor itself is considered as

disturbance and the linear relation between

slip and torque has been utilized in the

design of the controller to improve the

performance. Jamshidi et al. [57]

presented a self organizing fuzzy

controller applied in closed loop speed

control system of an induction motor fed

from auto sequential current source

inverter. The induction motor is controlled

to operate in constant flux mode. Ide et al.

[58] presented a simple adaptive control

(SAC) with exact linearization for the

current source inverter (CSI) fed induction

motor drive. SAC has the robust

characteristics concerning disturbance and

the effects of un-modeled dynamics. The

proposed system can improve the fast

tracking of set command change without

overshoot and the recovering time of speed

at the sudden-load variations. Mok et al.

[59] presented a load-commutated current

source inverter (LCCSI) induction motor

drive system employing a novel DC-side

forced commutation circuit for machine

start-up. To avoid the adverse effects of

harmonic resonance between the output

capacitor and the inductance of the

induction motor, a solution is proposed

using a special type of one-notch current

PWM, fully utilizing the proposed

commutation circuit. A direct vector

controller, which refers to the fixed

reference frame of the rotor flux without

using a speed sensor, is applied. In

addition to compensating for the capacitive

current, this controller is applied to

decouple the torque and flux generating

currents and to overcome the instability

caused by the output capacitor. Kleinhans

et al. [60] developed a model of the

current source inverter (CSI)-fed induction

motor drive using a new variable speed

drive simulation package CASED. This

model includes rectifier, inverter and

induction motor dynamics. The drive

speed control is based upon indirect field

oriented control (FOC).

3. Control Methodologies used in CSI fed IM Drives

DTC is the latest AC motor control

method [61] developed with the goal of

combining the implementation of the V/f

based induction motor drives with the

performance of those based on vector

control. The literature related to AC drives

covering scalar control, field-oriented

control, and direct-torque control (DTC)

has been well documented in [62]. So far,

the vector control (VC) and direct torque

control (DTC) methods have been applied

to the squirrel cage induction machine

drives [63].

Field oriented control is one of the most

used control methods of modern AC drives

systems. The basic idea behind this control

method is to transform the three phase

quantities in the AC machine in an

orthogonal d-q system aligned to one of

the fluxes in the machine. Thus, a

decoupling in controlling the flux and

electromagnetic torque of the machine is

achieved. Two methods of field oriented

control for induction machines are used

namely: indirect and direct vector control.

Each of these methods has advantages and

drawbacks. The indirect vector control can

operate in four-quadrants and it is widely

used in both motor drives and generator

applications. Typically the orthogonal

synchronous reference frame is aligned on

the rotor flux. However, this control is

highly dependent on machine parameters.

The direct vector control oriented along

the stator flux does not need information

about the rotor speed and is less sensitive

to the machine parameters. However, it

presents low performances for low speeds

near to standstill. A general control



structure for field oriented control in

synchronous reference frame for induction

machines is shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3 General structure of a field oriented control

in synchronous reference frame for an induction

machine.

The electromagnetic torque is controlled

in q-axis while the d-axis controls the flux

of the machine. The actual flux and torque

as well as the flux angle are determined

based on the machine equations using the

currents. In rotor field-oriented control of

CSI fed induction machines, the current

control is the inner loop of the system. It

receives the flux-producing and the torque-

producing reference values from the outer

loops (flux loop and torque / speed loop)

in (d, q) rotor flux synchronous reference

frame. The current control can be

implemented either in synchronous (d, q)

[64-65] or in (α, β) stationary reference

frame. The synchronous (d, q) current

control scheme developed in [64-66] relies

on the DTP modeling approach and

employs a set of four PI (d, q) current

controllers (two for d and two for q axes

current components). Each of the two

(d, q) current controller pairs produces

stator voltage references for one of the two

three-phase windings. This solution has

the advantage of zero-steady state error

obtained with PI regulators, but there are

multiple speed dependent (d, q) coupling

terms; at high speed these coupling terms

must be compensated with quite

complicated decoupling networks to obtain

satisfactory performance and stability [64].

Field-oriented control (FOC) schemes are

widely employed to achieve improved

system dynamics and reliability by

controlling the flux and torque

independently. To further improve the

system performance and / or reduce the

costs, research efforts have been recently

put on new current source drive topologies

[2-4], [67]; advanced modulation scheme

development [68-73]; control performance

improvement [74-77], etc.

Direct torque control of induction motor

was proposed around two decades ago.

The direct torque control (DTC) is one of

the actively researched control schemes of

induction machines that provide a very

quick and precise torque response without

the complex field-orientation block and the

inner current regulation loop [78-79]. The

scheme presented in [78] was implemented

for high power applications using an

induction motor having open-end winding

configuration [80].

