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Prima cauza de orbire
Prima cauza de insuficienta renala si boala renala care necesita
dializa si transplant
Prima cauza de amputatie netraumatica a membrelor inferioare
24 ori mai frecvente bolile coronariene & strokes la diabetici fata de
nediabetici
15 ani scurtarea sperantei de viata fata de nediabetici
A 6-a cauza de deces dintre toate bolile
Diabetul zaharat
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
~90% dintre persoanele
cu diabet zaharat de tip 2
sunt supraponderale sau
obeze
World Health Organization, 2005. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity
Epidemia de diabet - proiecie
37,7 51,2 36%
La nivel global
2011 = 366 milioane
2030 = 552 milioane
Cretere = 51%
52,8 64,2 22%
14,7 28,0 90%
25,1 39,9 59%
71,4 120,9 69%
32,6 59,7 83%
131,9 187,9 42%
IDF. Diabetes Atlas 5th Ed. 2011
McKinlay J et al. Lancet. 2000;356:757,761.
Creterea numrului de decese datorit
diabetului zaharat
Anul
140
1980
Accident vascular cerebral
Boal Cardiovascular
Cancer
Diabet
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Mortalitatea diabeticilor este dubla fata de
nediabetici
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control
Diabetes
10,025 61 6629 279 631 24
(Patient Numbers)
Ratio 2.5 Ratio 2.2 Ratio 2.1
10.8
26.9
12.5
26.9
15.5
32.0
Whitehall Study
Mortality Rate
Paris Prospective Study
Helsinki Policemen Study
(Deaths per
1000
patient years)
Balkau. Lancet 1997; 350: 1680.
Diabetul zaharat de tip 2 cauza majora
de mortalitate
3.4
5.4
6.6 6.1 6.0
2.2
4.8
6.9
5.1
8.8 8.6
2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ex
ce
ss
m
ort
ali
ty
att
rib
uta
ble
to
dia
be
tes
(%
)
Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean
Europe Southeast Asia
Western Pacific
Men
Women
Roglic G, et al. Diabetes Care 2005;28:21305
Fifth leading cause of death after infections,
CVD, cancer, and accidents
Supravieuirea post-IM la femeile i brbaii
diabetici este mult mai mic dect la non - diabetici
Sprafka et al. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 537-543.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Luni Post-IM
Brbai Femei
Diabetici Non-diabetici
% s
up
ravie
uito
rilo
r
% s
up
ravie
uito
rilo
r
n=228
n=1628
n=15
6
n=568
Incidena IM fatal i non-fatal de-a lungul a 7 ani de urmrire
ntr-o cohort finlandez
18,8%
3,5%
45,0%
20,2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Cu IM Fr IM Cu IM Fr IM
Incid
en
a n
%
P < 0.001
P < 0.001
P < 0.001
Haffner SM et al, N Engl J Med 1998;339:229-234
Cu Diabet Fr Diabet
Riscul coronarian este echivalent pentru diabetici
i pentru nediabeticii cu un IM in antecedente
Design-ul cursului Background fiziopatologic
Definitia diabetului zaharat si a altor categorii de intoleranta la glucoza
Diagnosticul diabetului
Tipurile de diabet zaharat: definitie, etiopatogeneza, istorie naturala
Complicatiile acute specifice ale DZ
Tratamentul diabetului zaharat
Complicatiile cronice
Obezitatea
Dislipidemiile
Sd. metabolic
Pancreasul endocrin - noiuni de anatomie i
fiziologie
Insulele Langerhans
800.000 1.500.000
1 2 % din masa
pancreatic total
Celule: A, B, C, D
Adapted from Pratley RE, Weyer C. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 92945.
0
100
200
300
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min)
Pla
sm
a i
ns
uli
n (
pm
ol/
l)
prima
faz
A doua
faz
Insulinosecreia normal, bifazic
ROLUL CENTRAL AL CANALELOR
KATP IN INSULINOSECRETIE
SEMNIFICAIA FIZIOLOGIC
A CELULELOR BETA
Celula -pancreatic funcioneaz
ca un senzor energetic
Glucokinaza Metabolismul
glucozei
ATP
Declanarea
insulino-secreiei
Insulinosecreia fiziologic profil 24 ore
EFECTUL INCRETINIC
Ingestia de glucoz determin un
rspuns insulinic mai pronunat dect
glucoza adminis-trat intravenos,
indicnd prezena unor sub-stane
secretate de tractul gastrointestinal care
stimuleaz eliberarea de insulin printr-
un mecanism glucodependent.
Creutzfeldt. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 565.
DEFINIIA INCRETINELOR Gut-derived factors that increase
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
In cret in
Intestine Secretion Insulin
Creutzfeldt. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 565.
Deacon CF et al Diabetes 1995
Mecanism de actiune al incretinelor
Productiei
hepatice de
glucoza
DPP-4
enzyme
-cells Eliberarea hormonilor incretinici
GLP-1 si GIP Concentratiei
glucozei pre- si
postprandial
Metabolit
GLP-1
X DPP-4 inhibitor
Insulin glucozo-dependenta
(GLP-1 si GIP)
Metabolit
GIP
Utilizarii
glucozei in
tesuturile
periferice
-cells
-cells
(non-insulinotrop)
Glucagon Glucozo-dependenta
(GLP-1)
Metode de cretere a insulinosecreiei
Irwin N et al. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2009;9:44-52.
Posibilele defecte cauzatoare de insulino-rezisten
La nivel de prereceptor
Insulin anormal
Degradarea crescut a insulinei
Prezena n snge a antagonitilor hormonali
La nivel de receptor
Scderea numrului de receptori
Receptori anormali
Alterarea unor funcii ale receptorului
( activitii tirozinkinazei, autofosforilarea receptorului)
La nivel postreceptor
Alterri ale sistemului efectorilor (transportorii de glucoz)
Defecte ale enzimelor i.c. implicate n metab. intermediare
Controlul hormonal al glicemiei
Insulina
Efect net: scderea glicemiei
Hormoni de contrareglare
Efect net: creterea glicemiei
nlturrii glucozei din snge
- intrrii glucozei n celule
- glicogenezei
eliberrii glucozei din depozite
- glicogenolizei
- gluconeogenezei
- lipolizei i cetogenezei
- catabolismului proteic
nlturrii glucozei din snge
- intrrii glucozei n celule
- glicogenezei
eliberrii glucozei din depozite
- glicogenolizei
- gluconeogenezei
- lipolizei i cetogenezei
- catabolismului proteic
Type 2 Diabetes: Major Metabolic Defects
Peripheral insulin
resistance in
muscle and fat
Adapted from Tan MH. Int J Clin Prac 2000;(suppl)13:54.
glucose uptake
glucose utilisation
FFA
glucose uptake
glucose utilisation
glucose output
glucose uptake
glucose utilisation
Insulin secretion not
sufficient to overcome
insulin resistance
VLDL production
clearance of TG Lipolysis
clearance of TG
Hepatic insulin
resistance
Relative insulin
deficiency
Chris Rhodes Ph.D.
PNRI, Seattle, WA.
Type-2 Diabetes - A Question of Balance -
PERIPHERAL INSULIN
RESISTANCE
-CELL MASS
& FUNCTION
Non-Diabetic State
Diabetic State
Evaluarea insulino-rezistentei
Clampul euglicemic hiperinsulinemic Bergman minimal model
Hiperinsulinemia pe nemincate
HOMA (Homeostatic Model Assessment)
CIGMA ( Continuos Infusion of Glucose with Model Assessment)
Quicki ( Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity check Index)
TTGO
ITT (Index K ITT)
Diagnosticul clinic al DZ
Poliurie
Polidipsie
Polifagie
Scdere ponderal
Astenie
Diagnosticul diabetului zaharat
La bolnav simptomatic
- cu simptome tipice de diabet zaharat
- cu semne atipice sau a unor complicatii (acute sau cronice)
La bolnav asimptomatic
- intimplator
- bilant al starii de sanatate
- in cadrul unui screening
. populational
. pe grupuri de risc
CRITERIILE PENTRU DIAGNOSTICUL
DIABETULUI ZAHARAT
simptome clasice de diabet + glicemie plasmatic
ntmpltoare 200mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l)
- simptomele clasice de diabet includ poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia i scderea inexplicabil n greutate;
- glicemia ntmpltoare se refer la recoltare fr relaie cu ultimul prnz.
