Current Trends in Juvenile Incarceration Barry Krisberg v32

CurrentTrendsinJuvenileIncarceration

PresentedbyBarryKrisbergApril25,2012

NATIONALTRENDS

YouthinResidentialPlacement,Counts,byGender,1975‐2010

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997‐2010)Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20‐year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975‐1995)

Numbers of youth in residential placement, both male and female, have declined steadily for at least 10 years.

57,078

57,67964,424

72,611

77,015

89,720

90,77192,985

89,115

81,97578,998

75,017

61,358

17,192

14,24315,667

19,03516,717

17,917

14,28414,508

15,104 14,55613,723

11,7979,434

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010

Male

Female

YouthinResidentialPlacement,TotalCounts,1975‐2010

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997‐2010)Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20‐year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975‐1995)

Total numbers of youth in residential placement are now lower than they have been for 35 years.

74,27071,922

80,091

91,64693,732

107,637105,055

107,493104,219

96,53192,721

86,814

70,792

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010

StateswiththeLargestDeclinesinResidentialPlacement,between1997and2010

Rank State % Change

1 Tennessee - 63%

2 Louisiana - 63%

3 Connecticut - 54%

4 Mississippi - 53%

5 New Jersey - 48%

6 Michigan - 46%

7 Wisconsin - 45%

8 New York - 43%

9 California - 42%

10 Arizona - 42%

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/

YouthinResidentialPlacement,Rates,1975‐2010

Sources: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997‐2010)Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20‐year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975‐1995)

Rates of youth in residential placement have declined since 1995 and are lower now than 35 years ago.

241 251290

357 359381

356 355 355

306 295278

225

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010

YouthinDetentionCenters,Counts,1997‐2010

24,367

29,32431,320

24,26025,771 24,691

20,312

4,690 5,5167,421

5,495 5,158 4,927 3,807

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010

Male

Female


Numbers of youth in detention centers, were lower in 2010 than any year since 1997.

YouthinResidentialPlacement,CountsbyRace*,1997and2010

1997 2010

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ * Other includes Native American, and Pacific Islander, as well as others.

38%

40%

18%

2% 2%

White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

Other

32%

41%

22%

1% 4%

The portion of white youth in residential placement was lower in 2010 than in 1997, while the portion of youth of color was higher.

YouthinResidentialPlacement,CountsbyAge,1997and2010

1997 2010


2%

5%11%

20%

27%

23%

12%12 or younger

13

14

15

16

17

18 to 20

1%

3% 8%

18%

28%

28%

14%

Youth in residential placement were slightly older in 2010 than in 1997; there were more youth 16 and over.

YouthinResidentialPlacement,CountsbyAge,1997and2010

693

2,079

5,955

12,604

19,540

19,990

9,931

2,178

4,648

11,578

21,237

28,201

24,564

12,649

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

12 or younger

13

14

15

16

17

18 to 20

1997 2010

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/

YouthinResidentialPlacement,MostSeriousOffense,Counts,1997and2010

33%

30%

9%

10%

12%6%

PersonoffensesPropertyoffensesDrug offenses

Public orderoffensesTechnicalviolationsStatusoffenses

37%

24%

7%

12%

16%4%

20101997


The portion of youth in residential placement for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and status offenses declined.

Juvenile ArrestTrends,Counts,2001‐2010

1,360,895

1,040,453998,238

733,955

362,657306,498

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total

Male

Female

Source: FBI, Crime in the United States 2000‐2010, Table 33: Ten Year Arrest Trends.Note: includes all 29 offenses for which the FBI collects data (i.e., all Part I and II crimes).

Juvenile arrests for both boys and girls have declined steadily for at least 10 years.

YouthinLocalJails,AverageDailyPopulation,2000‐2010

7,6157,613

7,2476,869 7,083

6,7596,104

6,837

7,703 7,560

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000‐2010.

The ADP of youth in local jails reached a low point in 2006 and has increased since then.

YouthinStatePrison,Counts,2000‐2010

3,896

3,1473,038

2,7412,485

2,208 2,3902,639 2,717

2,779

2,295

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

* Youth are considered those under age 18.Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000‐2010.