However, the DTC technique presented

in [80] results in:

• Torque and speed fluctuations

which lead to acoustic noise and

vibrations.

• Higher ripple in the stator current

that can cause power loss and

hence heating of the machine.

• Use of a three-phase reactor to

reduce the zero sequence current,

make the system bulky.

Fig. 4 General structure of the direct torque control

for AC machines.



The direct torque control proposed by

Depenbrock eliminates the inner current

loops and the needs of transformations

between different references frames. It

controls directly the magnitude of the

stator flux and the electromagnetic torque

of the machine by using hysteresis

comparators as shown in Figure 4. The

outputs of the hysteresis comparators as

well as the flux angle are used directly to

determine the switching states of the

converter. The control strategies of

conventional DTC scheme are given in

[78-79], [89]. There are also another DTC-

based strategies, presented in [79], [81-82].

High performance induction motor drives

employing DTC strategies with various

variables have been reported [78-79], [83].

4. Selective Harmonics Elimination Techniques used

in CSI fed IM Drives

An interesting and suitable topology

called the open-end winding induction

motor drive is presently being studied for

high-power applications [84-87]. The

inverters are fed from DC-link sources of

half the magnitude, when compared to the

same in conventional two-level inverters

[84]. In order to avoid the flow of triplen

harmonic currents in the motor phase,

isolated DC-link power sources or

harmonic filters are required for these

drives [84-86]. These fundamental and

harmonics resonance problems have

seriously restricted the system

performance. Inherent instability in the

high-frequency region can be caused by

the output capacitor [88]. Active filters are

successfully used in utility applications to

filter out the harmonics from the supply

currents. Active filters result in better

performance compared to passive filters

[89-90]. An LC filter is normally required

at the input of a PWM CSR to mitigate the

converter switching harmonics. To avoid

the steady state LC resonance during the

drive operation, the input LC filter for a

PWM CSR need to be designed carefully

[91]. A powerful vector space

decomposition approach has been

introduced in [92] to obtain the machine

model and to obtain a PWM technique

which considerably reduces the current

harmonics with some implementation

problems caused by the required

computational time. To reduce the

computational requirements, other PWM

techniques have been presented in [93-94].

The non sinusoidal motor current drawn

from the LCI can produce considerable

losses and harmonics, holding the LCI

drives back from high performance

[95-96]. Moreover, the square wave motor

current waveforms in low speed region,

rich in low order harmonics, can produce

voltage spikes in stator leakage inductance

of the motor, potentially hazardous for the

winding insulation [95].

Selective harmonic elimination PWM

is an optimizing algorithm that gives a

superior harmonic performance in high

power applications with the minimum

switching frequency [97-98].

The conventional PWM-CSI

applications are reported in many

literatures [99-101]. So far, almost all

progress in the performance of CSI-AC

machine drives are limited to the new

PWM techniques such as trapezoidal

PWM, selected harmonic elimination

PWM and so on [101]. Due to the advent

of a self-commutated device GTO, a PWM

CSI was developed by Hombu [101].

PWM switching strategy itself and control

techniques for PWM CSI fed induction

motor drives have been proposed to

improve the output current harmonics

[102-103]. Since then, a few methods to

apply the instantaneous PWM have been

issued [104-105]. This has resulted in the

widespread use of selective harmonic

elimination (SHE) stored patterns [102-

103], [106] usually with a fixed

modulation index.

On-line control of the CSI requires

complex control [102] and / or power

circuitry [107] which has led to two main

control approaches:



• Control schemes that use stored

patterns (such as SHE) and variable

DC-link current to control the

output current

• Control schemes that use fixed DC-

link current and a variable

modulation index of the PWM

generator at the CSI stage to

control the output current.

Fig. 5 Typical waveform for SHE-PWM technique

To eliminate 5th

and 7th

harmonics a set

of three nonlinear equations is required to

be solved in order to compute the three

switching angles α1, α2, and α3 as shown in

Fig. 5 which illustrates the three levels

SHEPWM that we use to eliminate 5th

and

7th

harmonics. It is well known that the

switching angles cannot be computed

directly. This heavy computational process

is considered as the main drawback of

SHE technique [108]. Numerical processes

may be employed to solve these equations

at different modulation indexes [109]. The

presence of capacitor at motor terminals

gives rise to two modes of resonance

namely fundamental frequency resonance

and harmonic frequency resonance

[110-111]. The fundamental frequency

resonance is avoided by selecting the

capacitor (C) such that fundamental

frequency resonance lies well above the

operating speed of the drive. Hence the

value of capacitor decides upper limit on

the motor speed. In order to avoid the

harmonic frequency resonance, the

selected harmonic PWM (SHPWM) is

generally employed [110-111]. Reference

[111] describes a conventional CSI drive,

which employs selective harmonic

elimination PWM technique that results in

acceptable waveform quality at low

switching frequency. Harmonic distortion

improvement of a current source drive

system is either focused on the motor side

[110] or on the line side [112]. In

Reference [110] a combination of off-line

selective harmonic elimination (SHE)