Sau
glicemie plasmatic pe nemncate 126mg/dl (7,0 mmol/l);
- starea pe nemncate (fasting sau jeun) este definit la minim 8 ore de la ultima ingestie caloric.
Sau
glicemie plasmatic 200mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l) la 2 ore de la
ingestia de glucoz n cadrul unui test de toleran la
glucoz (TTGO);
- testul se execut utiliznd 75g de glucoz dizolvate n 300 ml ap.
n absena unei hiperglicemii cu semne acute de decompensare
metabolic, diagnosticul trebuie confirmat prin repetarea glicemiei
plasmatice pe nemncate ntr-o alt zi.
Criterii de interpretare a glicemiei bazale
70-110 mg/dl normal
110-125 mg/dl glicemie bazal modificat
126 mg/dl diabet zaharat probabil; confirmarea
se face dup a doua dozare la bolnavul asimptomatic
Indicaiile screening-ului pentru DZ la subiecii
asimptomatici cu ajutorul glicemiei bazale
Toi subiecii cu vrsta 45 ani; se va repeta la intervale de 3 ani
Testarea se va face la vrste sub 45 ani i se va repeta la intervale
mai scurte la:
- persoane cu IMC 27 kg/m2
- cei care au rude de gradul I cu DZ
- grupuri etnice cu risc crescut
- femeile care au nscut copii cu greutatea peste 4,5 kg
- femeile care au avut diabet gestaional
- hipertensivii
- cei cu HDL 35 mg/dl i/sau trigliceride 250 mg/dl
- cei cu GBM sau cu STG la testri anterioare
Criterii de interpretare a TTGO
Glicemie n plasma venoas
Diabet zaharat
- bazal
- la 2 h dup glucoz
126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l)
200 mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l)
Scderea toleranei la glucoz
- bazal
- la 2 h dup glucoz
< 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l)
140 mg/dl (7,8 mmol/l) i
< 200 mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l)
Normal
- bazal
- la 2 h dup glucoz
< 110 mg/dl (7 mmol/l)
< 140 mg/dl (7,8 mmol/l)
VALORI DIAGNOSTICE PENTRU DIABET ZAHARAT I
ALTE CATEGORII DE HIPERGLICEMIE
Snge integral Plasma
venoas
mg/dl (mmol/l)
venos capilar
mg/dl (mmol/l)
Diabet zaharat
Pe nemncate sau
La 2 ore dup glucoz
110 (6,1)
180 (10,9)
110 (6,1)
200 (11,1)
126 (7,0)
200 (11,1)
Scderea toleranei la glucoz
Pe nemncate i
La 2 ore dup glucoz
< 110 (
CLASIFICAREA DIABETULUI ZAHARAT
Tip 1 (distrucia celulelor beta care conduce de obicei la insulinodeficiena
absolut)
autoimun
idiopatic
Tip 2 (datorat predominant insulinorezistenei cu relativ insulinodeficien
pn la defect predominant de secreie cu sau fr insulinorezisten)
Alte tipuri specifice
defecte genetice ale funciei celulei beta
defecte genetice ale aciunii insulinei
boli ale pancreasului exocrin
endocrinopatii
indus de administrarea de medicamente sau chimice
infecii
forme rare de diabet mediat imun
alte sindroame genetice care se pot asocia cu diabetul
Diabetul gestaional
Slides current until 2008
Diagnosis and typesCurriculum Module II-1
Slide 15 of 48
Beta-cell mass
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes
Time (months - years)
Trigger
Genetic
Pre-diabetes Honeymoon
Chronic phase
Clinical diabetes
Immunological abnormalities
Etiopatogenia DZ 1 autoimun
Predispoziie genetic
Factor de mediu (viral, toxic, alimentar)
Activare autoimun insulit
Scderea capacitii -secretoare; afectarea fazei secretorii
iniiale, dar insulinemia plasmatic este normal
Diabet clinic manifest; insulinemie plasmatic sczut,
hiperglicemie, apar simptomele
Apariia complicaiilor
Deces
Invaliditate Complicarea Debutul diabetului
Susceptibilitate genetic
Factori de mediu
Retinopatie
Nefropatie
Neuropatie
Orbire
Boal renal n
stadiul final
Amputare
Boal coronarian
Tip 1
Tip 2
Diagnostic
Diabet - Hiperglicemie
Ateroscleroza
Evoluia natural a diabetului
Insulino-rezisten
Hiperinsulinemie
HDL-C
Trigliceride
Hipertensiune
Ateroscleroza
Diabet - Hiperglicemie Intoleran la glucoz
Peste 80% dintre pacientii care evolueaza spre
diabet zaharat de tip 2 sunt insulino-rezistenti
Insulin resistant;
low insulin secretion (54%)
Insulin resistant;
good insulin secretion
(29%)
Insulin sensitive;
good insulin
secretion (1%)
Insulin sensitive;
low insulin secretion (16%)
83%
Haffner SM, et al. Circulation 2000; 101:975980.
