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Curso Gratuito Inglês Básico II

Carga horária:

60hs

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doúConte

Could / Couldn‟t .................................................................................................... Pág. 7

Can / Could / May ................................................................................................ Pág. 9

There is / There are .............................................................................................. Pág. 11

In / On / At for Place ............................................................................................. Pág. 16

Present Continuous .............................................................................................. Pág. 19

Past continuous/Future continuous ...................................................................... Pág. 25

Going to ................................................................................................................ Pág. 27

WH-Questions ...................................................................................................... Pág. 32

Comparatives / Superlatives ................................................................................ Pág. 35

Like / would like .................................................................................................... Pág. 40

Adverbs of manner ............................................................................................... Pág. 43

Some- / Any- / No- ............................................................................................... Pág. 46

Passive voice ....................................................................................................... Pág. 49

Tag questions ....................................................................................................... Pág. 51

Extra vocabulary .................................................................................................. Pág. 53

Gabarito ............................................................................................................... Pág. 54

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Unidade 1 - COULD / COULDN’T COULD / COULDN’T (past of can)

Para falarmos de uma habilidade que alguém possuía, porém não possui mais, podemos usar o modal could no lugar de can. Observe o exemplo:

He could run marathons, now, he can only run short races. (Ele podia/conseguia correr maratonas, agora, ele só pode/consegue correr corridas curtas.)

Para fazermos a negativa, basta usarmos o modal couldn’t no lugar de could.

He could run marathons. He couldn’t run marathons. (Ele nãopodia/conseguia correr maratonas.)

Na interrogativa, assim como fazemos com can, apenas invertemos o sujeito e o modal could na frase. Observe:

He could run marathons. He couldn’t run marathons. Could he run marathons? Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.

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EXERCISE Change the following sentences to the past affirmative, negative and interrogative, with short answers. (Altere as seguintes frases para a afirmativa passado, negativas e interrogativas, com respostas curtas.) He can play the piano. He could play the piano. He couldn’t play the piano. Could he play the piano? Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t. Joe can play poker. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Lisa can run and not get tired. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ My two sisters can dance ballet professionally. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ The twin brothers can draw and paint beautifully. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ He can dive in caves. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Amy Winehouse can sing beautiful songs. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

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Unidade 2 - CAN / COULD / MAY CAN / COULD / MAY (permissions / requests)

Podemos também utilizar os modais can, could e may para fazermos pedidos (requests) e pedirmos permissão para fazer algo (permission). REQUESTS Can you open the door for me, please? (Você pode abrir a porta para mim, por favor? Could you open the door for me, please? (Você poderia abrir a porta para mim, por favor?)

Quando fazemos um pedido, podemos tanto utilizar can ou could. O segundo neste caso não é o passado do verbo can e pode ser usado no presente por soar mais educado, mais formal, sendo algo como poderia em português, enquanto can fica sendo algo como pode. PERMISSION Can I go to the bathroom? May I go to the bathroom? (Posso ir ao banheiro?)

Quando fazemos um pedido, podemos utilizar tanto can quanto may. O modal may, neste caso, também soa um pouco mais educado ou formal, enquanto can soa mais impessoal.

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EXERCISE Use the ideas below to ask for a request and permission, in a formal and informal ways. (Use as ideias abaixo para fazer um pedido ou pedir permissão, de uma maneira formal e informal.) Open the door (request) Can you open the door? Could you open the door? Open the door (permission) Can I open the door? May I open the door? bring me some water (request) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ use your phone (permission) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ borrow some money (permission) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ lend me some money (request) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ get to work late tomorrow (permission) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ use the wi-fi Internet (permission) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ tell me the password (request) ____________________________________ ____________________________________

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Unidade 3 - THERE IS / THERE ARE

Os verbos there is e there are (no infinitivo – there to be) são usados quando queremos dizer o que há em algum lugar. Por exemplo:

There is a beautiful vase on the table. (Há um belo vaso sobre a mesa.)

There are four people in this room. (Há quatro pessoas nesta sala.)

Como podemos observar nos exemplos acima, usa-se there is para

substantivos no singular e there are para o plural. Para conjugar o verbo there to be, podemos usar o próprio verbo to be

como referência.

+ - ?

present (sing.) There is There isn‟t Is there...?

present (pl.) There Are There aren‟t Are there...?

past (sing.) There was There wasn‟t Was there...?

past (pl.) There were There weren‟t Were there...?

future (sing. / pl.) There will be There won‟t be Will there be...?

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EXERCISE Make sentences using there to be with the pictures below. (Faça frases usando there to be com as figuras abaixo.) Ex:

apple / on the table There is an apple on the table.

four people / in the room

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eleven women / in the team

elephants / in the amazon (negative)

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EXERCISE Use the words below to say what there is or there isn’t in the bag. (Use as palavras abaixo para dizer o que há ou não há na mochila.)