technique and the trapezoidal pulse width

modulation (TPWM) was proposed for the

CSI, where the TPWM was applied for

stator frequency lower than 20 Hz while

the SHE was used when the stator

frequency is higher than 20 Hz. However,

at very low stator frequencies, low order

harmonics produced by the TPWM

scheme may have a high magnitude. For

the line-side harmonic performance

improvement, an active damping method

based on virtual harmonic resistor concept

was proposed to reduce the line current

resonant harmonics caused by the line-side

LC filter [112]. Considering the low

switching frequency (normally around 500

Hz) for high-power converter applications,

without SHE modulation, the line current

distortion will be serious due to the

significant low-order harmonics (such as

the 5th

, 7th

, and 11th

), especially when the

input LC resonance caused by the filter is

not properly dampened [113-114].

5. Methods to Reduce Switching Losses in CSI fed

IM Drives

In order to reduce inverter switching

losses and limit the ripple currents in the

motor phase multilevel inverters of the

type three-level, five-level, etc., [115-117]

are preferred to the conventional two-level

inverter for high-power drive applications.

System efficiency is one of the most

important factors to improve energy

savings and reduce the costs. Many studies

in the literature have been carried out to

improve the efficiency of a drive and

motor system [118-125]. However, most

of them focused on medium or low-power

applications with an emphasis on the

motor efficiency, while the drive system

losses are either omitted [118-123] or not



adequately considered [124-125]. Because

of hard-switching in conventional PWM

inverters, the switching losses in the

devices are high and the windings of

induction motor are subjected to high

switching stresses. To overcome these

problems, soft-switching strategies [126]

have been actively considered for the

inverter-fed induction motor drives.The

LCI-based drive employs converter grade

thyristors and utilizes soft switching by

natural commutation of the thyristors.

Therefore, it provides simplicity,

robustness, cost effectiveness, and very

low switching losses, resulting in a

favorable topology in high-power areas

[127]. Moreover, because it has the

current-source inverter (CSI) topology, it

has inherent advantages of CSI, such as

embedded short-circuit protection,

improved converter reliability, and

instantaneous regeneration ability [128].

Due to all of these features, much research

has been conducted in the last two decades

to control the LCI-based induction motor

drive and improve its performance,

especially in medium-to-high-power

applications [88], [127], [129-132].

6. Conclusions

The paper has attempted to give a

survey of the recent developments and

trends in the field of current source

inverter (CSI) fed induction motor (IM)

drives. The paper has focused on the

continuing researches on the different

control methodologies of the CSI drives. It

is concluded that the direct torque control

methodology provides a better dynamic

torque response whereas the vector (field-

oriented) control methodology provides

better steady-state behavior of the drive

systems. Various techniques for selective

harmonic elimination and methods to

reduce switching losses in CSI fed IM

drives have also been explored through

this survey. Selective harmonic elimination

PWM is an optimizing algorithm, which

with the minimum switching frequency,

gives a superior harmonic performance in

high power applications. To overcome the

problems of hard-switching in

conventional PWM inverters, soft-

switching strategies have been actively

considered for the inverter-fed induction

motor drives. Much research has been

conducted in the last two decades to

control and improve the performance of

the LCI-based induction motor drives that

employ converter grade thyristors and

utilize soft switching by natural

commutation of the thyristors and hence,

minimize the switching losses.

Authors strongly believe that this

survey article will be handy to the

researchers in searching out the relevant

references as well as the previous work

done in the field of CSI drives,

encouraging them for their future works.

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Biographies

Ankit Kumar Srivastava received his

B.Tech Degree in Electrical Engineering in

2008 from the VBS Purvanchal University,

Jaunpur (U.P.), India. Currently, he is

pursuing M.Tech in Power Electronics and

Drives in Department of Electrical

Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of

Technology, Sultanpur, (U.P.), India,

affiliated to G.B. Technical University Lucknow (U.P.), India.

His interests are in the area of Power Electronics and drive.

Saurabh Mani Tripathi is presently

working as Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Kamla Nehru

Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, (U.P.),

India. He obtained his B.Tech. degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering in

2006 and did his M.Tech. in Electrical

Engineering in 2009 from U.P. Technical University, Lucknow. He has authored

several books on ‘Modern Control System’ and ‘Basic System

Analysis’. His areas of current interest include Electrical Machines, Control Systems, Power Electronics and Electric

Drives.

Documents

Current Source Inverter fed Induction Motor Drives: A Survey · PDF fileInternational Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES) ISSN: 2230-9784 A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi