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,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp
gFjp - m
1/ epiy kpd;dpay;
1 kjpg;bgz;Zf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;1/ xU fz;zhoj; jz;L. gl;Lj; Jzpa[ld; nja;f;fg;gLk; nghJ +8 x 10-12C
kpd;D}l;;lj;ij Vw;fpwJ/ mJ Vw;Wf;bfhz;l my;yJ ,He;j
vyf;l;uhdpfspd; vz;zpf;if/
(a) 5 x 10-7 (Vw;wJ) (b) 5 x 107 (,He;jJ)
(c) 2 x 10-8 (,He;jJ) (d) -8 x 10-12 (,He;jJ)
2/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs;. εr = 6 bfhz;l Clfj;jpy;. d bjhiytpy;
gphpj;J itf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epiy kpd;dpay; tpir 0/3 N.btw;wplj;jpy; mnj bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mk;kpd;D}l;l';fSf;
fpilnaahd tpir
(a) 20N (b) 0.5 N (c) 1.8 N (d) 2N3/ xU g[s;sp kpd;D}l;lj;jpypUe;J 2 m bjhiytpy; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 400 Vm1
vj;bjhiytpy; mjd; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 100 Vm-1 Mf mika[k;?
(a) 50 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 4 m (d) 1.5 m 4/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs; +4q kw;Wk; +q, 30 cm bjhiytpy; gphpj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mk;kpd;D}l;l';fis ,izf;Fk; nfhl;od; kPJ
vg;g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; RHpahFk;?
(a) kpd;D}l;lk; +q-ypUe;J 15 cm (b) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 7.5 cm (c) kpd;D}l;lk; +4 q-ypUe;J 20cm (d) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 5 cm
5/ rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy;. g[yj;jpw;F ,izahf. mjd; mr;R mika[khW xU
kpd; ,UKid itf;fg;gl;lhy;. mJ czh;tJ
(a) bkhj;j tpiria kl;Lk;
(b) jpUg;g[ tpiria kl;Lk;
(c) bkhj;j tpir kw;Wk; jpUg;g[ tpir ,uz;ila[k;
(d) bkhj;j tpira[k; my;y. jpUg;g[ tpira[k; my;y
6/ kpd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J x bjhiytpy; mika[k; g[s;spapy;
kpd;dGj;jk;. vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mikfpwJ?
1 1
(a) (b)х2 х3
1 1(c) (d)
х4 х3/2
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7/ 'a ' gf ;fk ; bfhz ;l rJuj ;j pd ; ehd ;F |iyfs ; A ,B , C kw ;W k ; D-f ;fs py ;
Ki wna k pd ;D }l ;l' ;fs ; +q, + q, -q kw ;W k ; -q itf ;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sd /
rJuj ;j pd ; i kak ; O -t py ; k pd ;dGj ;jkhdJ /
1 q 1 2q(a) (b )
4 лε ° a 4 лε ° a
1 4q(c) (d) RH p
4 лε ° a8/ rk k pd ;dGj ;jg ; gug ;g py ; cs ;s ,U g [s ;s pfS f ;F ,ilna 500 μС
k pd ;D }l ;lj ;i j efh ;j ;j bra ;ag ;gLk ; ntiy
(a) RH p (b) tuk ;g [s ;s neh ;f ;Fw p kj pg ;g [
(c) tuk ;g [s ;s vj ph ;f ;F w p kj pg ;g [ (d) Kot py p
9/ f PH ;f ;fz ;l mst [fSs ; vJ * ;nfyhq msthFk ;?
(a) ,UKid j pUg ;g [j ; j pwd ; (b) k pd ;g [y t pi r
(c) k pd ;g [yk ; (d) k pd ;dGj ;jk ;
10/ t pL j pwd pd ; myF
(a) C 2 N -1 m -2 (b ) N m 2 C -2 (c) H m -1 (d ) N C -2 m -2
11/ 1 TYk ; k pd ;D }l ;lj ;j py pU e ;J cUthFk ; t pi rf ;nfhLfs pd ; vz ;z pf ;i f
(a) 1.129 x 10 11 (b ) 1 .6 x 10 -19 (c) 6.25 x 10 18 (d) 8 .85 x 10 12
12/ k pd ;D }l ;l m lh ;j ;j p σ bfhz ;l . ,U vj pbuj ph ; k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;w
c nyhfj ;jfLfS f ;F bts pna cs ;s g [s ;s pa py ; k pd ;g [y k ;/
+σ -σ(a) (b)
2εo 2εo
σ(c) (d) RH pa hF k ;
εo13/ xU ,iz j ;jl ;L k pd ;njf ;f pa pd ; k pd ;njf ;F j pwd hdJ . jl ;L fSf ;f pi lna
k pd ;fhg ;g [g ; bghUisf ; bfhz ;L e pug ;g [tjhy ;. 5μF Fy pU e ;J 60μF Ff ;F
mj pfh pf ;f pwJ / k pd ;f hg ;g [g ;bghUs pd ; k pd ;fhg ;g [ khw py p
(a) 65 (b) 55 (c) 12 (d) 1014/ k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;Ws ;s cs ;s Plw ;w c nyhfg ; ge ;J xd ;W . RH p k pd ;g [y j ;ij
vg ;g [s ;s pfs py ; njhw ;Wt pf ;f pwJ ?
(a) nfhsj ;j pw ;F bts pna (b) mjd ; gug ;g pd ; nky ;
(c) nfhsj ;j pd ; c l ;g [wk ; (d) ,U kl' ;F bjhiyt [f ;F mg ;ghy ;
22/ k pd ;nd hl ;lt pay ;15/ 60C mst [s ;s k pd ;D }l ;lk ; xU k pd ;t ps f ;f pd ; t H pna 2 e pk pl' ;fS f ;Fr ;
brd ;why ;. k pd ;t psf ;f py ; bry ;Y k ; k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;/
(a) 30 A (b) 1 A (c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A16/ k pd ;D }l ;l' ;fs ; vg ;bghUs pd ; tH pna vs pjhfg ; gha ;e ;J bry ;Y k ;?
(a) Fthh ;l ;* ; (b) i kf ;fh (c) b$h ;kd pak ; (d) jhk puk ;
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17/ flj ;j pa pd ; tHpna gha[k ; kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; vjw;F neh;j ;jftpy ; mika [k ;?
(a) ,Gg;g [ jpirntfk ; (b) 1/ FWf;F btl ;Lg; gug;g pd ; ,Uko
(c) 1/vyf;l ;uhd;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;if (d) FWf ;F btl ;Lg; gug;gpd ; ,Uko
18/ 240 V kpd ;dGj ;jj;j py ; braw;gLk ; kpd ; Nnlw ;wpa pd ; kpd ;jil 120Ω vdpy ;
kpd ;jpwd ;
(a) 400 W (b) 2 W (c) 480 W (d) 240 W19/ Fwpg ;gpl ;l e Psk ; bfhz ;l jhkpuf; fk ;gpapd ; kpd ;jil R. mjd; e Psk ;
,Ukl' ;fhf;fg ;gLk; nghJ mjd; kpd ;jil vz ;
(a) ,U kl';fhFk ; (b) ehd ;fpy ; xU g' ;fhFk;
(c) ehd ;F kl';fhFk ; (d) khWglhJ
20/ ,U 2Ω kpd ;jilfs; gf ;f ,izg;g py ; ,Ue;jhy ;. bjhFgad; kpd ;jil
(a) 2 Ω (b) 4 Ω (c) 1 Ω (d) 0.5 Ω21/ btg ;gepiy Fiwa [k ;nghJ kpd ;fhg ;g [g ; bghUs ;fspd ; jd ;kpd ;jil vz ;
(a) Fiwa [k ; (b) mjpfhpf ;Fk ; (c) khWglhJ (d) RHpahFk;
22/ 0° C fk;gpr ; RUspd ; kpd ;jil 2Ω kw;Wk ; α= 0.004 / °C vdpy ; 100° C y ;
mjd ; kpd ;jil
(a) 1/4 Ω (b) 0 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 2/8 Ω23/ \ghunlapd ; kpd ;dhw;gFj ;jy ; tpjpg ;go. kpd ;gF jputj;jpd ; tHpna
kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; bry ;Yk;nghJ. vjph ;kpd ;thapy ; goa [k ; madpfs pd ; epiw
vijr ; rhh;e ;jJ my;y?
(a) kpd ;ndhl;lk ; (b) kpd ;D }l ;lk ; (c) fhyk ; (d) kpd ;jil
33/ kpd ;ndhl;lj ;j pd ; tpist [fs ;
24/ $%y pd ; btg ;g t pjp
I2
(a) H = (b) H = V2 RtRt
(c) H = VIt (d) H = IR2t25/ Nnlw ;Wk ; ,iHahf epf ;nuhk ; gad;gLj ;jg ;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy ; mJ
(a) Fiwe ;j kpd ;jil vz ; bfhz ;lJ
(b) Fiwe ;j cUFepiy bfhz ;lJ
(c) mjpf kpd ;jil vz ; bfhz ;lJ
(d) mjpf flj;Jk ; vz ; bfhz ;lJ
26/ btg ;g kpd ;d pul ;ilapd ; re ;j papy ; bgy;oah; Fzfk; vjidr; rhh ;e ;jJ?
(a) kpd ;d pul ;ilapy ; cs ;s kpd ;ndhl;lk ;
(b) kpd ;ndhl ;lk ; gha[k ; neuk ;
(c) re;j papd ; btg;gepiy
(d) kpd ;d pul ;ilapd ; tHpna gha[k ; kpd ;D }l ;lk ;
27/ xU btg ;g kpd ;d pul;ilapy ; Fsph;re ;j papd ; btg ;gepiy 20°C jpUg;g [
btg ;gepiy 270°C vdpy ; g [ul ;L btg;gepiyahdJ/
(a) 520°C (b) 540°C (c) 500 °C (d) 510°C
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28/ gal ; - rhth ;l ; t pj pa pd ; rkd ;ghL μ o Idl ? Id l sin θ
(a) dB = (b) dB =4л r2 4л r2
? ? ? ? ? μ o Idl x r ? μ o Id l x r(c) dB = (d) dB =
4л r2 4л r3
29/ nld ;$d ;l ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lh py ;. Fw pg ;g pl ;l k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pw ;F t pyfy ; 30° fk ;g pr ;
RUs pd ; jsj ;j pid 90° j pUg ;g pag pd ; mnj kpd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pw ;F Vw ;gL k ;
t pyfy ;
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 0°30/ irf ;ns hl ;uhd py ; KLf ;fg ;gL k ; k pd ;D }l ;lk ; bgw ;w Jfs pd ; Rw ;w paf ;ff ;
fhyk ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;jjy ;y ?
(a) fhe ;jj ; J }z ;ly ; (b) Jfs pd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lk ;
(c)Jfs pd ; j pirntfk ; (d) Jfs pd ; e pi w
31/ r Puhd fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j py ; itf ;fg ;gl ;l brt ;tff ; fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; k PJ
bray ;gLk ; j pUg ;g [ t pir bgUkkhf ,Uf ;f /
(a) Rw ;Wf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfkhf ,Uf ;f ntz ;Lk ;
(b) Rw ;Wf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if Fiwthf ,Uf ;f ntz ;L k ;
(c) RUs pd ; jsk ; fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j pw ;F br' ;Fj ;jhf ,Uf ;f ntz ;Lk ;
(d) RUs pd ; gug ;g [ Fiwthf ,Uf ;f ntz ;L k ;
32/ , a' ;F RUs ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;l hpy ; fk ;g pr ; RUis bjh' ;ft pl gh* ;gh ; -
btz ;fyf ; fyitf ; fk ;g piag ; gad ;gLj ;jf ; fhuz k ;/
(a) flj ;J k ; j pwd ; mj pfk ;
(b) k pd ; jilvz ; mj pfk ;
(c) XuyF nfhz t pyfYf ;fhd j pUg ;g [ t pir mj pfk ;
(d) XuyF nfhz t pyfYf ;f hd j pUg ;g [ t pir Fiwt [
33/ g pd ;tUk ; rhjd' ;fs py ; xd ;w pd ; k pd ;jil k pff ; Fiwt [
(a) ,a' ;F RUs ; fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lh ;
(b) 0 - 1A m k ;k Pl ;l h ;
(c) 0 - 10 A mk ;k Pl ;l h ;
(d) nthy ;l ; k Pl ;lh ;
34/ G k pd ;jil bfhz ;l fhy ;tdhk Pl ;lUld ; S k pd ;jil bfhz ;l ,iz j ;jlk ;
,izf ;fg ;gLf pwJ / ,t ;tikg ;g pd ; gaDW kpd ;jil R a vd py ; g pd ;tUk ;
T w ;w py ; vJ rhpahdJ ?
(a) G MdJ S-I t plf ; Fiwt [
(b) S MdJ R a-I t plf ; Fiwt [ Mdhy ;. G t pl mj pfk ;
(c) R a MdJ G , S-I t plf ; Fiwt [
(d) S MdJ G , R a-I t plf ; Fiwt [
35/ r pwe ;j nt hy ;l ; k Pl ;l hpd ; gz ;g [
(a) RH p k pd ;jil
(b) RH p kj pg ;g pw ;Fk ; G-f ;Fk ; ,ilna Fw pg ;g pl ;l k pd ;jil
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(c) G t pl mj pfkhf Mdhy ; <w py h kj pg ;g pid t pl Fiwe ;j k pd ;jil
(d) <w py h k pd ;jil
44/ k pd ;f he ;jj ; J }z ;lYk ; khWj pir k pd ;nd hl ;lKk ;
36/ k pd ;fhe ;jj ; J }z ;ly ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;glhjJ
(a) k pd ;khw ;w p (b) miw Nnlw ;w p (c) A C k pd ;d paw ;w p (d) milg ;g [r ; RUs ;
37/ 0.5m 2 gug ;gsita [k ; 10 Rw ;Wfisa [k ; bfhz ;l xU fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; jsk ;
0.2 W b/m 2 fhe ;jg ;g [yj ;j pw ;F Fj ;jhf cs ;snghJ fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ; tH pna
gha [k ; fhe ;jg ;ghak ;/
(a) 100 W b (b ) 10 W b (c) 1 W b (d) RH p
38/ byd ;* ; t pj p ///////////////////// t pj pa pd ; mog ;gi la py hdJ
(a) k pd ;D }l ;l mH pt pd ;i k (b) gha mH pt pd ;i k
(c)c e ;j m H pt pd ;id (d) m w ;wy ; mH pt pd ;i k
39/ neh ;f ;flj ;j pa pd ; jd ; k pd ; J }z ;ly ; vz ; //////////
(a) RH p (b) Kot py p (c) k pf mj pfk ; (d) k pft [k ; r pw paJ
40/ b&d ;w p vd ;w myf pid ,g ;goa [k ; vGjyhk ;
(a) V s A -1 (b ) W b A -1 (c) Ω s (d) midj ;Jk ;
41/ xU fk ;g pr ; RUs py ; gha [k ; k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; t pd hof ;F 40 A s-1 vd ;w t Pjj ;j py ;
khW k ;bghGJ . J }z ;lg ;gLk ; k pd ;d paf ;F t pir 12V vd py ;. fk ;g pr ; RUs pd ;
jd ;k pd ; J }z ;ly ; vz ; /////////
(a) 0.3 H (b ) 0 .003 H (c) 30 H (d) 4.8 H
42/ 5A D C k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; cUthf ;F k ; mnj mst [ btg ;g t pisit cUthf ;Fk ;
khWj pir k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; mst [ ////////
(a) 50A rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;
(b) 5A bgUk k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;
(c) 5A rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lk ;
(d) nkw ;fz ;l vJt [k ; ,y ;iy
43/ k pd ;khw ;w p bray ;gLtJ
(a) A C a py ; kl ;L k ;
(b) D C a py ; kl ;L k ;
(c) A C kw ;W k ; D C a py ;
(d) D C I fhl ;oY k ; A C a py ; j pwk ;gl bray ;gLk ;
44/ fk ;g pr ; RUs py ; ,Ue ;J g [wr ;Rw ;W f ;F k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ij ghar ; bra ;a [k ;
khWj pir k pd ;d paw ;w pa pd ; cWg ;g [
(a) g [yf ;fhe ;jk ; (b) g pst [gl ;l tisak ;
(c) eGt [ tisa' ;fs ; (d) J }hpifs ;
45/ xUkhWj pir kpd ;Rw ;w py ; bray ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ; k pd ;d paf ;F t pir
e = E °sin (ω t + л /2), I = I° sin (ω t - л /2) vd ;w k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ijt pl ////// vd ;w
fl ;l mst py ; Ke ;j pr ; bry ;Y k ;/
(a) л /2 (b ) л /4 (c) л (d ) 046/ f PH ;f ;fz ;ltw ;Ws ; vjid k pd ;khw ;w pi ag ; gad ;gLj ;j p c ah ;j ;j Koa [k ;?
(a) cs ;s PL k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; (b) cs ;s PL k pd ;dGj ;jk ;
(c) cs ;s PL j pwd ; (d) midj ;ija [k ;
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47/ neh ;j pir k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;ij jd ;t H pna gha mDkj pf ;fhj fUt p vJ ?
(a) k pd ;jil (b) k pd ;njf ;f p
(c) k pd ;J }z ;o (d) nkw ;fz ;l midj ;Jk ;
48/ xU A C k pd ; Rw ;w py ;
(a) k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; ruhrhp kj pg ;g [ RH p
(b) k pd ;ndhl ;l' ;fs pd ; ,Ukor ; ruhrh p kj pg ;g [ RH p
(c) ruhrh p j pwd ; , Hg ;g [ RH p
(d) rm s k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; kj pg ;g [. k pd ;nd hl ;lj ;j pd ; c r ;r kj pg ;igg ; nghy ; ?2 kl' ;F
55/ k pd ;f he ;j miyfS k ;. miy xs pa paY k ;
49/ k pd ;fhe ;j miyfs py ;. M w ;wy ;
(a) k pd ; g [yj ;j pw ;F k ; kw ;W k ; f he ;jg ; g [yj ;j pw ;Fk ; xnu msthf gut [f pd ;wd
(b) ,U g [y' ;fS f ;Fk ; br' ;Fj ;jhfg ; gut [f pd ;wd
(c) k pd ; g [yj ;j py ; gut [f pwJ
(d) fhe ;jg ; g [yj ;j py ; gut [f pwJ
50/ k pd ; fhe ;j miyfs ;
(a) FWf ;fiyfs ; M Fk ;
(b) bel ;liyfs ; M Fk ;
(c) FWf ;fiyfshfnth my ;yJ bel ;liyfshfnth ,Uf ;fyhk ;
(d) FWf ;fiyfS k ; my ;y . bel ;liyfS k ; my ;y
51/ , lg ;bgah ;r ;r p k pd ;nd hl ;lk ; vd ;w fUj ;ij Kjd ; Kjy py ; T w pat h ;?
(a) ngh* ; (b) b& h ;l ;* ; (c) khh ;nfhd p (d) khf ;* ;bty ;
52/ k pd ;fhe ;j miyfs py ;. k pd ;g [yk ; E# kw ;W k ; fhe ;jg ;g [yk ; B
# f ;F ,ilna
cs ;s fl ;l ntWghL
(a) л /4 (b ) л /2 (c) л (d) RH p
53/ mZ epwkhiy vd ;gJ
(a) J }a t h pe pwkhiy (b) bts pt pL gl ;i l e pwkhiy
(c) c l ;ft h ; th p e pwkhiy (d) c l ;fth ; gl ;i l e pwkhiy
54/ e pa {l ;ld ; tisaj ; bjhFj pa py ;. fz ;z hoj ; jl ;L f ;F k ; jl ;lf ;
Ft pbyd ;Rf ;Fk ; ,ila py ; xU Js p e Ph ; itf ;fg ;gl ;lhy ;. tisaj ; bhFj p
(a) RU' ;Fk ; (b) t phptila [k ;
(c) khwhJ (d) Kjy py ; t ph ptila [k ; g pd ;g [ RU' ;Fk ;
55/ xw ;i w e pw xs pfw ;i w. btw ;w plj ;j py pU e ;J xs pt pyfy ; vz ; μ bfhz ;l
C lfj ;j pw ;Fs ; EiHf pwJ / gLk ; kw ;W k ; t pyfyile ;j miyfs pd ;
miye Ps' ;fs pd ; jft [
(a) μ : 1 (b ) 1 : μ (c) μ 2 : 1 (d) 1 : μ 2
56/ xU xs pa pd ; miye Ps k ; ehd ;F kl' ;fhff ; Fiwe ;jhy ; mjd ; r pjwy ; mst [
(a) 16 kl' ;F mj pfhpf ;F k ; (b) 16 kl' ;F Fiwa [k ;
(c) 256 kl' ;F mj pfhpf ;F k ; (d) 256 kl' ;F Fiwa [k ;
57/ e pa {l ;ld ; tisa M a ;t py ; m-MtJ kw ;W k ; (m + 4) tJ fUik tisa
t pl ;l' ;fs ;Kiwna ?5 m m kw ;W k ; ?7 m m vd py ; m -d ; kj pg ;g [ vd ;d ?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10
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58/ 4000 ? 0 miyePsKs ;s xU xw ;iwepw xs p miyfSf ;F ,ilna cs ;s
ghij ntWghL 2 x 10-7 m mtw ;w pw ;F ,ilna cs ;s fl ;l ntWghL
(a) л (b) 2 л (c) 3 л (d) л/2 2
59/ a' ; M a ;t py ; 6000 ? 0 miye PsKs ;s xs pa pd ; 3tJ bghy pt [g ;gl ;i l
kw ;bwhU |yj ;j pd ; 4tJ bghy pt [g ; gl ;i la [ld ; bghUe ;Jf pwJ vd py ;. m e ;j
xs p |yj ;j pd ; miye Psk ; vd ;d ?
(a) 4500 ? 0 (b ) 6000 ? 0 (c) 5000 ? 0 (d) 4000 ? 0
60/ 0.005m mfyj ;j py ; 2500 nfhLfs ; cs ;s f Pw ;wz pa pd ; k PJ 6000 ? 0
miyePsKs ;s xs pahdJ neh ;f ;Fj ;jhfg ; gLf pd ;wJ / mjd ; bgUk th pir
vd ;d ?
(a) 3 (b ) 2 (c) 1 (d) 461/ xU r ptg ;g [ xs pf ; fw ;i wa py pUe ;J t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ bgwg ;gLf pd ;wJ / r pt g ;g [
xs pf ;F gj py hf e Py xs piag ; gad ;gLj ;j pd hy ; Vw ;gLtJ vd ;d ?
(a) gl ;ilfs ; kiwe ;Jt pLk ;
(b) vJt [k ; khwhJ
(c) t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ FWfyila [k ; kw ;W k ; T l ;lkhf xd ;W nrUk ;
(d) t ps pk ;g [ t pist [ m fykila [k ; kw ;W k ; xd ;iwt pl ;L xd ;W g phpa [k ;
62/ 60° js t pist [ nfhz j ;j pw ;fhd xs p t pyfy ; vz ; vd ;d ?
(a) 1.732 (b) 1 .1414 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.468
66/mZ ,aw ;g pay ;
63/ nfj ;njhL fj ph ;fs ; vd ;gd
(a) vyf ;l ;uhd ; fw ;i w (b) neh ; k pd ; mad p fw ;i w
(c) k pd ;D }l ;lkw ;w Jfs ; fw ;i w (d) g [iHf ; fj ph ;fisg ; nghd ;wit
64/ E = 3 x 104 V /m kjpg ;g [i la k pd ;g [yKk ;. B = 2 x 10 -3 W b/m 2 kj pg ;g [i la
fhe ;jg ;g [yKk ; xd ;Wf ;bfhd ;W br' ;Fj ;jhf bray ;gLk ; gFj pa py ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;
fw ;i w t pyfy ; milahky ; bry ;f pwJ / vyf ;l ;uhd ; fw ;i wa pd ; ,af ;fk ;.
fhe ;jg ;g [y k ;. k pd ;g [y k ; M fpait xd ;Wf ;bfhd ;W br' ;Fj ;jhf ,Ue ;jhy ;.
vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; ntfk ;/
a) 60 m s-1 (b) 10.3 x 107 m s-1 (c) 1.5 x 107 m s-1 (d) 0 .67 x 10-7 m s-1
65/ nghh pd ; bfhs ;ifa pd ;go. Fw pg ;g pl ;l jd pj ;jd pahd kj pg ;g [fisg ; bgWk ;
mst [
(a) ,af ;f M w ;wy ; (b ) e piy M w ;wy ; (c) nfhz ce ;jk ; (d) ce ;jk ;
66/ mZtpd ; Kjy ; |d ;W tl;lg ; ghijfs pd ; M u' ;fs pd ; t pf pjk ;
(a) 1 : 1/2 : 1/3 (b ) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 :2767/ i&l ;u$d ; mZit mo epiya py pUe ;J f ps h ;r ;r pahf ;fj ; njitahd
Fiwe ;jgl ;r M w ;wy ; (my ;yJ ) Kjy ; f ps h ;r ;r pahf ;f k pd ;dGj ;j M w ;wy ;
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2eV (c) 3 .4 eV (d) 1 .89 eV68/ Qjh ;\nghh ;L mZ khjphpa pd ;go. mZ xd ;w pd ; e pwkhiy
(a) t hp e pwkhiy (b) bjhlh ; e pwkhiy
(c) bjhlh ; c l ;fth; e pwkhiy (d) gl ;il epwkhiy
69/ xU Fw pg ;g pl ;l mZt pd ; M w ;wy ; kl ;l' ;fs ; A ,B,Cd ; M w ;wy ; kj pg ;g [fs ; VW
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10
thpira py ; cs ;sd / mjhtJ E A<E B<EC Capy pUe ;J Bf ;F Bapy pUe ;J
Af ;F kw ;Wk ; Ca py pUe ;J Af ;F jht [k ;nghJ njhd ;Wk ; miyePs' ;fs ;
Kiwna ! 1, ! 2, ! 3 vd py ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;Ws ; vJ rhpahdJ?
! 1
(a) ! 3 = ! 1 + ! 2! 2 ! 3
(b) ! 3 = ! 1 ! 2
! 1 +! 2 (c) ! 1 = ! 2 + ! 3 = 0 (d) ! 2
3 = ! 21 + ! 2
2
70/ mZt py ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; e Ps ;tl ;lg ;ghij fUj ;j pidf ; Twpath;
(a) J .J .jhk ;rd ; (b) nghh ; (c) rhkh ;bgy ;L (d) o gpuhy p
71/ X-fj ph ; vd ;gJ
(a) ,af ;f M w ;wiy fj ph ;t Pryhf khw ;wk ; e pfH ;r ;r p
(b) ce ;jk ; khw ;wg ;gLjy ;
(c) M w ;wy ; - e piwahf khw ;wkiljy ;
(d) k pd ;D }l ;l mHpt pd ;ikj ; jj ;Jtk ;
72/ X-fj ph ; FHhapy ; bts pg ;gLk ; X-fj ph ;fs pd ; brw pt pid vt ;thW
mjpfhpf ;fyhk ;?
(a) kpd ;d piHa pd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pid mjpfhpg ;gjd ; |yk ;
(b) k pd ;d piHapd ; k pd ;ndhl ;lj ;j pidf ; Fiwg ;gjd ; |yk ;
(c) ,yf ;f pd ; k pd ;dGj ;jj ;j pid mjpfhpg ;gjd ; |yk ;
(d) ,yf ;f pd ; k pd ;dGj ;jj ;j pidf ; Fiwg;gjd ; |yk ;
73/ Ty pl ;$ ; FHha py ; njhd ;Wk ; r pwg ;g [ X-fj ph ; \nghl ;nlhd pd ; M w ;wy ; vt ;thW
bgwg ;gLfpwJ ?
(a) ,yf ;f pd ; fl ;lw ;w vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J
(b) ,yf ;f pd ; mad pfs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J
(c) nkhJk ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy py pUe ;J
(d) ,yf ;f pd ; mZ jht [k ;nghJ
74/ Typl ;$ ; FHha ; xd ;W 24800 V k pd ;dGj;jj ;j py ; bray ;gLfpwJ / njhd ;Wk ;
X -fjph ;fs pd ; bgUk mjph ;btz ;
(a) 6 x 1018 Hz (b) 3 x 1018 H z (c) 6 x 108 H z (d) 3 x 108 H z75/ i&l;u$d ; mZtpy ; g pd ;tUk ; bgah ;t [fs py ; vjpy ; bgUk mjph ;btz ;
njhd ;Wk ;?
(a) 2 1 (b) 4 1 (c) 6 5 (d) 5 276/ i&l;u$d ; mZtpy ; g pd ;tUkhW vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs ; jht [k ;bghGJ. vjpy ; bgUk
miyePsk ; bfhz ;l fj ph ;t Pr ;R njhd ;Wk ;?
(a) 2 1 (b) 6 2 (c) 4 3 (d) 5 277/ nyrhpy ; bjw pg ;g [ e pfH ;r ;r pf ;Fg ;g pd ;
C
B
A
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(a) f ps h ;r ;r p e piy mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;ifiat pl moepiy
mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfk ;/
(b) moe piya py ; mZf ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;ifiat pl f ps h ;r ;r p e piya py ;
mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if mj pfk ;
(c) moepiya pY k ; f ps h ;r ;r p e piya pY k ; mZ f ;fs pd ; vz ;z pf ;if rkk ;
(d) f ps h ; e piya py ; mZ f ;fs ; ,Uf ;fhJ
78/ Q g p jz ;oy ; cs ;s Fnuhk pa mad pfs ;
(a) r pt g ;g [ xs pia c l ;ftUk ; (b) gr ;i r xs pia c l ;ftUk ;
(c) e Py xs pia c l ;ftUk ; (d) gr ;i r xs pia c k pGk ;
7/ fj ph ;t Pr ;R kw ;W k ; gU g ;bghUs pd ; , ul ;i l gz ;g [ kw ;W k ;
rhh ;g pay ; jj ;Jtk ;79/ V mj ph ;btz ; bfhz ;l \nghl ;l hd ;. gad ; bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ; vo bfhz ;l
c nyhfj ;j pd ; k PJ gLf pwJ / bts pt plg ;gL k ; vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; , af ;f M w ;wy ;
(a) h (v - v0) (b ) hv (c) hv o (d) h (v + vo)80/ bghUs ; xd ;w pd ; xs pk pd ; bts pnaw ;W M w ;wy ; 3.3 eV vd py ;. gad ;
bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ;
(a) 8 x 1014 H z (b ) 8 x 1010H z (c) 5 x 1020H z (d) 4 x 10 14 H z81/ c nyhfg ; gug ;g [ xd ;w pd ; e pWj ;J k pd ;dGj ;jk ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;j puhJ ?
(a) gL k ; fj ph ;t Pr ;r pd ; m j ph ;btz ;
(b) gL k ; fj ph ;t Pr ;r pd ; brw pt [
(c) c nyhfg ; gug ;g pd ; jd ;ik
(d) bts pg ;gLk ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; j pirntfk ;
82/ gad ;bjhlf ;f mj ph ;btz ;z py ;. vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs pd ; j pirntfk ;
(a) RH p (b) bgUkk ; (c) r pWkk ; (d ) Kot py p
83/ xs pa pd ; t pisit vjd ; mog ;gi la py ; t psf ;f Koa [k ;?
(a) xs pa pd ; Ez ;Jfs ; bfhs ;if
(b) xs pa pd ; miyf ; bfhs ;if
(c) xs pa pd ; k pd ;f he ;jf ; bfhs ;if
(d) xs pa pd ; Fthz ;lk ; bfhs ;if
84/ gUg ;bghUs ; miye Ps k ; vjidr ; rhh ;e ;jjy ;y ?
(a) e pi w (b ) j pirntfk ; (c) c e ;jk ; (d) k pd ;D }l ;lk ;
85/ , a' ;Fk ; bghUs ; xd ;w pd ; ,af ;f M w ;wy ; E vd py ; m jd ; O g puhy p
miye Ps k ;
h 2m E(a) ! = (b) ! =
2m E h
h(c) ! = h 2m E (d) ! =
E 2m86/ 2A ° miye Ps k ; bfhz ;l vyf ;l ;uhd pd ; c e ;jk ;
(a) 3.3 x 1024 kg m s-1
(b) 6.6 x 1024 kg m s-1
(c) 3.3 x 10 -24 kg m s-1
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12
(d) 6.6 x 10 -24 kg m s-1
87/ rhh ;g pay pd ;go . , af ;fj ;j pYs ;s jz ;od ; e Ps k ;
(a) e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j e Psj ;j pw ;Fr ; rkk ;
(b) e piyahf cs ;snghJ ,Ue ;j e Ps j ;ijt pl mj pfkhf mika [k ;
(c) e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j e Psj ;ijt pl Fiwthf mika [k ;
(d) jz ;od ; ntfj ;i jg ; bghUj ;J . e piyahf cs ;s nghJ ,Ue ;j
e Psj ;ijt pl mj pfkhfnt h my ;yJ Fiwthfnt h my ;yJ rkkhfnth
mika [k ;/
88/ 1 kg e pi wa [s ;s bghUs ; KGtJkhf M w ;wyhf khw ;wg ;gL k ;nghJ
cUthFk ; M w ;wy ;
(a) 9 x 1016 J (b ) 9 x 1024 J (c) 1 J (d) 3 x 108 J
88/ mZ f ;fU ,aw ;g pay ; 8
89/ 4 B e mZ f ;fUt pd ; M uk ;
(a) 1.3 x 10 -15m (b) 2.6 x 10 -15 m(c) 1.3 x 10 -13 m (d) 2.6 x 10 -13 m 27 28
90/ 13 A l kw ;W k ; 14 S i vd ;w mZ f ;fUf ;fs ; vjw ;F vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;lhf mika [k ;?
(a) Inrhnlhg ;g [ (Isotope) (b) Inrhghh ; (Isobar)(c) Inrhnlhd ; (isotone) (d) Inrhkh ; (isom er)
91/ mZ f ;fU xd ;w pd ; e pi w tG 0/03 am u vd py ;. m jd ; g piz g ;g [ M w ;wy ;
(a) 27 .93 eV (b ) 27.93 K eV (c) 27.93 M eV (d) 27.93 G eV
92/ mZ f ;fUg ; g psitia t psf ;FtJ
(a) TL khj ph p (b) j putj ; Js p khj ph p
(c) Fthh ;f ; khj ph p (d) nghh ; mZ khj ph p
93/ mZ f ;fUt pDs ; cs ;s mZ f ;fUj ; Jfs ;fs ; vjdhy ; ftug ;gLf pd ;wd ?
(a) <h ;g ;g pay ; t pir (b ) e piyk pd ;d pay ; t pir
(c) mZf ;fU t pir (d ) fhe ;jt pay ; t pir
94/ bgUk mad pahf ;F k ; j pwidg ; bgw ;Ws ;sit
(a) e pa {l ;uhd ;fs ; (b ) ∀ - Jfs ;fs ; (c) # - fj ph ;fs ;(d) ∃ - Jfs ;fs ;
95/ r pijt [ khw py p 0/0693 / ehs ; bfhz ;l fj ph paf ;fj ; jd pkk ; xd ;w pd ; miu
M a [l ;fhyk ;
(a) 10 ehs ;fs ; (b) 14 ehs ;fs ; (c) 140 ehs ;fs ; (d) 1/4 ehs ;fs ;
96/ t ptrhaj ;j py ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;gL k ; fj ph paf ;f Inrhnlhg ;g [31 32 23 24
(a) 15 P (b ) 15 P (c) 11 N a (d) 11 N a
97/ mZ f ;fUg ; g psit xd ;w py ; bts pg ;gLk ; ruhrh p M w ;wy ;
(a) 200 eV (b) 200 M eV (c) 200 m eV (d) 200 G eV98/ mZFz ;L btoj ;jy py ; gad ;gLk ; jj ;Jtk ;
(a) fl ;L g ;g hlw ;w mZ f ;fU g psit t pid
(b) fl ;L g ;ghlhd mZ f ;fU g psit t pid
(c) mZ f ;fU ,izt [ t pid
(d) btg ;g mZ f ;fU t pid
99/ , uj ;jr ; nrhifiaf ; fz ;lw pag ; gad ;gLtJ
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1 0 2 / I n r h n l h g ;g [f s ; v d ;g i t
( a ) x n u e pi w v z ;i z a [k ; n t W g l ;l m Z v z ;i z a [k ; b f hz ;l i t /
( b ) r k k h d g [n u h l ;l h d ; k w ;W k ; e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f i a f ; b f hz ;l i t /
( c ) r k k h d g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ; k h W g l ;l e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ;
b f hz ;l i t /
( d ) r k k h d e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ; k h W g l ;l g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f a [k ;
b f hz ;l i t /
1 0 3 / f j ph pa f ;f j ; j d pk k ; x d ;W b j h l f ;f m s t py ; 1 / e k l ' ;f h f f ; F i w a v L j ;J f ;
b f h s ;S k ; f h y k ;
( a ) m i u M a [l ; f h y j ;j py ; g h j p ( b ) r u h r h p M a [l ;f h y k ;
( c ) m i u M a [l ;f h y j ;j py ; f h y ; ( d ) r u h r h p M a [l ;f h y j ;j pd ; , U k l ' ;F
1 0 4 / N 1 3d ; m i u M a [l ;f h y k ; 1 0 / 1 e pk pl ' ;f s ;/ m j d ; M a [l ;f h y k ;
( a ) 5 / 0 5 e pk pl ' ;f s ; ( b ) 2 0 / 2 e pk pl ' ;f s ;
( c ) 1 0 / 1 /0 / 6 9 3 1 e pk pl ' ;f s ; ( d ) K o t py p
1 0 5 / x U j d pk j ;j pd ; n e h ;k pd ; f j ph ;f s ;. b g a pd ;g ph pl ;$ ; e pi w k h i y a py ; , U
n t W g l ;l R t L f i s j ; n j h w ;W t pf ;f pd ;w d / , e ;j n e h ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;
( a ) x n u e pi w i a a [k ; n t W g l ;l j pi r n t f j ;i j a [k ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;
( b ) x n u e pi w k w ;W k ; j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;
( c ) n t W g l ;l e pi w k w ;W k ; x n u j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;
( d ) n t W g l ;l e pi w k w ;W k ; j pi r n t f j ;i j f ; b f hz ;o U f ;F k ;
5 6
1 0 6 / 2 6 F e m Z f ;f U t pd ; g pi z g ;g [ M w ;w y ;
( a ) 8 . 8 M e V ( b ) 8 8 M e V ( c ) 4 9 3 M e V ( d ) 4 1 . 3 M e V1 0 7 / m Z f ;f U t pd ; m l h ;j ;j pf ;F k ;. g h j u r j ;j pd ; m l h ;j ;j pf ;F k ; c s ;s t pf pj k ;
R k h u h f
( a ) 1 .3 x 1 0 1 0 ( b ) 1 .3 ( c ) 1 .3 x 1 0 1 3 ( d ) 1 . 3 x 1 0 4
99 / F i w f l j ;j p r h j d ' ;f s ; k w ;W k ; m j d ; g a d ;g h L f s ;1 0 8 / x U j d pk j ;j pd ; n t j p k w ;W k ; k pd ;g z ;g [f S f ;F f ; f h u z k h d m j ;j d pk j ;j pd ;
m Z t pY s ;s v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; v i t ?
( a ) , i z j pw d ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; ( b ) R H Y k ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ;
( c ) m j pf g ;g o a h d v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ; ( d ) b r a y ;j pw d ; v y f ;l ;u h d ;f s ;
1 0 9 / N - t i f F i w f l j ;j pa py ; c s ;s i t
( a ) , a f ;f k py ;y h v j ph ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;
( b ) r pW g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ; m y ;y
( c ) , a f ;f k py ;y h n e h ;k pd ; m a d pf s ;
( d ) k pd ;J i s f s ; b g U k ;g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ;
1 1 0 / P - r e ;j p i l n a h o y ; c U t h F k ; j pU g ;g [r ;r h h ;g [ b j t pl ;L k pd ;n d h l ;l j ;j pw ;F f ;
f h uz k h f m i k t J
( a ) b g U k ;g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ; ( b ) r pW g h d ;i k C h ;j pf s ;
( c ) V w ;g h d ; m a d pf s ; ( d ) b f h i l a h s p m a d pf s ;
1 1 1 / K d ;n d h f ;F r ; r h h ;g [ r pw g ;g [ t i u a py ; i l n a h L b r a y ;g L t J
( a ) x U c a h ; k pd ;j i l a h f ( b ) x U k pd ; n j f ;f pa h f
( c ) x U e pW j ;J (O F F ) R t pl ;r h f ( d ) x U , a f ;F (O N ) R t pl ;r h f
3 1 3 2 5 9 2 4
( a ) 1 5 P ( b ) 1 5 P ( c ) 2 6 F e ( d ) 1 1 N a
1 9 8 1 9 8 1
1 0 0 / 8 0 H g + X 7 9 A u + 1 H , v d ;w m Z f ;f U t pi d a py ; X v d ;g J v j i d f ;
F w pf ;F k ;?
( a ) g [n u h l ;l h d ; ( b ) v y f ;l ;u h d ; ( c ) e pa {l ;u h d ; ( d ) o a {l ;u h d ;
1 0 1 / ∃ r pi j t pd ;n g h J
( a ) m Z v z ; x d ;W F i w a [k ;
( b ) e pi w v z ; x d ;W F i w a [k ;
( c ) g [n u h l ;l h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f k h W g l h J
( d ) e pa {l ;u h d ; v z ;z pf ;i f x d ;W F i w a [k ;
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112/ mtyh";r p Kwpt [ (avalanche breakdown) Kjd ;ikahf rhh;e ;Js ;s epfH;t [
(a) nkhjy; (b) madpahf;fk ; (c) khNl;ly ; (d) kWxd;wpizg;g [
113/ xsp ckpH ;t [ ilnahoy; ckpHg;gLk; xspapd ; epwk ; vjidr; rhh;e ;jJ?
(a) mjd; gpd ;ndhf;Fr ; rhh;g [
(b) Kd ;ndhf;F kpd ;ndhl ;l mst[
(c) mjd; Kd;ndhf;Fr ; rhh;g [
(d) Fiwf;flj;jp bghUspd ; tif
114/ xU ouhd ;rp* ;lhpd ; ckpH ;g ;ghd; - motha; re ;jpf ;F Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g [k ;
Vw ;ghd; -motha; re ;j pf ;Fg; gpd ;ndhf;Fr; rhh ;g [k ; bfhLf;fg ;gl :Ls ;sJ/
motha ; kpd ;ndhl;lk ; mjpfhpf ;fpwJ vdpy ;. mjd;
(a) VCE mjpfhpf ;Fk ; (b) IC Fiwa[k ; (c) IC mjpfhpf ;Fk ;(d) VCC mjpfhpf ;Fk ;
115/ ouhd;r p* ;lUf;F chpa Kiwapy ; rhh;g [ kpd ;dGj ;jk ; bfhLf;fg ;glhj
epiyapy ;
(a) ckpH ;g ;ghd py ; mjpf kpd ;ndhl;lk ; Vw;gLfpwJ
(b) btspaPL irifapy ; cUf;Fiyt[ (distortion) Vw;gLfpwJ/
(c) Vw;ghd ; Kid mjpf btg;gkilfpwJ
(d) btspaPl ;Lf ; nfhL (load line) jtwhd epiyapy ; mikfpwJ/
116/ xU miyapaw;w p vd;gJ
(a) gpd ;D}l;lk ; cs;s xU bgUf;fp
(b) AC-ia DC Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; mikg ;g [
(c) ntbwhd ;Wk; my;y. bgUf;fpna MFk;
(d) gpd ;D}l;lk ; ,y;yhj xU bgUf;fp
117/ fhy;gpl ; miyapaw ;wpr ; Rw;wpy ;
(a) kpd ;njf;fp gpd ;D}l ;lk; gad ;gLj;jg ;gLfpwJ
(b) Kid bgw ;w RUs; (tapped coil) gad;gLj;jg ;gLfpwJ
(c) ,ira[W LC Rw;W gad ;gLj ;jg ;glt py ;iy
(d) kpd ;njf;fp gad;gLj;jg ;glt py ;iy
118/ ,yl;rpa bray;ghl;Lg ; bgUf;f pa pd ; cs;s PL kpd ;bdjph ;g ;g [ KotpyhjJ/
Mifahy ;.
(a) mjd; cs;s PL kpd ;ndhl;lk ; RHp
(b) mjd ; btspaPL kpd ;jil mjpfk ;/
(c) mjd; btspa Pl ;L kpd ;dGj ;jk; btspaPl ;L g [w kpd ;jilia rhh ;e ;jpuhky;
,Uf;Fk ;/
(d) mJ. kpd ;ndhl;lf ; fl;Lg ;ghl ;Lr ; rhjdkhf khWk;/
119/ bfhLf;fg ;gl;l mikg ;gpd ; yh$pf ; bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa nfl;
(a) AND (b) OR(c) NAND (d) EXOR
120/ bfhLf;fg;gl ;l Rw;wpd ; btspaPL (Y) kjpg ;g [ 1 vdpy; mjd; cs;s PLfs ;
ABC(a) 0 1 0 (b) 1 0 0 (c) 1 0 1 (d) 1 1 0
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121/ g{ypad; my;$pg;uh tpjpfspd;go (A+AB) vd;w rkd;ghL vjw;Fr; rkk;?
(a) A (b) AB (c) B (d) A
122/ ABC vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;od; vspikahf;fk;
(a) AB +C (b) CBA .. (c) AB + BC + CA (d) CBA %%
10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs;
123/ cah; mjph;btz; miyfs; gpd;gw;WtJ
(a) jiu miy gutiy
(b) ghh;itf; nfhl;od; jpiria
(c) madp kz;lyg; gutiy
(d) g[tpapd; tisit
124/ gz;ngw;wk; bra;ag;gLtjd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;
(a) btt;ntW mjph;btz; bfhz;l ,U miyfis ,izf;f
(b) Ch;jp miyapd; miy totj;ijg; bgw
(c) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; bfhz;l jftiy ePz;l bjhiyt[fSf;F jpwk;gl
mDg;g
(d) gf;fg; gl;ilfis cUthf;f
125/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;
(a) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; tPr;Rf;F Vw;g khWgLk;/
(b) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;/
(c) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; mjph;btz;izg;
bghUj;J khWk;
(d) gz;ngw;Wk; mjph;btz; brtpa[zh; mjph;btz;. beLf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
126/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;. gl;il mfyk;
(a) irifapd; mjph;btz;Zf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;
(b) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ,U kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;
(c) irif mjph;btz;zpd; Kk;kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;
(d) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ehd;F kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk;
127/ fl;lg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;
(a) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kl;Lnk khWk;
(b) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kl;Lnk khWk;
(c) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kw;Wk; mjph;btz; khWk;
(d) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kw;Wk; fl;lk; khwhJ/
128/ nuonah gug;gpapy; cs;s RF miythpir cUthf;FtJ/
(a) brtpa[zh; iriffs;
(b) cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs;
(c) brtpa[zh; irif kw;Wk; cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs;
(d) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; cila Ch;jp miyfs;
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16
129/ Xt;bthU rl;lj;ija[k; (glj;ija[k;) ,uz;L g[y';fshfg; gphpj;J xU
brfz;Lf;F 50 fhl;rpfis mDg;g[tjd; nehf;fk;/
(a) glj;jpy; rpkpl;liyj; jtph;f;f
(b) cah;e;j mjph;btz;fisf; ifahStJ vspJ vd;gjhy;
(c) 50 Hz vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpd;dhw;wy; mDg;g[jypd; mjph;btz;
vd;gjhy;
(d) irifapy; cs;s njitapy;yhj ,iur;ry;fis ePf;f
130/ bjhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g ntz;oa mr;roj;j Mtzj;ij
kpd;diyfshf khw;Wk; Kiw
(a) vjpbuhspg;g[ (b) thpf;fz;nzhl;lk;
(c) gz;ngw;Wk; (d) xsp khWghL
131/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fspd; kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; --------
(a) 20
21
4 rqq
&∋(b)
rqq
0
21
4&∋(c) PE Cos( (d) PE Sin(
132/ cl;g[Fjpwd; bfhz;l Clfj;jpy; <wpyh neh;f;flj;jp xd;wpd; tHpna
kpdndhl;lk; gha[k;nghJ xU g[s;spapy; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp---------
(a)aI&)4
0 (b) aI&)2
0 (c) aI&)
4(d)
aI&)
2133/ R kpd;jil bfhz;l n kpd;jilfs; bjhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;
bghGJ bjhFgad; kpd;jil
(a) n/R (b) R/n (c) nR1 (d) nR
134/ kpd; mDg;gPl;Lf; fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,Hg;g[ vg;bghGJ Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;?
(a) kpd;dGj;jk; Fiwthft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ
(b) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ
(c) kpd;dGj;jk; mjpfkhft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; Fiwthft[k; cs;snghJ
(d) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; Fiwthf cs;s nghJ
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17
ttpilfs;
1/ (b) 2/ (c) 3/ (c) 4/ (c) 5/ (d) 6/ (a)
7/ (d) 8/ (a) 9/ (d) 10/(a) 11/ (a) 12/(d)
13/ (c) 14/ (c) 15/ (c) 16/(d) 17/ (a) 18/(c)
19/ (d) 20/ (c) 21/ (b) 22/(d) 23/ (d) 24/(c)25/ (c) 26/ (c) 27/ (a) 28/(d) 29/ (d) 30/(c)
31/ (a) 32/ (d) 33/ (c) 34/(c) 35/ (d) 36/(b)
37/ (c) 38/ (d) 39/ (a) 40/(d) 41/ (a) 42/(c)43/ (a) 44/ (d) ------- 45/(c) 46/ (c) 47/(b)
48/ (a) 49/ (b) 50/ (a) 51/(d) 52/ (d) 53/(a)
54/ (a) 55/ (a) 56/ (c) 57/(d) 58/ (a) 59/(a)
60/ (a) 61/ (c) 62/ (a) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (c)
66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (a)72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (c) 7 6. (a) 77. (b)78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (d)84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b)90. (c) 91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (a)96. (b) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100.(c) 101.(d)102.(c) 103.(b) 104. (d) 105. (c) 106.(c) 107.(c)108. (a) 109.(c) 110.(b) 111.(d) 112.(a) 113.(d) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125 (a)126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b) 131. (b)132. (d) 133. (d) 134. (c)
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1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72
73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81 82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 92 93 94 95
96 97 98 99 100 101
102 103 104 105 106 107
108 109 110 111 112 113
114 115 116 117 118 119
120 121 122 123 124 125
126 127 128 129 130 131
132 133 134
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19
∗F∗q
3 kjpg;bgz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;
myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9
myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;1. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; Fthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
ve;j xU mikg;gpd; kpd;D}l;lKk;> xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpd;
[1.6 x 10-19C] KO vz; klq;FfshfNt vg;NghJk; mikfpwJ. ie. q = ne2. $Yk; tpjpia $Wf.
,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ftHr;rp tpir my;yJ tpul;LtpirahdJ kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;F NeHj;jftpYk;> mtw;wpw;F,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpHj;jftpYk; mikAk; 3. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf.
xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir vd;gJ kw;w kpd;D}l;lq;fs;mk;kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPJ Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpirfspd; ntf;lH $LjyhFk;.4.kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $W?
kpd;D}l;lq;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd;nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;.
5. kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (E) tiuaW.kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lk; czUk;
tpir mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ntf;lH msT.
E = NC -1 my;yJ V m-1
6. kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d?,U rkkhd> vjpnujpuhd kpfr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kpd;D}l;lq;fs; xU kpd; ,UKidahFk;.
v.fh. ePH> mk;Nkhdpah> CO2> FNshNuhghHk; %yf;$W.7.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf.
kpd; ,UKidapd; VNjDk; xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; vz; kjpg;gpidkpd;D}l;lq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhiytpdhy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;.
P = q x 2d. jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF C m jpir –q ypUe;J +q Nehf;fp.8. ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
,J kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; czT rikf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; ikf;Nuh miyfs; rPuw;w miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ijcUthf;FfpwJ. cztpy; cs;s ePHk %yf;$Wfs; miyTWk; jpUg;G tpirf;Fcs;shf;fg;gl;L gpizg;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd ,jdhy; ntg;g Mw;wy; cUthfp>czT rikf;fg;gLfpwJ.9. kpd;dOj;j NtWghL - tiuaW.
kpd;Gyj;jpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ xUGs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F kpd; tpul;L tpirf;F vjpuhf XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.10. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf.
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF NNthy;l;XU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F xU $Yk; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij
kpd;tpirf; nfjpuhf vLj;Jr; nry;y nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy xU [_y; vdpy;mg;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xxU Nthy;l; MFk;.11. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.
XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf>mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;F rkk;.12. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;Jkpd;D}l;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.
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20
1133.. rrkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vd;;why; vd;d?xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd
vdpy;> mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdg;gLk;.
rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;.
kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; rkkpd;dOj;j gug;Gf;F nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;.114. kpd;Gy ghak; tiuaW.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if kpd;Gy ghak; MFk;.
+ = , dsE . = Eds Cos (,J xU ];NfyhH msT ,jd; myF N m2 C-1
15. epiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why; vd;d?Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk;
epfo;T. ,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ.16. ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ
ghJfhg;ghdJ Vd;?
Vnddpy;> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa kpd;dpwf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.17. epiykpd;J}z;ly; vvd;why; vd;d?
xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;D}l;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. ,t;tif J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;D}l;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.18. flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; tiuaW.
xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; vd;gJ> mf;flj;jpf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;Fk;> flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT MFk;.
kpd;Njf;F jpwd; c = Vq
myF ghul;.19. 1 ghul; tiuaW.
flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; 1 ghul; MFk;.
20. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUs;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh. ikf;fh/ vNghidl; 21. Kidtw;w %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf
Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk; xd;whf nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.
v..fh. O2 , N 2 , H 222. KidTs;s %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf
Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.
v.fh N2O, H2O, HCl, NH3,
23. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
Gw kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ epiyahd my;yJ J}z;lg;gl;l ,U Kidfspd; ,UKid jpUg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa xUq;fikg;gLfpd;w epfo;T Kidthf;fy; my;yJ kpd; Kidthf;fy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
24. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?
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21
kpd;fhe;j miyfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk;> NubNah Rw;Wfis xj;jpirT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
225. $h;Kid nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d?kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; frpfpd;w
epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;Wmiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)
26. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?
jhkpuj;jpd; kpd;jilvz; FiwT. Mdhy; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;.
kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; njhlu;e;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ.
jhkpuf;fk;gp vdpy; ntg;gepiy cau;thy; kpd;jil Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
cau;e;J tpLk;. / jhkpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
;
27. Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.
khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk;
flj;jpapd; ,UKidfSf;fpilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;;j NtWghl;bw;F Neu;j;jftpy;
mikAk;. mjhtJ I α V my;yJ V = I R28. jd; kpd;jil vz; tiuaW.
XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpnahd;W
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;
vdg;gLk;.
jd;kpd;jil vz; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs; flj;jpfs;> fhg;ghd;fs;>
Fiwflj;jpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; myF Xk; - kP 29. kPf;flj;J jpwd; vvd;why; vd;d?
Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; nghUspd; jd;ik
kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; vdg;gLk;
30. kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf.
xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;D}l;lk;
,aq;Fk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa> XuyF
fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; msthFk;. ,jd; myF Am-2
31. ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW.
rhjhuz flj;jpfs; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fs; kpd;jilia jPBnud
,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngau;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ
khWepiy ntg;gepiy Tc vdg;gLk;. ghjurj;jpd; ngau;T ntg;gepiy 4.2 K32. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs; ahit?
(1) kpd; mDg;Gk; fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;
(2) fzpdpfspy; epidT my;yJ Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
(3) kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; nfhz;l fhe;jq;fs; cjtpAld;> kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wypy;
,uapy; tz;bia mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
33. kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; tiuaW.
1˚C ntg;gepiy cau;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 0˚C apYs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;.
34. kpd;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT
kpd;jpwdhFk;. kpd;jpwd; = Ntiy / fhyk; kpd;jpwd; = V I 35. kpd;dhw;wy; vvd;why; vd;d?
kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahFk;. ,jd; myF I_y; MFk;.
eilKiwapy; fpNyh thl; kzp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ. 1 fpNyh thl; kzp
= 1000 x 3600 J = 36 x 105 J36. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf
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22
kkpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk;
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
%ba Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk;
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
kpd;jilia rhu;e;jJ my;y kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
37. kpd; Ntjpa vz; ttiuaW.
kpd;gF jputnkhd;wpd; topNa xU $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ
ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz; vdg;gLk;
38.; KKjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kpd;fyd; NtWghL jUf.
39. ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd;why; vd;d?
ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w
vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; MFk;.
40. ,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?xuyF typikf; nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj;
jpirNtfk; ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.41. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?
kpz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;af; $bait mf kpd;jil FiwT.mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
42. jhdpapaq;fpfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?
kpd;tha;fSf;F ,ilNa kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjpd; %yk; mfkpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mf kpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
myF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;Gkw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;
43. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kPJ γ fjpu;fs;> X fjpu;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs;>
kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;witgLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T
xsp kpd; tpisT vdg;gLk.;
44. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW?
xU xsp czu; NfNjhL gug;gpy;> gLk; fjpu;tPr;rpd; mjpu;ntz;izAk;>
nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ epWj;J
kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;
45. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW?
xU xsp czu; jfl;by; gLk; xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j xU mjpu;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W
tpLfpwNjh> me;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLfpwJ.
46. ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?
Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jiz kpd;fyd;
kPsh Ntjp tpid kPs; Ntjp tpid
kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk;
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xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhid
ntspNaw;;w> gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhDf;Fj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; MFk;
447. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
xspkpd;fyd; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J
%d;W tifg;gLk;.
(1) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; (2) xsp Nthy;l;lh kpd;fyd; (3) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;.
48. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs;vdg;gLk;.
gpshq;f; khwpyp h> gUg;nghUspd; epiw m, jpirNtfk; v, vdpy;
miyePsk; λ =mvh MFk;.
49. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW?
,U gupkhz my;yJ Kg;gupkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia
tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;.
50. xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ?
cd; Kbtpw;F tpsf;fk; jUf.
nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 vdTk;> V jpirNtj;jpy; epiw mvdTk;C xspapd;jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb
2
2
0
1CV
mm
!
∀ MFk;. ,q;F V = C vdpy; m <wpyh kjpg;igg; ngWk;. ,J
rhj;jpaky;y. vdNt ve;j xU nghUisAk; xspapd; jpirNtj;jpw;F rkkhfNth>mjw;F NkNyh KLf;Ftpg;gJ ,ayhj xd;W.
51. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf.
(1) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs;> midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf
mikAk;
(2) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk;
52. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; epa+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay;
tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy;> mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;.
53. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhjNghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy;> mJ
epiykk; mw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F epa+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjp;y;iy.
myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;54. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?
rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;> NtWg;gl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu
jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) 1H1 1H2
1H3,it epA+l;uhd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWgLk;. xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
55. INrhghh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
rkkhd epiw vz;izAk; NtWg;gl;l mZ vz;izAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW
jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. v.fh 8O16 , 7N16, ,it ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
56. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fis nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;
MFk;. v.fh 6C14 , 8O16
57. mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d?
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fhh;ghd; 6C12mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpw;F rkk; rhjhuz epiw myfpy;
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg epiw-Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> 1 amu – f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; = 931 MeV558. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d?
mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiw m. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Jfs;fspd; epiwia
fhl;bYk; FiwT.
,e;j epiw NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLfpwJ.mjhtJ Zmp + N mn - m = m (epiw tO) mp – xU GNuhl;lhdpd; epiw> mn – xU epA+l;uhdpd; epiw.
59. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
epiw tO ( m) f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;
vdg;gLfpwJ. gpizg;G Mw;wy; (BE) = m.C2 mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd gpizg;G
Mw;wy; = BE/A60. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
mZ vz; 82-I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz; nfhz;l fdkhd jdpkq;fs;
jd;dpr;irahf #> ∃> % Nghd;w fjph;fis ntspapLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.61. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?
C14fjphpaf;fKilaJ. ,jd; miu MAl; fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs;
caphpdq;fs; ,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L C14
rpijtila njhlq;FfpwJ. ,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14 msit fz;lwpe;Jk;>
rpijT tPjj;ij fz;lwpe;Jk; mJ ,we;j fhyj;ij> mjhtJ mjd; taij
fzf;fplyhk;.
62. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vvd;why; vd;d?
nraw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khw;Wjy;
nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
63. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?
khWepiy gUkd;: xt;nthU gpsitf;F gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU
epA+l;uhdhtJ mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg;nghUspd;
gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;.
64. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; ahit?
1. MMuha;r;rp ciyfs;: Muha;r;rpf;F Njitahd epA+l;uhd;fisAk;> fjphpaf;f
INrhNlhg;GfisAk; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. ccw;gj;jp ciyfs;: gpsitf;F cl;glhj> mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis
(U238) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; (Pu239) nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd. 3. jjpwd; ciyfs;: mZf;fU gpsitapdhy; cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wiy
kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
65. mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU
fdkhd mZf;fU cUthFk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU
,iztpd; NghJ Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;.
66. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.
mZf;fU ,izTj; jj;Jtk; i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mZf;fU ,iztpw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiyia mZf;fU gpsT%yk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ. (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp ntg;gepiy) i`l;u[d; Fz;by;
cUthFk; mZf;fU tpid 1H3 + 1 H2& 2He 4+ 0n1+Mw;wy;.
67. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: - fhkhf; fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk;
Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;.
68. Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg;glyj;jpDs; EioAk; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;
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90% GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 9% `Pypak;> kw;Wk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fSk; cs;sd.
,jd; Mw;wy; 108 MeV.
669. Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s
thAf;fSld; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; tpid Guptjhy; Jiz fh];kpf;
fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jpy; # Jfs;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs;>ghrpl;uhd;fs;> kPrhd;fs;> /Nghl;lhd;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; fye;J
,Uf;Fk;.
70. fpa+hp tiuaW?
xU tpdhb fhyj;jpy; 3.7 X 1010 rpijTfis jUk; fjphpaf;f jdpkj;jp;d;
msT 1 fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU fpuhk; Nubaj;jpd; fjphpaf;f nray;ghl;bw;F
rkk;.
71. uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW?
xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6 X 1012 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd;
msT xU uhz;l;Id;; vdg;gLk;.
72. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d?
Nghl;lhd; xd;W mZf;fUit Rw;wpAs;s typikahd kpd;Gyj;Jld; Nrh;e;J
vyf;l;uhd; > ghrpl;uhd; cUthFk; epfo;T Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;.
Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhd; ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J Nghl;lhd;
cUthFk; epfo;T gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.
myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;73/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?
khWjpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;;ndhl;lj;ij neh;jpir kpd;dGj;jk;
my;yJ neh;jpif kpd;ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfH;t[. #jpUj;Jjy;# vdt[k;.
,e;epfH;t[f;F gad;gLk; rhjdk; jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk;/
74/ xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d?
ouhd;rp*;lh; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa bray;ghL mjd; bgUf;fk; MFk;/ typik Fiwe;j
iriffspd; tPr;rpid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; xU Rw;wikg;g[ bgUf;fp
vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ nkYk; ouhd;rp*;lh; Fiwe;j btspaPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. mjpf
cs;sPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;fk;. kpd;dGj;jg; bgUf;fk;
bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt xU ouhd;rp*;lh; kpd;ndhl;l bgUf;ff; fUtp vd
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
75/ bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d?
gl;il mfyk; vd;gJ. jhH;t[ btl;L kw;Wk; cah;t[ btl;L
mjph;btz;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l mjph;btz; ,ilbtsp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/
\ BW = fH - fL
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776/bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; g{ypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/
g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhitg; gad;gLj;j
ABY1 ∀
CDY2 ∀
CDABY ∋∀ )DC.(AB ∋∀
77/ bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
NAND kw;Wk; NOR nfl;Lfs; bghJ nfhl;Lfs; vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;.
,it kw;w mog;gil yh$pf; bray;ghLfis bra;af;Toait/
NAND kw;Wk; OR nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp mog;gil yh$pf; bfl;Lfs; Md
NOT, OR kw;Wk; AND mikf;fg;gLtij mwpayhk;/
78/ o-khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~
Kjy; njw;wk;~
TLjypd; epug;gp. epug;gpfspd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;Fr; rkkhf mika[k; A kw;Wk; B
vd;gd cs;sPLfs; vdpy;. B.ABA ∀∋,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/
bgUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ epug;gpfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;/ A kw;Wk; Bvd;gJ cs;sPLfs; vdpy; BAB.A ∋∀
79/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?
bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vd;gJ (IC) xU rpyf;fhd; gofbkd;glyj;jpy; kPJ bray;jpwd;
kw;Wk; bray;jpwdw;w cWg;g[fisa[k; mtw;wpd; ,izg;g[fisa[k; bfhz;ljhFk;/
80/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/
xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; g[ul;Lk; kw;Wk; g[ul;lyw;w cs;sPLf;F ,ilna
kpd;dGj;jk; RHp nthy;l;Lf;Fr; (ov) rkkhf ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ/
vdnt g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL Kida[k; O nthy;l;lhf mika[k;/ ,f;fhuzj;jhy;
g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL khaj;jiu mile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
81/ bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/
OP – AMP d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;g[fshtd
(i) cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpf mjpfk; my;yJ Kotpypahff; Tl mika[k;/
(ii) bgUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (Gain)(iii) btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpff; Fiwt[ my;yJ RHp
82/ ,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?
,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il my;yJ cah; Mw;wy;
bgw;Ws;s gl;il. ,izjpwd; gl;il vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,izjpwd;
gl;il gFjpahfnth my;yJ KGikahfnth epug;gg;goUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xU
nghJk; fhypahf ,uhJ/
83/ flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?
fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il flj;Jg; gl;il vdg;gLfpwJ/
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884/ tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d?
,izjpwd; gl;ilf;Fk;. flj;Jg;gl;ilf;Fk; ,ilnaahd ,ilbtsp tpyf;fg;gl;l
Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vdg;gLk;/
Ge = 0.7ev Si = 1.1 ev 85/ cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?
xU J}a. khrw;w. Fiwf;flj;jp cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vdg;gLk;/ cs;shh;e;j
Fiwf;flj;jpapy;. fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if
rkkhFk;/
86/ khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khRr; nrh;f;if epfH;t[
khNl;ly; vdg;gLk;/
87/ khNl;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?
khR mZf;fisg; bgw;Ws;s Fiwf;flj;jp. J}a;ikaw;w my;yJ khNl;lg;gl;l
my;yJ g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/
88/ P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?
|d;W ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpW mstpyhd khrpid J}a Fiwf;flj;jpg;
gofj;Jld; nrh;g;gjhy; fpilf;fg;bgWk; gofk; P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp
vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
89/ N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?
Mh;rdpf; nghd;w Ie;J ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd khrid J}a
b$h;khdpa Fiwf;flj;jp gofj;Jld; nrh;f;f. fpilf;fg; bgWk; gofk; N-tif
Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
90/ miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
miyapaw;wp vd;gJ d-c |yj;jpypUe;J Mw;wiyg;bgw;W Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;
khWfpd;w btspaPlhf khw;Wk; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; Rw;whFk;/ btspaPL
kpd;dGj;jj;ijg; bghUj;J miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; tot miyapaw;wpfs;. ird;
totkw;w miyapaw;wpfs; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/
91/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?
bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wf;F fPH;fz;l ew;gad;fs; cz;L/
(i) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;g[ (ii) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk;/
(iii) ek;gfj; jd;ik (iv) kypthd tpiy (v) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil
(vi) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp Mfpait MFk;/
92/ ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp OR nfl;il tiuf/
93/ Ex - OR nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/
cs;sPL
A BbtspaPL
Y = A(B0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
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994/ RUf;Ff A (A+B)A (A+B) = A.A + A.B
= A + A.B= A (1+B)= A .1= A
95/ C RO tpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpL
1/ AC, kw;Wk; DC kpd;dGj;j';fis mstpl
2/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; miytotj;jpid bgw
3/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; mjh;btz;id mstpl
96/ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; OR nfl;od;
cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/
tpil~
97/ BCAY ∋∀ vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid N and nfl;il I kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/
98/ gpd;D}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
bgUf;fpapd; btspapl;oUe;J xU gpd;dgFjpia vLj;J kPz;Lk; cs;sPl;ow;F
mspg;gJ gpd;D}l;lk; vdg;gLk;/
tiffs;
1/ neh;Fwp gpd;D}l;lk;
2/ vjph; Fwp gpd;D}l;lk;
99/ vjph; gpd;D}l;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/
1/ cah;thd epiy epWj;jg;gl;l bgUf;fk;
2/ ,iur;ry; Fiwg;g[
3/ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gl;il mfyk;
100/ miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit?
bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk;
AAAf∃!
∀1
epge;jidfs;
1/ ∃A = 12/ gpd;ndhl;l tiyiar; Rw;wp
bkhj;j fl;lbgah;r;rp O° my;yJ 2) d; KG kl';FfshFk;
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29
1101/ ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
xU ouhd;*p*;lhpd; bray;ghl;L g[s;spia rhpahf njh;e;bjLg;gJk; kw;Wk;
irif mDg;gg;gLk; nghJ. rhpahd ckpH;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;ij epiy
epWj;JtJk;. ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;gspj;jy; vdg;gLk;/
102/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d?
khwhj motha;; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghd; - ckpH;g;ghs; kpd;dGj;j khWghl;ow;Fk;.
mjw;fhd Vw;ghd; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ btspaPL kpd;djph;g;g[
MFk;/
103/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d?
PN re;jpapd; ,Ug[wKk; mjpf mstpy; khNl;lg;gLtjhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd;
,ilbtsp FWfpajhfpwJ/ ,J nghd;w FWfyhd bky;ypa re;jpapy; brdh;
Kwpt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ mjhtJ Fiwthd jpUg;g[ rhh;g[ toq;fg;gLk; NghJ
typikahd kpd;Gyk; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf cUthFk;. jpUg;G rhh;G kpd;Ndhl;lk;
ngUkkhFk;.
104/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij
tiuaW?
xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gJ bfhLf;fg;gl;l VCEf;F motha; ckpH;g;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; rpwpa khw;wj;jpw;Fk;. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; motha; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/
cs;sPL kpd; vjph;g;g[ ri = CEVB
BE
IV
∗+,
−./00
105/ neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W
ntWgLj;Jf?
1) bjhlh;kpd; iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r;
Rw;Wfs; neh;nghf;F bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/
2) ,yf;f iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs;
,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/
106/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (multimeter) vd;why; vd;d?
gy;gad; kPl;lh; ,J kpd;dGj;jk;. kpd;ndhl;lk;. kpd;jil
nghd;wtw;iw msf;f cjt[k; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; fUtpahFk;/ ,ij AVO kPl;lh; (ampere, voltage, ohm) vd;Wk; Twyhk;/
107/ ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. CB mikg;ig tpl CEmikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;?
CE kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpd;ndhl;lg;bgUf;fk; kw;Wk; kpd; Mw;wy;
bgUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ ,jd; fhuzkhf kw;w ,uz;L Rw;Wfis tplkpf
mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/
108/ AND nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf
Y= A .BA B Y0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
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1109/ NOR nfl;Lfis bfhz;L AND nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/
110/
(A+B) (A+C) = A+BC vdf; TWf?
(A+B) (A+C) = A.A+AC+AB+BC= A+AC + AB +BC= A (1+C) + AB + BC= A .1 + AB + BC= A+AB +BC= A (1+B) + BC= A . 1 + BC= A+BC
111/ g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/
ghpkhw;W tpjp
A+B = B+AAB = BA
nrq;g;g[ tpjp
A+(B+C) = (A+B) +CA(BC) = (AB) C
g';fPl;L tpjp
A(B+C) = AB+AC112/ xU fl;l CE bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/
113. xsp ckp;o; ilNahL ( LED ) vd;why; vd;d?Mw;wy; Cl;lg;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ckpo;fpd;w Kd;Ndhf;F
rhh;gpy; mike;j PN re;jp ilNahL MFk;.
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1114. gd;Ngw;w vz; -- tiuaW?
gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;>
gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT miyg; gz;Ngw;w
vz; vdg;gLk;.
m = ∆Ec / Ec115. jjhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ?
thd; miy guTjypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J
Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu cs;s rpWk njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.
rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfs;
1. kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W?
Kjy; tpjp
xU %ba Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpy;
kpd; ,af;F tpir Jhz;lg;gLk;. fhe;j ghak; khWgLk; tiuapy;
Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd; ,af;F tpirAk; ePbf;Fk;.
,uz;lhk; tpjp
xU %ba Rw;wp;y Jhz;lg;gLk; kpd; ,af;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G mr;
Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy;
mikAk;.
2. nyd;R tpjpiaf; $W?
xU Rw;wpy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirahdJ mjidf; Jhz;l
fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;j gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;.
3. gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp)
tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eL tpuy;> fl;il tpuy; %d;iwAk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itf;Fk; NghJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;j
Gyj;jpiriaAk;> fl;il tpuy; flj;jp efUk; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; eLtpuy;
Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria Fwpf;Fk;.
4. Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?
rpwg;G X fjph; epwkhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; thpapd; mjph;ntz; mjid ckpOk;
jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.
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fzf;Ffs;
1. kpd; tpsf;F Xd;W 240v kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk; mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
0.5A vdpy;;; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jilitf; fzf;fpLf.
Givem v = 240v
I = 0.5A
R = v = 240 = 240 =480 1I 0.5 Y2
R=4801
2. 0.C – y; epf;Nuhk; kpd;jil 101 mjd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 0.004CePupd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.
Given Ro = 10 1
2 = 0.004.C
R100 = ?
Rt = Ro [1+2 t]
R100 = [1+0.004 x 100]
R100 = 14 1
3. 100 W> 220V kpd; gy;G xd;wpd; kpd;dioapd; kpd;jilapidf; fzf;fPLf.
Given P = 100 W
V = 220 V
R = V2=(220)2 = 484
P 100
R = 4841
4. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 20.48m. ,J
tlf;F Nehf;fp 40ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd;
nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5T> vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa J}z;lg;gLk; kpdpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf
Given B=2X 10-5T, l=20.48m; V=40m-s-1
e=- = -Blv=-2x10-5 X20.48 X40
e=-0.0164v
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5) xU RUspy; ghAk; 4A kpd;Nlhl;lk; 0.5s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf khWk;NghJ
kw;nwhU RUspy; 50mv kpd;dpaf;f tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vdpy; mt;tpU
RUs;fSf;FfpilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;iz fzf;fpLf
Given I1 = 4A; I2=8A; dt =0.85
e=50x10-3V
m= -e = 50 x 10-3
dI 4 dt 0.5
M= -6.25 x10-3H
6) jstpisT khdpapy; 60CC, rh;f;fiuf; fiury; 300 mm ePsk; nfhz;l
Nrhjidf; FohapDs; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ Row;wg;gLfpwJ. Row;rp jpwd; vz;.60o
vdpy; fiurypy; cs;s rh;f;fiurapd; msT vd;d?
Given
l = 300 mm = 3 decimeter
Ө = 9o S = 60; V = 60cc
m = ӨV = 9x60 = 3 lxS = 3x 60
7) ,e;Jg;G gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit ,ilntsp d = 2.82 Ao ,g;gbfj;jpidf;
nfhz;L Kjy; thpirapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ngUk miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf
Given d = 2.82A ; = 2.84 x 10-10m
n = 13 ngUkk; = 2d SINӨ ngUkk;
n3 ngUkk; = 2X2.82 x 10-10 x1
1
3 ngUkk; = 5.64 x 10-10 m
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8) 84Po- 218 miu MA+l;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j
tpOf;fhL vd;d?
