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cws~PIJBRA~y - -
INTERNATIONAL ~FFE~J~4f~E C~4T~FOR COMMUNITY WATER 8Upp~~ANSSANITATION (IRC~
ACTION RESEARCH STUDYON RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Project Report 2
CommunityWater Supply & SanitationProjectMinistry of Housing,Construction& Public Utilities
213. O—95AC—13157
L INLiLKUMIN - a Nug. i~
cwss P
• The CommunityWater Supply and Sanitation Projectis an initiative of the Government of Sri Lanka withthe support of the World Bank.
• The CWSS Programme Unit located within theMinistry of Housing, Construction & Public Utilitiescoordinates the project. The Regional Directorates inBadulla, Matara and Ratnapura, support PartnerOrganizations and Community Based Organizationsin implementing their projects.
• CWSSP supports improvements in water supply andsanitation for approximately 650,000 rural people in2,500 villages and 17 small towns in Badulla,Matara, Ratnapura and Monaragala Districts.
• Some 1 600 schools in these districts will be eligiblefor support to improve personal hygiene throughschool water supply and sanitation, and hygieneeducation.
• CWSSP works with over 80 partner organizations(NGOs, co-operatives, government and quasi-government bodies) to support, motivate, organizeand train communities to implement and managetheir own water supply and sanitation schemes.
ADDRESS
DirectorCommunity Water Supply & Sanitation ProjectMinistry of Housing, Construction & Public UtilitiesP.O. Box 30,Battaramulla, SRI LANKA
Tel: (01) 872 1411812 142Fax: (01) 872 143
LIBRARY, INTER~ATV~’jA~REFERENCECFNTR~Ec: ~, ‘~ ~Y WATER SUPPLY.Ar.) ~t-u. L.~ 9 09 AD Th~H:~qu~Tel. (0.03 81 L~’LI ~t 141f142
LO:
S — — — a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
cw~sP
ACTION RESEARCH STUDYON RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Co-o,dinatd i~ Y.2~.(Thaua) JJapu~oda
p:~~ATIt~~~ ~ 1, /995
~r% TI...—
~‘~) 8~49 11 ext. 1411142 -
H:
Project Report 2
CommunitY Water Supply & Sanitation ProjectMinistry of Housing, Construction & Public Utilities
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‘2~thkof Contents ________________
PAGE
1. Abstract 6
2. Preface 7
3. Executive Summary 8
4. Introduction 14
4.1 Purpose4.2 Study Area4.3 Methodology4.4 Collection of Data4.5 Field Visit4.6 Construction
5. Statusof RainwaterHarvesting 16
5.1 Iriyagama5.2 Bandarawela5.3 Galle5.4 Kundasale5.5 Peradeniya
6. RainwaterHarvestingOption 20
6.1 Advantagesand Disadvantagesof Rain Water HarvestingSystems
6.2 Feasibility6.2.1 Rain Fall6.2.2 Water Demand6.2.3 Water Supply
6.3 Economics6.3.1 Cost Scenario
6.4 Social
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6.5 Design6.5.1 Dry SeasonDemand Versus Supply Method6.5.2 Mass Curve Analysis Method