There is one book in the backpack. There isn’t a dog in the backpack. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

• ONE BOOK (+)

• A DOG (-)

• ONE APPLE (+)

• ONE RULER (+)

• ONE BANANA (+)

• A CAR (-)

• ONE ERASER (+)

• TWO PENCILS (+)

• A LAPTOP (-)

• TWO CHAIRS (-)

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EXERCISE Change the following sentences to the verb tenses in parentheses. (Passe as frases em seguida para os tempos verbais entre parênteses.) Ex: THERE IS A NEW COMPUTER IN YOUR ROOM. (pres. negative) There isn’t a new computer in your room. THERE IS A NICE RESTAURANT ON THIS STREET. (pres. interrogative) ______________________________________________________ THERE ARE SOME APPLES IN THE FRIDGE. (past affirmative) ______________________________________________________ IN SÃO PAULO, THERE ARE MANY THINGS TO DO. (pres. interrogative) ______________________________________________________ THERE IS A NEW VIRUS IN THE OFFICE‟S COMPUTER. (future affirmative) ______________________________________________________ THERE ARE IMPORTANT GAMES ON TV TONIGHT. (pres. interrogative) ______________________________________________________ THERE ARE ENOUGH CHAIRS IN THE CONFERENCE ROOM. (past negative) ______________________________________________________

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Unidade 4 - IN / ON / AT for PLACES

Neste capítulo veremos como usar as preposições in, on e at como preposições de lugar. Veremos algumas “regras” sobre como usá-las em frases, porém é importante lembrar que exceções à essas regras eventualmente aparecerão.

IN

Usamos a preposição in quando queremos dizer que algo está dentro de algum lugar.

The students are in the classroom. (Os alunos estão na sala.) The car keys are in my pocket. (As chaves do carro estão no meu bolso.)

Usamos também in quando falamos sobre continentes, países, estados, cidades ou bairros.

I live in Brazil. (Eu moro no Brasil.)

ON

Usamos a preposição on quando queremos dizer que algo está sobre algum lugar ou em contato com ele.

The computer is on the table. (O computador está na mesa.) The clock is on the wall. (O relógio está na parede.)

AT

A preposição é at é usada, no geral, quando o lugar é apenas uma referência.

Your sister is at the station. (Sua irmã está na estação.) The fan is at the door. (O ventilador está na porta.)

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No primeiro exemplo, o sujeito sister pode estar na estação, mas não necessariamente dentro dela, sendo a estação apenas uma referência. Assim como no segundo exemplo, onde o ventilador simplesmente está próximo à porta, que é só uma referência. EXERCISE Answer the question saying where the objects are using in, on or at. (Responda as perguntas dizendo onde os objetos estão usando in, on ou at) Ex:

(clock / wall) Where‟s the clock? On the wall.

(label / bottle) Where‟s the label?

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(girl / Italy) Where‟s the girl?

(notice / door) Where‟s the notice?

(cow / fence) Where‟s the cow?

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Unidade 5 - Present Continuous He is studying Math right now. (Ele está estudando Matemática agora.)

They are playing very well today. (Eles estão jogando muito bem hoje.)

Usamos o present continuous para falar sobre uma ação que está

acontecendo no momento da fala.Para formarmos o present continuouspodemos seguir a seguinte fórmula:

SUBJECT + BE + VERB-ING + REST

Neste tempo verbal precisamos do verbo to be seguido de um segundo verbo terminado em –ing. He is studying Math right now. They are playing very well today.

Na negativa e interrogativa, podemos usar as mesmas fórmulas que usamos para o verbo to be no começo deste curso, onde mudamos apenas o próprio be na frase. Observe:

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He is studying Math right now. He isn’t studying Math right now. Is he studying Math right now? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. They are playing very well today. They aren’t playing very well today. Are they playing very well today? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. REGRAS DO –ING

Quando vamos acrescentar a terminação –ing a um verbo, precisamos seguir algumas regras.

Regra básica = -ing WORK WORKING WALK WALKING GO GOING DO DOING Verbos terminados em –e -ing DANCE DANCING DIVE DIVING RIDE RIDING DRIVE DRIVING Verbos terminados em *CVC dobra a última letra + -ing SIT SITTING GET GETTING RUN RUNNING BEGIN BEGINNING SWIM SWIMMING *Quando as 3 últimas letras de um verbo formam um CVC (consoante / vogal / consoante), sendo a última sílaba a forte. Verbos terminados em **CVC VISIT VISITING TRAVEL TRAVELING LISTEN LISTENING OPEN OPENING **Quando as 3 últimas letras de um verbo formam um CvC (consoante / vogal / consoante), sendo a última sílaba fraca.

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EXERCISE Say what the people in the following images are doing right now. (Diga o que as pessoas nas figuras a seguir estão fazendo.) Ex:

Dance She is dancing.

Cry

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Draw

Open the door

Play tennis

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Ride a bike

Run

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EXERCISE Change the following sentences from the affirmative to the negative and interrogative forms, with short answer. (Passe as frases a seguir da afirmativa para as formas negativa e interrogativa, com resposta curta.) The two boys are fighting. The two boys aren’t fighting. Are the two boys fighting? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. The dog is barking a lot. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ My daughter is playing basketball. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ They are building a new house. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ He is speaking beautifully tonight. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ John is playing with his friends. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ The coach is shouting at his team. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

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Unidade 6 - PAST CONTINUOUS / FUTURE CONTINUOUS She was working when I called her. (Ela estava trabalhando quando eu liguei pra ela.) At this time tomorrow, he will be going to Europe. (A essa hora amanhã, ele estará indo para a Europa.)

Usamos o past continuous e o future continuous quando queremos falar sobre uma ação que estava acontecendo em um determinado período de tempo no passado ou no futuro, respectivamente.

Observando os exemplos acima podemos ver que a única diferença

destes tempos verbais para o present continuousé o do verbo to be no passado ou futuro simples, como foi visto no começo do curso.

PRONOUN PRESENT PAST FUTURE

I AM WAS WILL BE

HE IS WAS WILL BE

SHE IS WAS WILL BE

IT IS WAS WILL BE

WE ARE WERE WILL BE

YOU ARE WERE WILL BE

THEY ARE WERE WILL BE

Para a negativa e interrogativa, seguimos a mesma fórmula usada no

present continuous. Observe:

She was working when I called her. She wasn’t working when I called her. Wasshe working when I called her? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t. He will be going to Europe. He won’t be going to Europe. Will he be going to Europe? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.

affirmative negative

past (singular) WAS WASN‟T

past (plural) WERE WEREN‟T

future WILL BE WON‟T BE

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EXERCISE Change the following sentences to the past and future continuous. (Passe as frases a seguir para o passado e futuro contínuos.) The two boys are fighting. The two boys were fighting. The two boys will be fighting. The dog is barking a lot. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Is my daughter playing basketball? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ They aren’t building a new house. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ He isn’t speaking beautifully tonight. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ John is playing with his friends. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Is the coach shouting at his team? ___________________________________ ___________________________________

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Unidade 7 - GOING TO GOING TO (present, past or future plans) I’m going to work tomorrow. (Eu vou trabalhar amanhã.)

My friends are going to travel to the beach this weekend. (Meus amigos vão viajar para a praia esse fim-de-semana.)

Podemos usar going to para nos referirmos a uma ação num futuro

não tão distante e mais certo de acontecer. Não costumamos usar esta forma de futuro para algo muito distante ou muito incerto, sendo que nestes casos usamos o futuro simples com o auxiliar will. Observe os exemplos: I’m going to work tomorrow morning. (Eu vou trabalhar amanhã de manhã.) If I work a lot, I will become a millionaire in 20 years. (Se eu trabalhar muito, eu me tornarei um milionário em 20 anos.)

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Veja que no segundo exemplo estamos tratando de um futuro mais distante (em 20 anos) e de uma ação um pouco incerta (se tornar um milionário).

Também usamos be + going to em outros tempos verbais queremos nos referir a um plano passado ou futuro.

Portanto, quando quisermos tratar de um futuro mais próximo e certo

ou de um plano em qualquer tempo, usaremos o verbo to be + going to. Para isso podemos seguir a seguinte fórmula:

SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST

I’m going to work tomorrow. My friends are going to travel to the beach this weekend.

Observe que após going to sempre usamos um verbo na sua forma base, sem conjugação. Qualquer alteração de presente, passado, futuro (não muito usado), afirmativa, negativa e/ou interrogativa deve ser feita no verbo to be, e não no verbo após going to.

Para isso podemos usar as seguintes fórmulas:

PRESENT + SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST PRESENT - SUBJECT + AM NOT/ISN‟T/AREN‟T + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST PRESENT ? AM/IS/ARE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST PAST + SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST PAST - SUBJECT + WASN‟T/WEREN‟T + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST PAST ? WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST FUTURE + SUBJECT + WILL BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST

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FUTURE - SUBJECT + WON‟T BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST FUTURE ? WILL + SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST

EXERCISE Make sentences in the present affirmative using the subject, going to and the verb given. (Faça frases no presente afirmativo usando o sujeito, going to e o verbo dados.) HE – WORK TOMORROW He is going to work tomorrow. SHEILA – TRAVEL TO THE BEACH __________________________________________ JACK AND PETER – PLAY FOOTBALL WITH FRIENDS __________________________________________ WE – LIVE IN EUROPE NEXT YEAR __________________________________________ I – START COLLEGE NEXT WEEK __________________________________________ MY FAMILY – MOVE ABROAD __________________________________________ HE – FINISH HIS HOMEWORK BEFORE DINNER __________________________________________ MY DADDY – RUN THE MARATHON THIS YEAR __________________________________________

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EXERCISE Change the following sentences to the present, past and future, in the affirmative, negative and interrogative forms. (Passe as frases a seguir para o presente, passado e future nas formas afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.) John is going to type his project. John isn’t going to type his project. Is John going to type his project? John was going to type his project. John wasn’t going to type his project. Was John going to type his project? John will be going to type his project. John won’t be going to type his project. Will John be going to type his project? Bob is going to watch TV now. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Mr. Smith is going to shave after shower. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ We are going to play golf on the weekend. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Susan and her kids are going to travel. ________________________________________

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________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

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Unidade 8 - WH-QUESTIONS WH-QUESTIONS (verb to be)

Nesta seção trabalharemos com as principais question words usando o verbo to be. Question words são palavras que usamos, na maioria das vezes, para fazer perguntas que não podem ser respondidas com Yes or no.