T ½ =3m; t= 15m15 epkplq;fspy; 5 miu MA+l;fhyk; cs;sd
u) 15 = 5 3
Kjy; miu MA+l;fhyk; Kbtpy; kPjk; cs;sit = 50%
2-tJ ” = 25%
3-tJ ” = 12.5%
4-tJ ” = 6.25%
5-tJ ” = 3.125%
rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 100 – 3.125
= 96.875%
9. Nulhdpd; miu MA+l;fhyk; T ½ = 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp
MA+l;fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLf
3 = T ½ = 3.8 0.6931 0.6931
3 = 5.482 ehl;fs;
10. xU ngUf;fpf;F vjph; gpd;D}l;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ngUf;f vz;.
50-y; ,Ue;J 25-f;F FiwfpwJ. mjd; gpd;D}l;l jftpidf; fhz;f
Af = A 1+∃A
25 = 50 1+∃X50
∃ = 0.02
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55 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;
11. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj;
jUtp.
tpsf;fk;
kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xy vd;w
flj;jpiaf; fUJf. xy; ,Ue;J yI Nehf;fp nray;gLk; E vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk;
flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ.
kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy;
cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj;
jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ.
kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; y Kidapy;
cs;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH
jpirapy; F = eE vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs;
KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd;
madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf
vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it
kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Vd vd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G
jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.
fzf;fPL:
,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk; 4 vdTk; vyf;l;uhd; ngWk; KLf;fk;
a vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk; Vd = a4m epiw nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk;
eEa =
m eE
/ Vd = 4 = μ E m
e4 / μ = μ vd;gJ ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.
m ,af;f vz; vd;gJ XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;G
jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF m2 V-1 S-1
2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.
L ePsKk;> A nFWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. mjd;
KidfSf;fpilNa E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. flj;jpapd;
XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; Vd vd;w epiyahd ,Og;G
jpitNtfj;Jld; ,lg;gf;fkhf ,aq;Fk;.
flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nAL vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;lk; = eflj;jp topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; q = (nAL) e
Lkpd;D}l;lq;fs; flj;jpapd; topNa nry;y MFk; fhyk; t = Vd
q (nAL) eflj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = =
t L / Vd
I = n A e Vd
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55. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.
mmfkpd;jil: kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s
kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU
kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd;
mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;.
Nthy;l; kPl;lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil
fhzy;:
glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp K jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir E mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH
tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;
kpd;Rw;iw jpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL
kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;.
R vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp
K %lg;gLk;. R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd;
FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk; (V) V = IR .................. (1)
kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk;
msthdJ V, kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir EI tpl Fiwthf
mikAk;.
V = E-lr (m) lr = E-V ................. (2)
(2) I (1)y; tFf;f RV
VEr ∗+,
−./ !
∀
E,V kw;Wk; R kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil r kjpg;G
fzf;fplyhk;.
6. fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf
Kjy; tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk;
re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif
RopahFk;.
kuG: re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;.
,uz;lhk; tpjp:
xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s
kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd;
Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F
tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.
kuG: kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis
NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis
vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;.
7. tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd
epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.
jj;Jtk;:
fphpr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mBg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ
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mmikg;G:
P, Q, R, S vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Ekpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; A,C Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. B, Df;F ,ilNa G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH
cs;sJ.
G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; I, I1, I2, I3, I4, Ig vd;W gphpfpwJ.tpsf;fk;:
fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb
re;jp Bapy;> I1 – Ig – I3 = 0 -----------(1)re;jp Dapy> I2 +Ig – I4 = 0 -----------(2)
fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb ABDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j
I1P + IgG - I2R = 0 -----------(3)mNj tpjpia ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
I1P + I3Q - I4S - I2R = 0 -----------(4)fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; (Ig = 0 ) fhl;Lk;NghJ B kw;Wk; D
Gs;spfs; xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;. Ig =0 vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl
I1 = I3 -----------(5)I2 = I4 -----------(6)I1P=I2R ------------(7)
rkd;ghL (5) (6) (7)d; kjpg;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl
I1P + I1Q - I2S - I2R = 0I1(P+Q) = I2 (R+S) -----------(8)
rkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f
I1(P+Q) I2 (R+S) =
I1P I2R
PQP ∋ =
RSR ∋ 1+
PQ = 1+
RS
PQ =
RS
QP =
SR
,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;.
P, Q, R d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; S d; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplyhk;.
8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk;
jj;Jtk;:
tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw
tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J
fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
nray;gLfpwJ.
mikg;G :kpd;jil Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f %d;W jbj;j
jhkpug; gl;ilfs; kug;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W jhkpug;
gl;ilfSf;F ,ilapy; G1, G2 vd;w ,U ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. xU kPl;lH ePsKk;> rPuhd jbkDk; nfhz;l
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khq;fdpd; fk;gp AC msTNfhYf;F ,izahf kug;gyifapd; kPJ ,Oj;Jg;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fk;gpapd; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w kpd;jil G ,ilntspapYk;> Q vd;w gbj;ju kpd;jil G2 ,ilntspapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J vd;w cNyhfj;
njhLNfhyhdJ fhy;tdh kPl;lH (G) kw;Wk; caH kpd;jil (HR) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
AC fk;gpapd; KidfSf;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; rhtp
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nnra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:
kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W fk;gpapd; kPJ njhLNfhiy efHj;jp fhy;tdh
kPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;sp Jfk;gpapd; AJ kw;Wk; JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; R>S vd;w kpd;jilfSf;F gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ
P R r.AJ = = Q S r.JC
r vd;gJ XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilahFk;.P AJ ℓ1
/ = =Q JC ℓ2
AJ = ℓ1, JC = ℓ2P = Q ℓ1
ℓ2
Kid kpd;jil fhuzkhf 2
1
ll; kjpg;gpy; rpWgpio Vw;gLk;. ,g;gpioia
jtpHf;f P kw;Wk; Q it ,lkhw;wk; nra;J rkd; nra;Ak; Gs;sp J MdJ
fk;gp ACapd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;FkhW mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L Pd; ruhrhp kjpg;G
fzf;fplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:
fk;gpapd; kpd;jil (P) Muk; (r) kw;Wk; ePsk; (L) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G
njhpAkhdhy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;iz
Pπr2
ρ = rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;.
L kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;:
t1, t2 ntg;gepiyfspy; fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpd; kpd;jilfs; KiwNa R1, R2 vdpy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; kpd;jil vz;
R2 –R1α = /oC %yk; fzf;fplg;gLfwpJ.
R1t2 – R2t1
9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk;
fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;.
mikg;G:kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s khq;fdpd; fk;gp rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10 gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F
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,izahf kPl;lH msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG
Vw;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ.
jjj;Jt tpsf;fk;:
kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A>B KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F Bt> rhtp K cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; (I) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk;
njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; A KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr;
Rw;whFk;.
A kw;Wk; Jf;F ,ilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd;
kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk;
ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk; AJ rkd; nra;Ak;
ePskhFk;.
r vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why;
AJf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = IrℓRop tpyf;f epiyapy; E = IrℓI kw;Wk; r khwpypfshtjhy; E α ℓ,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;
mikAk;.
,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;.
10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F
tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.
kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd;
kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;:
jj;Jtk;:
kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;
mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd;
jj;JtkhFk;.
mikg;G:
kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ> kpd;fy
mLf;F (Bt) rhtp (K) kpd;jil khw;wp
Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;.
kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid> DPDT rhtpapd; ikaKid C> cld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid
D cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil
(HR), njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. DPDTrhtpapd; C1, D1 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l
kpd;fyDk; C2, D2 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l
kpd;fyDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpsf;fk;:
Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk;> XuyF ePs
kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf. DPDT rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> E1 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy;
,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp
fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = I r ℓ1
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kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtg;gb E1 = I r ℓ1 .................. (1)E2 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izAk;gb DPDT rhtpia rhpnra;J
gpwF fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; Rop tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
E2 = I r ℓ2 .................. (2)rkd;ghLfs; (1)I (2)My; tFf;f
E1 ℓ1=
E2 ℓ2111. ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia
tpthp.
Kjy;tpjp;
kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa
ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F NeHjftpy; mikAk;> t fhy mstpw;F nrYj;jg;gLk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdpy; m ! q (or) m = z I t ,q;F z mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz;> myF KgC-1
ghuNlapd; KKjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;:
kpd;gFg;Gfyd; xd;Wld; kpd;fy mLf;F> rhtp>
kpd;jil khw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lH Mfpait njhluhf
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> Nja;j;Jf;
fOtp Jilj;J cyu itj;j gpd;dH mjd; epiwia
fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjid kPz;Lk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
I1 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhy
mstpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;kPl;lhpd; cjtpahy;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; mstplg;gLfpwJ. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa
vLj;J> ed;whf ePhpy; myrp> cyu itj;J> kPz;Lk;
mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw m1
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. vjpu; kpd;thia
kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp I2 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhyj;jpw;F nrYj;jp ntspg;gLk;
jdpkj;jpd; epiw m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
m1 I1,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.
m2 I2
/ m ∀ IxNu msTs;s I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; t1,t2 vd;w ntt;NtW fhy msT nrYj;jp>
ntspg;gLk; jpz;kj;jpd; epiwfs; KiwNa m3, m4 vd fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd.
,g;NghJ 2
1
4
3
tt
mm
# vd miktijf; fhzyhk;
/ m ∀ t ; m ∀ I t (or) m ∀ q vd mwpayhk;
12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia tpthp.
,uz;lhk; tpjp
kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;D}l;lk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw (m)
mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F (E) NeHjftpy; mikAk;.
m α E
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CuSO4 kw;Wk; AgNO3 Nghd;w ntt;NtW fiury;fs; nfhz;l ,U
kpd;gFg;Gf; fyq;fs;> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp
kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lUld; njhluhf
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhkpu kpd;thia CuSo4fiurypYk;;;>; nts;sp kpd;thia AgNo3fiurypYk; nrUf Ntz;Lk;.
vjpH kpd;tha;fis vLj;J ed;whf
Nja;j;Jf; fOtp> cyu itj;J gpwF mtw;wpd;
epiwfis fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp
rpwpJ Neuk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vjpHkpd;tha;fis ntspNa vLj;J
ed;whf fOtp> cyu itj;J gBe;j jhkpuk;
kw;Wk; nts;spapd; epiwfs; m1, m2fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
m1 E1,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.
m2 E2E1, E2 vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;.
/m ∀ E MFk;;;
13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;. njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiuay; - kpd;gFspahFk;
jhkpug; ghj;jpuk; - NeHkpd;tha;
Jj;jehf jz;L – vjpHkpd;tha;Ez; Jis ghz;lj;jpy; ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyk; Mf;]PfuzpahFk;.
Zn jz;L ePh;j;j H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpjUk;.
,J Ez; Jisfs; topNa nrd;W CuSO4y; Cu++ madpfis cUthf;fp jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Jj;jehf
jz;bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s NeHkpd;
madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,jdhy;
jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08 V ePz;l
Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juhJ.
14.nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;
njtpl;ba mNkhdpak FNshiuL fiury; - kpd;gF
jputk;
Jj;jehf jz;L vjpHkpd;tha;
khq;fdPR –il – Mf;i]by; fhHgd; jz;L>
%lg;gl;l Ez;Jis ghz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ NeHkpd;tha;
Zn + 2NH4 Cℓ 2NH3 + ZnCℓ2 + 2H+ +2e-
Mf;]p[Ndw;wj;jhy; Nfj;Njhby; Zn++madpfshfTk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshfTk;
khw;wkilAk;. Zn++madpfs; NH4Cℓ cld; tpidGhpe;J ZnCℓ2 Tk; mk;Nkhdpah
thATk; jUk;.
i`l;u[d; madpfs; Ez;Jis topNa MnO2 cld; tpidGhpe;J mtw;wpd;
NeHkpd;D}l;lk; fhHgd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gLk;.
fhHgd; kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ Zn ypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; C I mile;J mjd; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.
vdNt C apypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.,jd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A ,J njhlHr;rpahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; juhJ.
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115. fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyk;;; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md
ghj;jpuk; cs;sJ. ePu;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; - kpd;gF jputk;nkd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fhuPak; - vjpu;kpd;tha;fhuPa Mf;i]L - Neu;kpd;tha; kpd;fyd; ntspr;Rw;wpy;
,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ NfNjhby; Vw;gLk; Mf;]pINdw;w
tpidapy; fhuPak; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J
fhuPa ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jUk;.
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntspr;Rw;wpy; NfNjhbypUe;J
MNdhbw;Fr; nry;Yk;. vdNt> MNdhby;> Mf;]pId;
,wf;f tpid eilngWk;. MNdhby;> fhuPa Mf;i]L
fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl;il
jUk;NghJ> ,U vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG
kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2
Nthy;l; kpd;gFjputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 1.28.
7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;Gkw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;
16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.
,J xspkpd; tpisit Muha cjTk;
NrhjidahFk;.
ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l FthHl;]; Fkpo;
xd;wpDs; Nfj;NjhL C kw;Wk; MNdhL
A vd;w ,uz;L Jj;jehfj; jfLfs;
cs;sd.
jfLfs;> kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; czHTkpf;f
fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfotpy;iy).
fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;
tpyf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfo;fpwJ)
fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;
tpyf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs;
vjpHkpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwptpd;
tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.
MNdhLf;Fk;> Nfj;NjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;> gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd;
mjpHntz;izAk; epiyahf itj;J gLk;
fjpHtPr;rpd; ntwpit khw;wp> mjw;Fhpa xsp
kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhy;tdhkPl;lupy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
gLfjphpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;f> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;
NeHNfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ>
xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLk; fjphpd; nrwptpw;F
NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
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118. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.
Fwpg;gpl;l xu; cNyhfg;gug;gpw;F gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk;>
nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L>
jfLfSf;F ,ilNa jug;gLk;
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il (V) rhHe;J xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
khWghL fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
MNdhL (A)-f;Fj; jug;gLk; NeH kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ
xspkpd;Ndhl;lKk; mjpfhpj;J
njtpl;L epiyia milfpd;wJ.
MNdhL (A)-f;F vjpH kpd;dOj;jk;
mspj;jhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; cldbahf Rop kpjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.
vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; xsp
kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vjpH kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig
milfpd;wJ.
Xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpH
kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; (m) epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
xNu mjpHntz;Zf;F> njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;> fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwpTfSf;F
NeHj;jftpy; cs;sJ vd;gij tiuglk; fhl;LfpwJ.
epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk;> gLfjphpd; Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;Zf;F
nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y.
19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp
gLfjphpd; nrwpit epiyahf itj;J %d;W ntt;ntW jpHntz;fSf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;l V kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;
khWgLtij glk; fhl;LfpwJ.
gLfjphpd; mjpHntz; mjpfnkdpy; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; V0 d; kjpg;Gk;
mjpfk;.
xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ> mjpHntz;zpw;F
NeHj; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;; nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y vd mwpayhk;.
gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;Fk;> mjw;Fhpa epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
tiuglk; tiuAk; NghJ NeH;NfhL cUthFk;.
∃ 0 - vd;w mjpHntz;zpw;F fPNo epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;.
Xsp kpd; tpisT eilngwhJ. ,e;j mjpHntz; cNyhfj;jpd; gad;
njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mjpHntz;zpw;F Nky; xspkpd;
tpisT epfOk;.
Xspapd; nrwpT vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xsp
kpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpd;wNjh> me;j rpWk mjpHntz;> gad;
njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gL;k;;
ntt;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;F gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ntt;Ntwhdit.
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220. xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfis $W.
1. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT
mjpfk; ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk;
epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjpHntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz;
vdg;gLk;.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czHjpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F gLfjpH tPr;rpd;
mjpHntz;zhdJ gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
3. xspkpd; ckpo;T xU cldb epfo;thFk;. mjhtJ fjpHtPr;R gLtjw;Fk;
xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhyg; gpd;dilT ,Uf;fhJ.
4. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;F
NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; nrwptpidr; rhHe;jjy;y.
21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.
gLfjpu; tPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpYs;s xU vyf;l;uhDf;Fk;
,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpa nray; tpistpdhy; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
gLfjpH tPr;rpd; h∃ Mw;wy; nfhz;l xU /Nghl;lhd; cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy;
NkhJk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
1. gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wypd; xU gFjp cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; cNyhfj;jpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W
Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
2. Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff;
nfhLf;fg;gLk;. vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw m> jpirNtfk; V vdpy;
/Nghl;ldpd; Mw;wy; = ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; + vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;
h∃ = W + ½ mV2 . . . (1)
mf Nkhjy;fspy; Mw;wy; ,of;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; (h∃ – W)
vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vyf;l;uhdp;d; ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk;.
/ h∃ = W + ½ mV2
ngUkk;
. . . (2)
,J Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghL.
mjpHntz; ∃ > gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ∃ 0 tpw;F rkk; vdpy; vyf;l;uhdpd;
,af;f Mw;wy; RopahFk;.
/ h∃ 0 = W . . . (3)
(3) I (2) ,y; gpujpapl>h∃ - h∃ 0 = ½ mV2
ngUkk;
h(∃ - ∃ 0 ) = ½ mV2ngUkk;
,J Id;];Bd; xsp kpd; tpisT rkd;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU tbtk;.
22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.
ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ FthHl;]; Fohapy; rPrpak; Mf;i]L
G+rpa miu cUis tbt Nfj;NjhL jfL (C) kpd;fydpd; vjpHkpd; KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;. A vd;w MNdhL
gpshl;bdf; fk;gp xspkpd;fydpd; NeHKidAld; Nfj;NjhL
jfL (C) d; mr;rpy; mikAkhW itf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;.
jFe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk; NghJ
xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gl;L MNdhlhy; ftug;gl;L Vw;gLk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk;> xU ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; nfhz;L
msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xspapd;
nrwptpw;F NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
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223. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?
1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;> xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
3. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f cjTfpd;wd.
4. ntg;gepiy gw;wp MuhaTk;> tpz;kPd;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk;
xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
5. tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ> #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;
ngWtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd.
6. xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ik mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.
7. fjTfisj; jhdhf jpwf;fTk;> %lTk; gad;gLk; mikg;Gfspy;
xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
8. jpUlH mwptpg;G kzp> jP mwptpg;G kzpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.
Mw;wYf;fhd gpshq;fpd; rkd;ghl;ilAk; (miy)> Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bidAk;
(Jfs;)> b gpuhyp rkd;gLj;jpdhH.
gpshq;f; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> ∃ mjpHntz; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
Mw;wy; E = h∃ . . . (1)
,q;F h vd;gJ gpshq;f; khwpypId;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd;gb> m epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wy;
E = mC 2 . . . (2)
,q;F c vd;gJ xspapd; jpirNtfk;C h∃ = mC 2 vdpy;
%hC = mC 2 my;yJ % =
mCh
. . . (3) (#∃ = c/%)
v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; JfSf;F C = v vdpy;> rkd;ghL (3)ypUe;J
% = mVh =
Ph
. . . (4)
,q;F p = mv, Jfspd; ce;jkhFk;. ,e;jg; gUg;nghUspd; miyfs; kpf Nyrhdj;
Jfs;fSf;F kl;Lk; fzprkhd miyePsj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
NkYk; meVh
2#% vd vOjyhk;
25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.
etPd vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp vd;gJ vyf;l;uhd;
cl;GFk; tifapidr; rhHe;jJ. ,jpy; Fiwe;j
Ftpaj; njhiyT nfhz;l fhe;j nyd;Rfs; kP
caH cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.
& kpd;dpioahy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs;
vyf;l;uhd; Jg;ghf;fp vd;w mikg;gpdhy;
KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
& ,e;j nky;ypa vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Ftpf;Fk;
fhe;j nyd;R(A) topNa nrYj;jg;gl;L
,izf; fw;iwahf cUg;ngUf;f Ntz;ba
nghUs; kPJ tpOfpwJ.
& nghUis CLUTk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw
nghUspd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
fhe;jg; nghUsUF nyd;R (B) vyf;l;uhd;
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! fw;iwia thpf; fw;iwahf khw;wp nghUspd; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l
gpk;gj;jpid cz;lhf;Fk;.
! tPo;j;Jk; nyd;R (C) NkYk; gpk;gj;jpid cUg;ngUf;fp xspHjpiuapy;
cUthf;Fk;.
! ,g;gpk;gj;jpid xspHjpiuapy; Neubahf fhzyhk; (m) Gifg;glj; jfLfisf; nfhz;L epiyahd gjpTfis ngwyhk;.
! ,f;fUtp KOtJk; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
vvyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:
(i) njhopw;rhiyfspy;> E}ypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg;
G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfs; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg;
gad;gLfpd;wJ.
(ii) kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy;> itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
(iii) ,aw;gpaypy;> mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J
nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy;
me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg;
gw;wp mwpa ,e;j Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
njhlf;fj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s S kw;Wk S’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf; fUJNthk;. S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; jz;L xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s Ma;thsH O jz;bd; ePsj;ij ∀0 vd mstpLfpd;whH.
S’ Fwpg;ghak;> NeHFwp X-mr;rpd; jpirapy;
v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;NghJ> s-y; cs;s Ma;thsuhy; jz;bd; ePsk; ∀ vd mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;NghJ 2
2
0 1Cvll #∃
mjhtJ ∀ < ∀0vdNt> Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsiug; nghUj;J v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;
jz;bd; ePsk;> ,af;f jpirapy; 2
2
1Cv
#
vd;w msT FWf;fkilAk;. ,J nyhud;l;];- gpl;];n[uhy;L (Lorentz – Fitzgerald)FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpf Ntfkhd efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs;
xd;W ePs;tl;lkhfj; njhpAk;.
27. fhy ePl;bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
S kw;Wk; s’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; S’ Fwpg;ghak; S Ig; nghWj;J
v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; Neu;jpir X mr;rpy; ,aq;Ftjhff;
nfhs;Nthk;.
S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s xU fbfhuk; t0 fhy ,ilntspapy; iriffisntsptpLtjhff; fUJNthk;. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s Ma;thsu;,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspiaf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mtuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp
t vdpy;>
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2
2
0
1CV
tt
#
∃
mjhtJ> t > t0 S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsUf;F fhy
,ilntsp
2
2
1
1
CV
#
mstpw;F ePz;L fhzg;gL;k;.
mjhtJ> ,e;j Ma;thsUf;F> ,af;f epiyapy; cs;s fbfhuk; nkJthf
nry;tjhf Njhd;Wk;. ,J fhy ePl;bg;G vdg;gLk;.
28. Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.
Xa;T epiw m0 nfhz;l nghUspd; kPJ F vd;w tpir X-jpirapy;nray;gLtjhff; fUJNthk;. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb. tpirahdJ ce;j
khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.
mjhtJ )mv(dtdF ∃ . . . (1)
rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb> epiwAk; jpirNtfKk; khwpfshFk;. vdNt
dtdmv
dtdvmF %∃ … (2)
F vd;w tpirahy; nghUs; mile;j ,lg;ngaHr;rp dx vdpy;> nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G.
d Ek = F dx
mjhtJ F = (m dtdv + v
dtdm ) dx
= m dv dtdx +v dm
dtdx
dEk = m v d v + v 2dm . . . (3)
Id;];Bdpd; rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb
2
20
Cv1
mm
#
∃
22
2202
vCCmm
#∃
m2C 2 - m2v2 = m02C 2
tiff;nfO fhz>
C 2 2m dm - v2 2m dm - m2 2v dv = 0. C 2dm = mv dv + v2 dm . . . (4)
rkd;ghLfs; (3) kw;Wk; (4)I xg;gpl> dEk = C 2 dm . . . (5)
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vdNt> ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; khWghL dEk epiw khWghl;bw;F (dm) NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. nghUs; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> jpirNtfk; Rop. kw;wk;
m = m0nghUspd; jpirNtfk; v vDk;NghJ mjd; epiw m MFk;. vdNt rkd;ghL (5)I
&KE
KdE0
= C2 &m
m
dm0
Ek = C 2 (m – m0) = mC 2 - m0C 2
,J ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd rhHgpay; rkd;ghL MFk;. m0 vd;gJ Xa;Tepiw
kw;Wk m0C 2 vd;gJ mf Mw;wy;. (Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy; my;yJ Xa;T
Mw;wy;)
/ nkhj;j Mw;wy; = ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; + Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy;;
E = Ek + m0C 2
= mC 2 - m0C 2 + m0C 2
E = mC 2
,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFk;.
29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wpp
tpthpf;fTk;.
epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;. ,Nj Nghy; Mw;wiy epiwahf khw;w
KbAk;. ,JNt epiw Mw;wy; ,izkhw;W vdg;gLfpwJ.
epiwAila Jfs;fis epiw RopahFkhW khw;w KbAk;. ,Njg; Nghd;W
epiwaw;w Jfs;fis epiwAila Jfs;fshf khw;w KbAk;.
mjhtJ epiw Mw;wyhf khWk;. mNjg; Nghy; Mw;wy; epiwahf khWk;.
(v.fh.)
jdpj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; khwhJ.
vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J (epiwAs;sit) ,U /Nghl;lhd;fs;
cUthFk; (epiwaw;wit).
Mw;wy; kpf;f /Nghl;lhd; (Rop epiw) xd;W vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; Nrhbia
(epiwAs;sit) cUthf;Fk;.
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110 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;
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ttpilfs;
1 < 2 , 3 M 4 < 5 < 6 M
7 < 8 M 9 M 10 M 11 m 12 ,
13 < 14 m 15 m 16 m 17 < 18 ,
19 m 20 M 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 M
25 < 26 < 27 m 28 m 29 M 30 m
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