6.5.2.1 Design Example6.5.2.2 Rain Region Graph
6.6 Construction6.6.1 Roof Catchment6.6.26.6.36.6.46.6.5
7. Technical Options Tested 457.1 Ferro-CementTank7.2 Brick Dome Tank7.3 CementJar
8. Pilot Projects 518.1 Medawatugoda,Ratnapura8.2 Dematawelhinna,Badulla8.3 DorsarKanda, Matara
9. Conclusion and Recommendations 569.1 Technical9.2 Economic9.3 Social9.4 Design9.5 Construction9.6 Quality
SurfaceCatchment
Gutter SystemStorageTankWater Extraction Device
I
AnneXes
lA. Terms of Reference
1. List of Main Document Consulted
2. Monthly Rain Fall Data of10 Regionsin Badulla11 Regions in Ratnapura5 Regionsin Matara
3. 5W Ferro-CementTank Drawing
4. Table with quantitiesand costsof SW Ferro-CementTank
5. 5W Brick Dome Tank Drawing
6. Table with Quantitiesand Cost of SW Brick Dome Tank.
7. Map Showing Location of relevant Meteorological stations at Badulla,Ratnapuraand MataraDistricts.
8. Rain RegionGraphsA - Badulla (City) IB - Haputale } Badulla DistrictC - Kolonne ]D - Ratnapura (City) ] Ratnapura DistrictE - Ambilipitiya ]F - Kekenadora }G - AninKanda } MataraDistrict
9. Storageto CatchmentGraphsR - Badulla (City) }Q - Haputale } Badulla DistrictT - Ratnapura (City) ]0 - Ambilipitiya ] Ratnapura DistrictS - Kekenadora }P - AninKanda } MataraDistrict
II
10. DryxWzUNYV
SeasonSupply to Catchment GraphsBadulla (City) }Haputale }Ratnapura(City) ]Amhilipitiya jKolonne
Kekenadora }AninKanda }
Badulla District
RatnapuraDistrict
MataraDistrict
1.1 1W Cement Jar Drawing
Article on AsbestosRoofing andSafety.
Table with Quantitiesand Cost of 1.1W CementJar.
Material and Cost Break Down of 5, 8 and lOW Brick Dome Tank.
ProjectedSourceCoverageMaps
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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Abbrevii~Uons
CBO ConhinunttyBasedOr/JanIzattonCR0 CommlLnhtyRelattonsOfficer
CRO/T CoJnlnunttyReliitions/Techntcalofficer
CWSSP ComniunttyWater SuyyI~y& SanttattonProjectDD/T DeyutyDirector/Technical
G.I. Galvanized iron
ITDG internationalTechnolo/JyDevelopmentGroup
LPCD Liters per capita per day
M3 cubic MeterNERD National En/Jineerin~5Researchand Developmnent Cenfre
P0 Partner or/Jiznizatton
PVC Poly Vinyl chlorineQiy OJ~antity
R.C. Ran off coefficient
R.F. Rain Fall
Rs . Sri Lanka ~upees(Rs = 0.02 uS$ In June 95)TO Technicalofficer
TSC Technicalsupport celluv ultra violet
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1. Alistract
Rain water harvesting is becoming an important option for underserved householdsand communities in Sri Lanka. Many areas in Sri Lanka offer a good potential for theintroduction of rainwater harvesting, however as many people do not appreciate thepotential of rainwater harvesting for domestic and drinking water purpose thistechnology is undervalued.
A policy for the Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project is formulated toenhance the application of rain water harvesting methods.
In rain water harvesting reliability of the supply depends on the size of the catchmentarea - often the roof -, the volume of the storage tank and the management of thedaily consumption, all in relation to the local rainfall pattern. The study attempts todevelop a suitable technical and economical solution to the storage of drinking water,and as a result proposes brick dome and ferrocement as the two most economicaloptions.
Quality of rain water in storage is addressed on the basis of a literature study. Mapsare provided indicating areas of high suitability for rain water harvesting.
—
Recommendations are given in respect of further trials and field level monitoring.Promotion and awareness raising for greater appreciation of rain water harvesting isadvocated.
~ . . Pp6
&/i/C/A?.p0ri.rwILA/u,u41 7, /995 9:09am
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2. Preface
This report has been drafted in the framework of the World Bank financedCommunity Water Supply & Sanitation Project, executed by the Ministry of Housing,Construction & Public Utilities, Sri Lanka.
The need to assess the feasibility of rainwater harvesting as an water supply optionspecially for low income households located at places where no other viable optionis available, has always existed. It is an appropriate time to do this study as a numberof water supply schemes under CWSSP with no traditional options, continue toincrease.
Given the time frame of just three months for the preparation of this report includingtrial construction at places upto 200 km away from the Head Office and the limitedoffice facilities, some issues may not be dealt with in sufficient depth. Future studiesmay be able to correct any such deficiencies.
Numerous persons were involved with the study and their friendly response andcooperation significantly contributed to the formulation of this report. They includethe TSC Manager Mr. Han Heijnen and the staff of CWSSP at Head Office, RegionalOffices in Matara, Badulla and Ratnapura and the NERD Centre, Ja-Ela.
The co-operation of UNICEF, ITDG, SARVODAYA, the Faculty of EngineeringPeradeniya, Residents of Rahaspokuna, Mr. Pigera of Bandarawela, Residents oflriyagama and the Principal of Paradise School Ratnapura need special mention. Theconsultant is deeply indebted to all of them.
A special thank you to Ms. Samanthika de Silva for computer analyzing the data andtyping the report.
MJd.~flarv&~1~n~, Pap 7Sd4/Cñ~’.porLrwIL4~
2~317, /995 9.O9am
3. EXecutive
Introduction
An Action Research Study on Rain Water Harvesting was commissioned in January1995 by CWSSP as part of its Research and Documentation Program.
Rainwater Harvesting appears to be the only option remaining for a number of watersupply schemes, under CWSSP with no traditional options. This applies to all threedistricts where C\,VSSP is working: Matara, Badulla & Ratnapura.
The objective of the study was to design and construct low cost rain water harvestingstorage tanks and to gather existing experience in Sri Lanka on rainwater harvesting,in order to investigate the possibility to conduct Pilot Projects to developrecommendations and guidelines for the in-corporation of the rain water harvestingoption in the CWSSP.
The study comprised of four main steps:
1. Design and construction of trial tanks.2. Visits to existing rainwater harvesting places in Sri Lanka.3. Field visits to selected pilot project villages.4. The collection and analysis of rainfall data.
Status of Rain Water Harvesting in Sri Lanka
Presently there is no planned rainwater harvesting program in Sri Lanka.
Local investigation reveals
- that rainwater harvesting for domestic consumption is currently in practicein Sri Lanka.
- that a section of potential consumers are looking for appropriate technologyto harvest and store rain water.
- that a section of potential consumers are not sure about rainwater harvesting.They are concerned about the quality and reliability of rain water.
Rain Water Harvesting as an OptionTechnical potential for rain water harvesting exists every where in the island where
a suitable catchment is available.
Economic feasibility varies from place to place. It is a reasonable option where,
- Water bills are high
kain M/d~,JIaI.(~silin~ [1a~g 8
7, /993 9•O9~
- Traditional technical options are not economically feasible.
- Operation and maintenance of traditional methods are a major concern.
In the CWSSP rainwater harvesting is specially relevant in some 30% of the totalprojected project coverage where tube wells and pump systems are, envisaged, or inareas high up in the hills where there are no springs.
Various Technical Options Tested
- CWSSP criteria on rainwater collecting tanks system requires that a five cubicmeter tank be built to cost below Rs. 5,400/- excluding unskilled labour.
Three types of storage tanks were studied:
Tyre Capacity
Brick Dome 5M3Ferro-Cement 5M3Cement Jar 1 M3
These were designed and constructed. Construction indicates that:
- The brick dome tank can be constructed to meet this criteria.
- The ferro cement tank constructed, using the cost lowering method, wassuccessful in bringing the standard cost of a 5m3 ferro cement tank down bya impressive 50%. It is anticipated that with a few more trials the cost couldbe brought down further to meet CWSSP criteria, by reducing skill labourtime.
J/a,u~n, .7 .~. Pap 9
SIJC/P.porLiwIa/Au~u~i17, /995 9:09am
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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TANKS
Type of Tank Total Cost!M3 (1995)
Advantages Disadvantages Rural LevelConstructIon
Rs.
Brick Dome ‘1318 - Can be built to any - Tank is under - With a shortcapacity from 2 - 10M3 ground level training rural
- Can easily be - Need a pump to masons can builtmaintained & repaired extract water the tanks withat çural level. - Difficult to empty locally available
- Dome roof prevents for cleaning, material.contamination - Risk of falling in by I
- Water wasted isminimum due to
children, animals,etc.
iextraction of water bypump
Ferro-Cement 1468 - Can be built upto 5M3 - Difficult to built - With the use of a(Pumpkin Shape) capacity, larger than 5M3 simple low cost
- Easy to maintain at rural - The full tank is mould possible tolevel, visible build at rural level
- Water is well protected - Water might get with availableagainst outside wasted from the tap. materials.contamination.
- Convenientto takewater from a gravity fedtap or siphon pipe
- Safe for children andanimals
CementJar 1874 - Easy to maintain & - Difficult to built - Possible to buildrepair at rural level, larger than 2M3 at rural level, with
- Water is well protected capacity. available material.against outside - Need number of jarscontamination, for a house.
- Safe for children & - Takes too muchanimals, ground space to
keep.
Pilot Project
Three places from the three districts were identified to do pilot projects. They are:
Dematawelhinna - Badulla District
Medawatugoda Upper Sec.
Omal~e - Ratnapura District
Dorsar Kanda - Matara District
!<~a1n Wa!., JIa,vgj&n9 Pap /0
7, 1995 9:09am
At Dematawelhinna and Madawatugoda rainwater harvesting is technicallyand economically feasible to improve the present status of water supply.However supply per day will be less than 2OLPCD from smaller catchmentroofs during the dry spell in a ten year dry year. Graphs X and N depicts thesescenarios. Bar graphs 3-1 & 3-2 gives the daily supply scenarios, possiblefrom a well managed system consisting of a 60M2 (R.C.-O.8) catchment & 5M3storage tank for Dematawelhinna & Madawatugoda respectively in a normalyear.
Bar Graph 3.1 & 3.2
500
500
400
300S
4J
-j
200
100
0
Donmtaweliii nba
~ Mec1awatugod~
At Dorsarkanda available roofs are mostly covered with thatch and are notsuitable for rainwater harvesting. To do rainwater harvesting here suitablecatchment must be constructed.
Most householders have taken house-building loans recently and have startedto build better houses with permanent roofs, suitable as catchments.
Once suitable catchment is available rainwater harvesting becomestechnicallyand economically feasible to improve the present status of water supply GraphY gives the dry season supply to the catchment area scenario in a ten year dryyear.
Bar graph 3-3 gives the daily supply scenario, possible from a well managedsystem consisting of a 6DM
2 catchment & 5M3 storage tank for Dorsarkandain a normal year.
I~~ainWa!., J/~&n, Pap //SJO9~aport.rwI~Au~u
4t7, 1995 9:09ar,t
Bar Graph 3 3
Dcrsarkanda
Conclusion and Recommendations
1. There is adequate social acceptance of rainwater harvesting as a source ofwater in areas, where there is no adequate or sustainable fresh-water sourcewithin reasonable distance. However a vast majority of the potentialbeneficiaries do not understand the full benefits of rainwater harvesting.
It is recommended to conduct an awareness campaign under the CWSSPtargeted to potential consumers.
2. The study recommends the design and construction of the three pilot projectalready identified at Badulla, Ratnapura and Matara. By monitoring theseprojects after construction, to evaluate the technical economic and socialaspects experience can be gained which in turn can be used to train the TOof Partner Organization in design and construction of rainwater harvestingsystems.
3. The study recommends continued construction of ferro-cement tanks andCement Jars with suggested improvements to bring down the cost to fallwithin the CWSSP cost criteria. These can be done at Regional Level.
a
-J
350 —
300 -
250 -
200
150 -
100 -
50 -
0— i..L: ~lFebI~pr
Jan liar MayJun Au~
Ju~ SepOct D~c
Nov
kain Wa!., JJa~’v.i/in~ Pap /2
7, 1995 9:09am
4. From literature referred, the study concludes that the rainwater collected off
G.I. SheetClay Tile &Asbestos
made catchment is suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes.However, the first flush of water after the dry season should be discarded. Toavoid any environmental problems, tank should be made mosquito proof.
ULi., JJa,u.4~fl~ [)
Sf1 ~ 7, 1995 9.O9am
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
4. introduction
The time has come where serious consideration should be given to rainwaterharvesting. In the dry zone as well as in the wet zones of Sri Lanka many areas thatare potentially suitable for rainwater harvesting remain undeveloped. Rural poorinhabitants of these areas continue to use highly polluted water or suffer from lackof any water, for most basic needs, resulting in high incidence of water relateddiseases.
At the recommendation of the National Steering Committee, an Action Study on RainWater Harvesting in Sri Lanka was started by the CWSSP at the end of Jan’ 95. It isan appropriate time to do this study as the number of water-supply schemes underC’~’VSSPwith no traditional options, continues to increase.
The study involved an investigation phase, focused on obtaining and studying pastand current published literature on the subject both local and foreign, and visits tosites where rainwater harvesting is currently practiced in Sri Lanka. Investigationswere followed by a note for discussion, giving the preliminary options on rainwaterharvesting by the Consultant.
Technical personnel of the CWSSP contributed at the discussion. As a result CWSSPaccepted as a policy to
1. promote rainwater as a domestic supply where other acceptable sources arenot feasible due to technical, maintenance or economic reasons.
2. to ensure that rainwater would prove an acceptable alternative, CWSSPadopted the strategy to improve the existing situation to a reasonable level.i.e. to supply a minimum of 20 Ipcd during the dry season.
3. develop affordable Rainwater storage tanks
These strategic considerations and the objectives as stated in the Terms of Referencefor the consultant guided the study. (See Annex 1A)
4.1 Purpose
The action research aimed to
1. design and construct a 5 cubic meter storage tank system to cost lessthan Rs. 5400/- excluding unskilled labour cost.
2. make appropriate recommendations for the incorporation of rainwaterharvesting option in the CWSSP.
3. prepare training material so as to transfer skills to CWSSP technical staff.
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4.2 Study Area
The study area covers the CWSSPProject area which comprises the Districtsof Badulla, Ratnapura and Matara. However, the recommendations could beadapted to any part of Sri Lanka.
4.3 Methodology
The research study comprised of the following steps.
4.3.1 Desk studies
- Preparation of a work plan for the study
- A review of published literature on the subject covering local and foreignsources.
- An analysis of rainfall data.
- Design of tank including preparation of drawings and bill of quantities.
- Study of literature on rain water quality.
4.3.2 Collection of data
- Collection of data on rainfall from the Meteorological DepartmentColombo.
4.3.3 Field Visit
- Survey the existing rainwater harvesting experiences.
- Assess the level of interestldemand for rainwater harvesting from potential
consumers within CWSSParea.
4.3.4 Construction
- Construction of a 5M3 Brick dome tank at Badulla
- Construction of a 5M3 Ferrocement trial tank at Ratnapura
- Construction of a 1 M3 Cement Jar at NERD Centre Ja-Ela.
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7, 1995 9:09am
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5. Statusof itain Water 1-larvesunô In Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka one can trace the evidence of rainwater harvesting back to the fifthcentury.
For instance, the network of storage reservoirs, swimming pools artificial streams andbaffling fountains of the 5th Century rock fort of Sigiriya relied totally on rainwaterharvesting. Agriculture also relied mainly on irrigation through cleverly designed,surface storage tanks (wewas).
In recent years many of this rain water collection skills have become obsolete.People now often rely on reticulated, central systems for drinking water supply andirrigation. So, presently Sri Lanka cannot claim a well planned rainwater harvestingprogram.
Local Investigations reveal however that
- rainwater harvesting for domestic consumption is currently in practice in SriLanka.
- a section of potential consumers are looking for appropriate technology toharvest and store rain water.
- a section of potential consumers are not sure about rainwater harvesting.
Details of a Few Selected Visits
5.1 lriyagama
The residents of Iriyagama situated close to the Kandy Road at Peradeniyaused mainly rain water before the town water supply system was put intooperation. One housewith a roof area of about 200 sq. meters has three 7000liter tanks, made of masonry. This system built about sixty years ago is ~tiIlusable. The residents had adequate water for all their domestic uses when thesystem was in use. The Bible School at Iriyagama too used rain water as theonly source while running a 35 student hostel. Hosteliers were not allowedto bath with this water.
At present the town relies almost totally on the town’s pipe water supply astheir main source of water. This is unfortunate. Rainwater harvesting systemsif re-used can be a useful additional source of water. However, as long as thetown supply continue to supply government subsidized cheap water theinterest of the resident to re-use the rainwater harvesting systems will be low.
R414 Wa!., J~/an,.~I&n~ Pap 16
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5.2 Bandarawela
Mr. Pigera of Bandarawela, a retired police officer, built an a undergroundcistern to store rainwater in 1982. This rectangular cistern is 3 meter deep andholds about 18000 liters. The catchment roof, is approximately 180 M2. Thetank is made by simply plastering the sides of the pit with cement mortar, andall the work was done by the unskilled members of the family. This cisternhas served up to four families in the past. This is the best water supplysolution for people in the hills, says Mr. Pigera who got the idea from a friendin South India. In dry parts of South India where it rains only a few monthsper year harvesting rainwater has a long history, according to Mr. Pigera.
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5.3 Galle
At the peak of the Buona Vista Hill, Galle a rainwater harvesting system isunder construction. On completion rain water from part of the very large roofwill fill into a 18000 liters. re-inforced concrete covered tank. The over flowfrom this tank is directed to a 90,000 liters open tank, through undergroundlocally fabricated 30 cm diameter concrete pipes. The estimated cost for thissystem is about five hundred thousand rupees.
The Peak of Buona Vista Hill, has long suffered from lack of water. The rainwater harvesting system design was proposed after an effort to supply waterwith tube wells and other means failed, said Mr. Lakshman Welikala, theCivil Engineer responsible for this design. The design was presented at theTokyo International Rainwater Utilization conference in 1994.
Mr. Pigera & the water system. (Hapugoda)
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5.4 Kundasale
Low income families at Ahaspokuna Village in Kundasale, have on their ownbuilt 1400 - 1800 liter tanks out of home burnt mud bricks. Out of the sevenhouses visited six of them had some form of permanent roofs. The gutterswere standard pvc gutters. They have improvised a cheap polythene pipe tolead the water from the gutter into the tank. The roof area in most houseswas over 40 m2, and some tanks were said, never to go dry. A women in oneof the houses was keen to add that they are very careful with water, as theypay up to Rs. 350 per 5000 liter bowser. At one house, a low level secondtank built adjoining the main tank, collected some of the waste water forbathing, washing, etc. This is depicted in the front cover graphic. This wateris re-used in the water-seal toilets. A recent aid project helped the inhabitantsto build these toilets. The village households have collected and usedrainwater for the last five years. Most tanks leak after about five years,however these can be repaired easily by replastering the inside.