Observe:

IS YOUR NAME PAULIE? YES, IT IS. -- WHAT IS YOUR NAME? MY NAME IS PAULIE.

Veja que no segundo exemplo utilizamos a question word what, o que torna a pergunta impossível de ser respondida com um simples yes or no, nos obrigando a dar uma informação mais específica.

Trabalharemos aqui com as 15 principais question words. São elas:

WHAT? O QUE? / QUAL? WHEN? QUANDO? WHICH? QUAL? / QUAIS? WHERE? ONDE? WHY? POR QUE? WHO? QUEM? WHOSE? DE QUEM? HOW? COMO? HOW MANY? QUANTOS? / QUANTAS? HOW MUCH? QUANTO? / QUANTA? HOW OLD? QUANTOS ANOS? HOW FAR? QUE DISTÂNCIA? HOW LONG? QUANTO TEMPO? HOW OFTEN? COM QUE FREQUÊNCIA? WHAT TIME? QUE HORAS?

A maioria das question words apresentadas começam com wh-, por

isso essas perguntas são chamadas de wh-questions. How, apesar de começar com h- apenas, entra no mesmo grupo por ter a mesma função que as outras palavras.

Vamos aprender como formular perguntas usando essas palavras e o verbo to be. Primeiro vamos relembrar como fazermos uma interrogativa comum.

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HE IS A DOCTOR. IS HE A DOCTOR?

Agora pegaremos a pergunta e esconderemos uma informação.

IS HE A DOCTOR? IS HE _______?

Essa informação que escondemos é a que vamos descobrir usando uma question word, que neste caso será „What?’.

IS HE A DOCTOR? IS HE _______? WHAT IS HE?

Observe que mantemos a estrutura da interrogativa e apenas acrescentamos uma question word antes do verbo to be. O mesmo processo se aplica no plural e nos outros tempos verbais (passado e futuro).

THEY ARE DOCTORS. ARE THEY DOCTORS? ARE THEY ________? WHAT ARE THEY? Vejamos outros exemplos. JANE IS IN LONDON. IS JANE IN LONDON? IS JANE _______? WHERE IS JANE? Neste caso utilizamos a palavra ‘Where?’ porque a informação que escondemos é o lugar onde Jane está. Vejamos um exemplo similar no passado: JANE WAS IN LONDON LAST MONTH. WAS JANE IN LONDON LAST MONTH? WAS JANE _______ LAST MONTH? WHERE WAS JANE LAST MONTH?

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EXERCISE Make wh-questions considering the underlined words as the information to be hidden. (Faça wh-questions considerando as palavras sublinhadas como as informações a serem escondidas.) He is my cousin. Who is he? The book is on the desk. _______________________________________ The bus is in the station. _______________________________________ This is my pencil. _______________________________________ My twin kids are 12 years old. _______________________________________ The bank is 2 blocks far from here. _______________________________________ Our class today is 2 hours long. _______________________________________ The car is US$ 20,000. _______________________________________ He is sad because he failed the exam. _______________________________________

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Unidade 9 - COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES My book is more interesting than yours. His car is bigger than mine. -- She is the most beautiful girl I’ve ever seen. It’s the best movie in the world.

Usamos os adjetivos comparativos para comparar dois objetos, lugares, pessoas, etc. Enquanto os superlativos são usados para comparar um objeto, lugar ou pessoa dentro de um grupo.

Para aprendermos a utilizá-los, primeiro vamos separar os adjetivos

em dois grupos: curtos e longos

Curtos até duas sílabas* Longos mais de duas sílabas* *existem algumas exceções quanto a isso Alguns adjetivos curtos: big – small – safe – old – cheap – hot – happy

Com os adjetivos curtos, temos que seguir algumas regras. Para transformá-los em adjetivos comparativos, temos de acrescentar a terminação –er à palavra.

big bigger than small smaller than safe safer than old olderthan cheap cheaperthan hot hotter than happy happier than

A mesma regra se aplica aos superlativos, porém nesses casos acrescentamos a terminação –est à palavra.

big thebiggest small the smallest safe the safest old the oldest cheap the cheapest hot the hottest happy the happiest

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Veja que em alguns casos não apenas acrescentamos a terminação, mas tivemos de fazer algumas alterações na palavra. Vejamos as regras.

1. adjetivos curtos + -er / -est

small smallerthan / the smallest old olderthan / the oldest cheap cheaper than / the cheapest

2. adjetivos terminados em –e + -r / -st safe safer than / the safest

3. adjetivos terminados em CVC dobra-se a ultima letra + -er / -est big bigger than / the biggest hot hotter than / the hottest

4. adjetivos terminados em –y troca-se o y por –ier / -iest happy happier than / the happiest

Alguns adjetivos longos:

dangerous – famous – expensive – beautiful – difficult Com os adjetivos longos, acrescentamos a palavra more antes dos

comparativos e the most antes dos superlativos, como nos exemplos dados no começo desta seção.

Alguns outros adjetivos são chamados de irregulares, pois não seguem nenhuma das regras acima. São eles:

good better than the best bad worse than the worst far further than the furthest

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EXERCISE Make comparative and superlative adjectives with the following words. (Faça adjetivos comparativos e superlativos com as seguintes palavras.) cold colder than / the coldest hungry ________________________ sad ________________________ interesting ________________________ surprised ________________________ angry ________________________ happy ________________________ huge ________________________ dangerous ________________________ difficult ________________________ cheap ________________________ expensive ________________________

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EXERCISE Make sentences using comparative adjectives. (Faça frases usando os adjetivos comparativos.) China / Italy (big) China is bigger than Italy. Angela / Amy (tall) __________________________________________ Driving a car / riding a motorcycle (dangerous) __________________________________________ Your car / my car (fast) __________________________________________ That actor / that driver (rich) __________________________________________ This encyclopedia / that book (expensive) __________________________________________

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EXERCISE Make sentences using superlative adjectives. (Faça frases usando adjetivos superlativos.) The Everest / mountain in the world (high) The Everest is the highest mountain in the world. The Nile / river in the world (long) ______________________________________________ She / woman for me. (beautiful) ______________________________________________ This / car I‟ve had. (expensive) ______________________________________________ This / sandwich in the menu. (cheap) ______________________________________________ Ferraris / cars ever made. (good) ______________________________________________

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Unidade 10 - LIKE / WOULD LIKE I LIKE COFFEE. (Eu gosto de café.) I’D LIKE SOME COFFEE. (Eu gostaria de um café.)

Usamos o verbo like (gostar) para expressar nossa preferência por

algo, enquanto usamos para a expressão would like (gostaria) para fazer um pedido ou, na interrogativa, para oferecer algo a alguém. Podemos usar would like de três formas diferentes: SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + VERB I would like to drink. / I’d like to drink. SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + OBJECT I would like a beer. / I’d like a beer. SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + VERB + OBJECT I would like to drink a beer. / I’d like to drink a beer.

Podemos usar tanto I would like quanto a forma contraída I’d like para fazer um pedido.

Para oferecermos algo, usamos a forma interrogativa: Would you

like...? Esta forma também segue as regras mencionadas acima, podendo

ser usada com um verbo, um objeto ou ambos. Would you like to drink? Would you like a beer?

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Would you like to drink a beer? EXERCISE Offer the following objects to someone. Then, say that you would like them. (Ofereça os seguintes objetos a alguém. Depois, diga que você os aceita.) Ex:

an apple Would you like an apple? Yes, I’d like an apple.

a cup of coffee ___________________________________ ___________________________________

some cookies ___________________________________ ___________________________________

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some chocolate ___________________________________ ___________________________________

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Unidade 11 - ADVERBS OF MANNER How does he drive? / He drives well. (Como ele dirige? / Ele dirige bem.)

How does she swim? / She swims slowly. (Como ela nada? / Ela nada lentamente.)

Usamos os advérbios de modo (adverbs of manner) para dizer de que

modo ou maneira se faz algo. Estes advérbios, em Inglês, normalmente aparecem logo após o verbo ou a idéia principal da oração. Observe: He drives well. He drives cars well.

Na primeira frase, o advérbio well (bem) vem logo após o verbo drive (dirigir), enquanto na segunda frase onde especificamos que tipo de veículo ele dirige bem, no caso cars (carros), o advérbio vem logo após a idéia principal drive cars (dirigir carros), e não após o verbo.

Para formarmos os advérbios de modo podemos seguir uma simples

regra de se acrescentar o sufixo *–ly aos adjetivos. Veja:

slow slowly

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Para transformar o adjetivo slow (lento/devagar) em um advérbio de modo, acrescentamos a terminação –ly, resultando no advérbio slowly (lentamente/vagarosamente).

*o sufixo -ly, em português, equivale a algo como –mente

Esta regra se aplica à grande maioria dos adjetivos. Quando temos, porém, um adjetivo terminado em –y, trocamos a última letra por –ily.

happy happily Com o adjetivo happy (alegre) trocamos a última letra por –ily resultando em happily (alegremente), e não happyly.

Alguns outros advérbios são considerados irregulares pois não seguem nenhuma dessas regras.

good well fast fast hard hard

No caso dos dois últimos adjetivos/advérbios, que são escritos da mesma forma, como podemos diferenciá-los? A resposta é simples. Basta observar a posição deles na frase.

Se estiver antes de um substantivo, é um adjetivo, mas se estiver

depois do verbo (ou da idéia principal) a palavra será um advérbio. Veja os exemplos:

He is a fast driver. adjective + noun (fast driver) He drives fast. verb + adverb (drives fast)

Vale lembrar que nem toda palavra em inglês terminada em –ly é um advérbio de modo. Veja alguns exemplos de adjetivos terminados em –ly.

friendly amigável lonely solitário lovely amável silly tolo

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EXERCISE Make adverbs of manner with the following adjectives. (Crie advérbios de modo com os adjetivos a seguir.) quick quickly serious ________________ quiet ________________ bad ________________ patient ________________ regular ________________ clear ________________ careful ________________ intelligent ________________ heavy ________________ happy ________________ lucky ________________ noisy ________________ messy ________________ good ________________ hard ________________ fast ________________

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EXERCISE Answer the following questions using an adverb of manner. (Responda às perguntas seguintes com um advérbio de modo.) HOW IS HE DRIVING? (slow) He is driving slowly. HOW IS HE TEACHING? (bad) _______________________________ HOW IS SHE SINGING? (good) _______________________________ HOW IS ALICE WORKING? (lazy) _______________________________ HOW IS ANNE STUDYING? (hard) _______________________________ HOW ARE THEY PAINTING THE HOUSE? (careful) _______________________________ HOW AM I TYPING? (fast) _______________________________

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Unidade 11 - SOME- / ANY- / NO- Somebody is knocking at the door. (Alguém está batendo na porta.) Is anyone coming to the party? (Alguém está vindo pra festa?) Nobody came to class this morning. (Ninguém veio pra aula hoje de manhã.) Something is wrong with this computer. (Alguma coisa está errada com este computador.) I don’t see anything to eat here. (Eu não vejo nada pra comer aqui.) Nothing will change what I’m feeling now. (Nada vai mudar o que estou sentindo agora.) I have to go somewhere near downtown. (Eu tenho que ir a algum lugar perto do centro.) Anywhere I go, I can make friends. (Qualquerlugar que eu vá, eu consigo fazer amigos.) Nowhere makes me feel like home. (Nenhum lugar me faz sentir-me em casa.)

SOMETHING ALGO / ALGUMA COISA (+) SOMEBODY / SOMEONE ALGUÉM (+) SOMEWHERE ALGUM LUGAR (+) ANYTHING ALGO / ALGUMA COISA (- / ?) ; QUALQUER COISA (+) ANYBODY / ANYONE ALGUÉM (- / ?) ; QUALQUER UM (+) ANYWHERE ALGUM LUGAR (- / ?) ; QUALQUER LUGAR (+) NOTHING NADA NOBODY / NO ONE NINGUÉM

NOWHERE LUGAR NENHUM Algumas observações:

1. some- é normalmente usado em frases afirmativas I have something to do now.

2. any- é normalmente usado em frases negativas e interrogativas. Para any- ter um sentido negativo, o verbo principal (ou auxiliar) deve estar na negativa

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I don’t have anything to do now.

3. quando any- é usado em uma frase afirmativa, seu sentido passa a ser “qualquer” I can do anything you need.

4. para se usar no- com sentido negativo, o verbo principal (ou auxiliar) deve estar na afirmativa I have nothing to do now.

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Unidade 12 - PASSIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE (be + past participle) Feijoada is made with black beans and pork. (Feijoada é feita com feijões pretos e carne de porco.)

La Gioconda was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. (La Gioconda foi pintada por Leonardo da Vinci.)

Usamos a voz passiva (passive voice) quando queremos focar no produto, e não em quem ou o que o produziu. Nos casos acima, o foco das frases são os produtos, como a feijoada e o quadro La Gioconda, e não o quem/quem os produziu, como os ingredientes e quem pintou o quadro.

Se por algum motivo for necessário mencionar o “produtor”, podemos

utilizar a preposição by, como feito no segundo exemplo.

La Gioconda was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Para formarmos a voz passiva, podemos usar a seguinte fórmula:

SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + REST

Feijoada is made with black beans and pork. La Gioconda was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

Toda e qualquer alteração entre presente, passado e futuro ou afirmativa, negativa ou interrogativa deve ser feita no próprio verbo to be, mantendo o resto da frase igual. Veja:

Feijoad ais made with black beans and pork. Feijoada isn’t made with black beans and pork. Is feijoada made with black beans and pork?

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La Gioconda was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. La Giocond awasn’t painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Was La Gioconda painted by Leonardo da Vinci?