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
DZ tip 2 deficitul insulinosecreiei
postprandiale
timp
6 am
10 am 2 pm 6 pm 10 pm 2 am 6 am
800
600
400
200 insuli
nosec
retie
(pmol/
min)
0
DZ tip 2
Persoane nediabetice
Polonsky KS et al. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 777-783
Efectul incretinic la pacientii cu DZ2
Adapted from Lebovitz. Diabetes Reviews 1999;7(3)
UKPDS Group. Diabetes. 1995; 44:1249-1258.
2 -2 -10 -6 0 6 10 14
Fu
nci
a b
eta
celu
lar
(%
)
50
100
75
25
IFG/IGT
Ani de la diagnostic
DZ tip 2
Diabetul zaharat de tip 2 este o boala progresiva
Numeroi factori contribuie la declinul progresiv
al funciei celulei pancreatice
Celula
Hiperglicemie
(toxicitatea glucozei)
Insulinorezisten
Lipotoxicitate
(creterea AGL, Tg) Glicarea
proteinelor
Istoria naturala a diabetului de tip2
Cum se combina insulino-rezistenta si disfunctia -
celulara in geneza diabetului zaharat de tip 2?
Abnormal glucose tolerance
Hyperinsulinemia, then -cell failure
Normal IGT* Type 2 diabetes
Post-prandial glucose
Insulin resistance
Increased insulin resistance
Fasting glucose
Hyperglycemia
Insulin secretion
*IGT = impaired glucose tolerance
Adapted from Type 2 Diabetes BASICS. International Diabetes Center (IDC), Minneapolis, 2000.
Patofiziologia diabetului zaharat de tip 2
Decreased glucose uptake
Impaired insulin action
Unsuppressed glucose production
Impaired insulin action
Hyperglycemia
Impaired insulin secretion
Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Evolutia naturala a diabetului zaharat
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance - IS : Insulin Sensitivity - CF : Cell function Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
IS x CF defines a functional area
that determines glucose homeostasis
IS x CF defines a functional area that
determines glucose homeostasis
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance IR: Insulin Resistance - IS : Insulin Sensitivity - CF : Cell function
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
IS x CF defines a functional area that
determines glucose homeostasis
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance - IS : Insulin Sensitivity - CF : Cell function Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance - IS : Insulin Sensitivity - CF : Cell function Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
Bonora E et al. Diabetes Care, 2002; 26 (7): 1153-1141
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance IR: Insulin Resistance - CF : Cell function
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance IR: no Insulin Resistance (i.e. normal insulin sensitivity) - CF : Cell
function
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
in NGT and T2DM subjects
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from integrative
physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Hyperbolic relation between IS x CF
NGT : Normal glucose tolerance IFG/IGT: Impaired Fasting Glucose/Impaired Glucose Tolerance T2M:
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from
integrative physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Progresia diabetului
Capacitatea
insulino-
secretorie
Insulino-
rezistenta
0 100
Role of obesity in insulin resistance
Adapted from Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1111-9.
Visceral
Obesity
Caloric
intake
Sedentary
lifestyle
Genetic
factors
Free fatty acids
Glucose
Lipids
Oxidative
stress
Inflammation
Insulin
resistance
Definiia sindromului metabolic (IDF, 2009)
Oricare 3 din urmtoarele elemente:
Obezitate abdominal (CA 94 cm la B / 80 cm la F)
TG 150 mg/dl
HDL < 40 mg/dl la B i < 50 mg/dl la F
TAs 130 mm Hg sau TAd 85 mm Hg
Glicemie a jeun 100 mg/dl