The counts of youth in state prisons declined from 2000 to 2006, increased until 2009, and declined again to 2010.

YouthinPrisons,CountsbyGender,2000‐2010

3,721

3,010 2,9272,627

2,375

2,1182,286

2,523 2,6262,645

2,217

175 137 111 114 110 90 104 116 91 134780

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Male

Female

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000‐2010

Youth in state prisons are mostly male. The number of girls in adult prisons declined from 175 in 2000 to 78 in 2010.

YouthinStatePrisons,FemaleCounts,2000‐2010

175

137

111 114110

90104

116

91

134

78

020406080

100120140160180200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000‐2010.

A closer look at the numbers for girls in prison shows a general decline between 2000 and 2010, with fluctuations.

HighestStateRatesofJuvenileIncarceration,2010

Rates of youth per 100,000 in Residential Placement.

Rates have been rounded to the nearest multiple of three.

State of offense refers to where the juvenile committed the offense for which they are being held.

Includes youth ages 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction in each state.


Rank State Rate per 100,000

1 South Dakota 575

2 Wyoming 440

3 Nebraska 378

4 Alaska 342

5 Oregon 319

6 Pennsylvania 316

7 West Virginia 316

8 Colorado 287

9 Indiana 276

10 California 271


34%

22%6%

12%

24%

2%

30%

26%8%

10%

24%

2%

PersonoffensesPropertyoffensesDrug offenses

Public orderoffensesTechnicalviolationsStatus offenses

Youth inDetentionCenters,byMostSeriousOffense,Counts,1997and2010

1997 2010

The portion of youth in detention centers for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and public order offenses declined.

YouthinDetentionCenters,byRace,1997&2010

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

White

Black

Hispanic

API

Other

Relative Rate Index

2010

1997

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: 1990‐2010. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop/

In 2010, there were more Black youth in detention than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1.

YouthinResidentialPlacement,byRace,1997&2010

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

White

Black

Hispanic

API

Other

Relative Rate Index

2010

1997

Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: 1990‐2010. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop/

In 2010, there were more “Other” youth in placement than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1.

THEEXPERIENCESOFJDAISITES

Commissioned by AECF to evaluate results in JDAI sites compared to their respective states and to the sites that were not part of the JDAI process.

• Compared site baseline years to 2010 and calculated the percent change.

• Used data from the JDAI Annual Results Report for the JDAI sites.

• Used data from the Census for Juveniles in Residential Placement for the states.

• Examined more than 80 sites in 23 states.

• Focused on ADP, commitments, and arrests (FBI data).

Findings are preliminary, but informative.

WarrenInstituteStudyofJDAIImpact

AggregatePercentChangeinADPCounts,BaselineYearto2010

Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States).

* Non‐JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.

Comparing baseline years to 2010, Casey sites saw a drop in their detention populations that was 2.5 times greater than that of the state totals and 5 times greater than that for the non‐JDAI sites.

‐41%

‐8%

‐17%

‐50%

‐40%

‐30%

‐20%

‐10%

0%JDAI Sites Non‐JDAI Sites State Totals

AggregatePercentChangeinCommitmentCounts,BaselineYearto2010

Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States).

* Non‐JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.

Comparing baseline years to 2010,the Casey sites saw a drop in commitment counts that was 33% greater than that of the state totals and 40% greater than that for the non‐JDAI Sites.

‐40%

‐25%

‐29%

‐50%

‐40%

‐30%

‐20%

‐10%

0%JDAI Sites Non‐JDAI Sites State Totals

PercentageChangeinADP,StatePartnerstoCountyPartners,1997‐2010

PercentageChangeinCommitments,StatePartnerstoCountyPartners,1997‐2010

Source: Casey Annual Results Report 2010.

‐43%

‐35%

‐50%

‐40%

‐30%

‐20%

‐10%

0%State Partners County Partners

‐44%

‐35%

‐50%

‐40%

‐30%

‐20%

‐10%

0%State Partners County Partners

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Current Trends in Juvenile Incarceration Barry Krisberg v32