Apesar de gramaticalmente possível, não é comum utilizarmos o futuro (will) com a voz passiva. EXERCISE Change the following sentences from the active voice to the passive voice. (Passe as frases a seguir da voz ativa para a voz passiva.) Leonardo da Vinci painted La Gioconda. La Gioconda was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. _________________________________________ Brazilians drink a lot of coffee. _________________________________________ Our boss organizes the meetings in the company. _________________________________________ The Beatles recorded Hey Jude. _________________________________________ My neighbor‟s dog bit me yesterday. _________________________________________

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Unidade 13 - TAG QUESTIONS You are David, aren’t you? You live in Brazil, don’t you? Dianadoesn’t smoke, does she?

Tag questions são “mini perguntas” que usamos ao fim de uma frase para confirmar uma informação que foi dada anteriormente. Em português, equivale ao que coloquialmente chamamos de “né?”.

Sempre iniciamos com uma frase afirmativa ou negativa e, após a

vírgula, incluímos uma tag question. Para as criarmos precisamos seguir três regrinhas básicas.

1. +- / -+ Se a frase inicial for afirmativa, a tag question se torna negativa e vice-versa.

You live in Brazil, don’t you? (aff. neg.) Dianadoesn’t smoke, does she? (neg. aff.)

2. Mesmo auxiliar Usa-se na tag question o mesmo verbo auxiliar usado na frase inicial, seja ele o verbo to be, auxiliares (do, does, did, will, etc.) ou modais (can, could, should, etc.). Altera-se apenas o sinal, como:

You live in Brazil, don’t you? (aff. neg.) Dianadoesn’t smoke, does she? (neg. aff.)

3. Mesmo pronome Usa-se na tag question o mesmo pronome usado no sujeito da frase

inicial. Caso o sujeito da frase seja um nome, ou um objeto, usa-se o pronome relativo a este sujeito, como no segundo exemplo:

You live in Brazil, don’t you? Dianadoesn’t smoke, does she? (Diana = she) BE CAREFUL!!!!! Let’s go there, shall we? (let‟s shall we?) Don’t touch this, will you? (don‟t will you?) I’m right, aren’t I? (I am aren‟t I?)

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EXERCISE Make tag questions for the following sentences. (Faça tag questions para as frases a seguir.) Jane won‟t be late, will she? You are tired, ___________? Peter doesn‟t like Joe, ___________? I shouldn‟t buy this car, ___________? I‟m patient, ___________? This book isn‟t very good, ___________? He won‟t change his job, ___________? You can drive, ___________? She likes movies, ___________? Cathy didn‟t go to college last night, ___________? You can‟t speak Chinese, ___________? You were listening to music 10 minutes ago, ___________? You bought a new car, ___________? It‟s a beautiful day, ___________? Don‟t smoke in here, ___________? You couldn‟t run so fast, ___________? Let‟s go into the room, ___________?

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Unidade 14 - EXTRA VOCABULARY Days of the week SUNDAY – MONDAY – TUESDAY – WEDNESDAY – THURSDAY – FRIDAY – SATURDAY (de domingo a sábado) Months JANUARY – FEBRUARY – MARCH – APRIL – MAY – JUNE – JULY – AUGUST – SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER – NOVEMBER – DECEMBER (de Janeiro a Dezembro)

EXPRESSIONS WITH HAVE / GO / GET HAVE have breakfast(tomar café-da-manhã) have lunch(almoçar) have dinner(jantar) have a drink(beber algo) have a good time(se divertir) have fun(se divertir) have a snack(fazer um lanche) GO go by bus (ir de ônibus) go for a walk (dar uma volta/caminhada) go home (ir para casa) go out (sair para se divertir) go shopping (fazer compras) go to the restaurant (ir ao restaurante) go to bed (ir pra cama) go to school (ir à escolar) go to the beach (ir à praia) GET get a book(comprar um livro) get a bus(pegar um ônibus) get an e-mail(receber um e-mail) get dressed(se vestir) get home(chegar em casa) get to a restaurant(chegar em um restaurante) get up(levantar da cama)

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Gabarito Unidade 1 - Could / Couldn't He could play poker. He couldn't play poker. Could he play poker? Yes, he could. / No, he couldn't. She could run and not get tired. She couldn't run and not get tired. Could she run and not get tired? Yes, she could. / No, she couldn't. They could dance ballet professionally. They couldn't dance ballet professionally. Could they dance ballet professionally? Yes, they could. / No, they couldn't. They could draw and paint beautifully. They couldn't draw and paint beautifully. Could they draw and paint beautifully? Yes, they could. / No, they couldn't. He could dive in caves. He couldn't dive in caves. Could he dive in caves? Yes, he could. / No, they couldn't. She could sing beautiful songs. She couldn't sing beautiful songs. Could she sing beautiful songs? Yes, she could. / No, she couldn't. Unidade 2 - CAN / COULD / MAY Can you bring me some water? Could you bring me some water? Can I use your phone? May I use your phone?

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Can I borrow some money? May I borrow some money? Can you lend me some money? Could you lend me some money? Can I get to work late tomorrow? May I get to work late tomorrow? Can I use the wi-fi Internet? May I use the wi-fi Internet? Can you tell me the password? Could you tell me the password? Unidade 3 - THERE IS / THERE ARE There are four people in the room. There are eleven women in the team. There aren't elephants in the amazon. There is one apple in the backpack. There is on ruler in the backpack. There is one banana in the backpack. There isn't a car in the backpack. There is one eraser in the backpack. There are two pencils in the backpack. There isn't a laptop in the backpack. There aren't two chairs in the backpack. Is there a nice restaurant on this street? There were some apples in the fridge. In São Paulo, are there many things to do? Will there be a new virus in the office's computer? Are there important games on tv tonight? There weren't enough chairs in the conference room.

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Unidade 4 - IN / ON / AT for PLACES On the bottle. In the Italy. On the door. At the fence. Unidade 5 - Present Continuous She is crying. He is drawing. She is opening the door. He is playing tennis. He is riding a bike. They are running. The dog isn't barking a lot. Is the dog barking a lot? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't. My daughter isn't playing basketball. Is my daughter playing basketball? Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. They aren't building a new house. Are they building a new house? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't. He isn't speaking beautifully tonight. Is he speaking beautifully tonight? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't. John isn't playing with his friends. Is John playing with his friends? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't. The coach isn't shouting at his team. Is the coach shouting at his team? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

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Unidade 6 - PAST CONTINUOUS / FUTURE CONTINUOUS The dog was barking a lot. The dog will be barking a lot. Was my daughter playing basketball? Will my daughter be playing basketball? They weren't building a new house. They won't be building a new house. He wasn't speaking beautifully tonight. He won't be speaking beautifully tonight. John was playing with his friends. John will be playing with his friends. Was the coach shouting at his team? Will the coach be shouting at his team? Unidade 7 - GOING TO Sheila is going to travel to the beach. Jack and Peter are going to play football with friends. We are going to live in Europe next year. I am going to start college next week. My family is going to move abroad. He is going to finish his homework before dinner. My daddy is going to run the marathon this year. Bob is going to watch TV now. Bob isn't going to watch TV now. Is Bob going to watch TV now? Bob was going to watch TV now. Bob wasn't going to watch TV now. Was Bob going to watch TV now? Bob will be going to watch TV now. Bob won't be going to watch TV now. Will Bob be going to watch TV now? Mr. Smith is going to shave after shower. Mr. Smith isn't going to shave after shower. Is Mr. Smith going to shave after shower?

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Mr. Smith was going to shave after shower. Mr. Smith wasn't going to shave after shower. Was Mr. Smith going to shave after shower? Mr. Smith will be going to shave after shower. Mr. Smith won't be going to shave after shower. Will Mr. Smith be going to shave after shower? We are going to play golf on the weekend. We aren't going to play golf in the weekend. Are we going to play golf in the weekend? We were going to play golf in the weekend. We weren't going to play golf in the weekend. Were we going to play golf in the weekend? We will be going to play golf in the weekend. We won't be going to play golf in the weekend. Will we be going to play golf in the weekend? Susan and her kids are going to travel. Susan and her kids aren't going to travel. Are Susan and her kids going to travel? Susan and her kids were going to travel. Susan and her kids weren't going to travel. Were Susan and her kids going to travel? Susan and her kids will be going to travel. Susan and her kids won't be going to travel. Will Susan and her kids be going to travel? Unidade 8 - WH-QUESTIONS Where is the book? Where is the bus? Whose is this? How old are they? How far is the bank? How long is our class today? How much is the car? Why is he sad?

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Unidade 9 - COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES hungrier than / the hungriest sadder than / the saddest more interesting/ the most interesting more surprised / the most surprised angrier than / the angriest happier than / the happiest huger than / the hugest more dangerous / the most dangerous more difficult / the most difficult cheaper than / the cheapest more expensive / the most expensive Angela is taller than Amy. Driving a car is more dangerous than riding a motorcycle. Your car is faster than my car. That actor is richer than driver. This encyclopedia is more expensive that book. The Nile is the longest river in the world. She is the most beautiful woman for me. This is the most expensive car I've had. This is the cheapest sandwich in the menu. Ferraris are the best cars ever made. Unidade 10 - LIKE / WOULD LIKE Would you like a cup of coffee? Yes, I'd like a cup of coffee. Would you like some cookies? Yes, I'd like some cookies. Would you like some chocolate? Yes, I'd like some chocolate.

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Unidade 11 - ADVERBS OF MANNER seriously quietly badly patiently regularly clearly carefully intelligently heavily happily luckily noisily messily well hard fast He is teaching badly. She is singing well. Alice is working lazily. Anne is studying hard. They are painting the house carefully. I am typing fast. Unidade 12 - PASSIVE VOICE Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. A lot of coffee is drunk by Brazilians. The meetings in the company is organized by our boss. Hey Jude was recorded by The Beatles. Yesterday I was bitten by my neighbor's dog.

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Unidade 13 - TAG QUESTIONS aren't you? does he? should I? aren't I? is it? will he? can't you? doesn't she? did she? can you? weren't you? didn't you? isn't it? will you? could you? shall we?