None of the tanks had covers resulting in mosquito nuisance. One owner hadsome fish in the water, said to prevent mosquito breeding. The general viewis that rain water is acceptable as a water source. However the cost ofbuilding tanks to store it is too costly. One family said they were willing tospend up to Rs. 10000/- in installments to build storage tanks, if they can storeenough water for their domestic use.
Typical System at Kundasale (Hapugoda)
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5.5 Peradeniya
The residence of the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University ofPeradeniya has an 2.40 meter high 30 cubic meter ferro-cement tank to storerainwater from an approximately 200 square meter area of his house roof.The water is pumped into a two cubic meter overhead tank and used for alldomestic purposes including washing clothes by machine, Eight adults livehere. An elaborate two-pump system to pump water from a well, locatedabout one hundred meters lower in elevation, backs up the rainwaterharvesting system. However this is rarely used. The tank costs about Rs.10000 in 1992. The Professor is very pleased and proud of the system.
(Hap ugoda)
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6. Ruin Water Ht1nTestui~as an Ojuon.
6.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Rain-Water HarvestingSystems.
Advantages and disadvantages of rainwater harvesting vary depending mainlyon the rainfall pattern, catchment area, storage capacity and user demand, ofa situation. General advantages and disadvantages are given below.
Advantages
• the quality of rainwater can be kept high with simple precautions.
• systems can be independent
• local materials and skills can be used for the construction of the systems.
• maintenance can be done by the user.
• water is available at the dwelling, this saves time in collecting water.
~r / / /
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Rain Wa!., JIa,v,5!1n9 ~a9~20
7, 1995 9:09am
• during rainy periods a highlevel of domestic service can be expected asthere is adequate water collected.
disadvantages
• High initial capital cost.
• available water is limited by rainfall and catchment area.
• water has a flat taste due to lack of minerals.
• lack of minerals in the water may cause nutrition deficiencies.
• the user must learn to ration the use of water during the dry season.
6.2. Feasibility
At the Project Development Phase, once there is doubt that traditional water-supply systems are not feasible due, to technical, economic or social reasons,consideration of the feasibility of rainwater harvesting can be initiated.
In the CWSSPthe choice of technology must suite remote rural communities.Construction must be possible by locally available materials and skills. In anumber of hilly areas available water supply options are tube wells or highhead pump systems. Both can be poor choices. To construct tube wellsexternal expensive technical inputs are needed. Some times lack of properroads make it very difficult for rigs to get to the right place. Pump systemsneed fuel or electricity on a continuous basis. Their maintenance need fundsand skilled personal.
In the existing in pump schemes under CWSSP, it is seen that paying for wateron a regular basis is difficult for the beneficiaries who in many cases do nothave a regular income.
Communal pump pipe schemes and tube well systems create social problemsdue to their communal nature. In most villages there are political, social andeconomic differences that trickle down into the management of communalwater systems. Water right issues, such as the owner of the land where thesprings are, located may protest, here too rainwater harvesting can be thechoice to prevent further delays.
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6.2.1 Rain fall
Sri Lanka is divided into two major zones, wet and dry. The dry zoneoccupies the majority of the land area. (65°Ioof total land area). The dry zonegets the rain fall from North-East monsoon from November through April andthe wet zone gets the rain from May through October mainly. (see figure 1).
Reliable rainfall data is required when determining the supply from thesystem. Rainfall data for about the last 10 year period is preferable. Thisinformation can be obtained from the Colombo Meteorological Office.
If rain-fall data for a particular area is not available by identifying the area inthe 1” contour maps at the Meteorological Office, monthly rainfall data canbe obtained from the climatically closest station to this area.
For design purposes it is important to obtain monthly rainfall data. The Met:office sells one year monthly rain fall data at Rs. 1 5/- (1995). A computer printout on daily rain fall data too is available for sale.
A monthly rainfall data for selected stations relevant to the study is given inAnnex 2. Figure I gives mean annual rainfall for the entire country.
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rmn>5000
_______- -~- - 750-5000Figure I
3125-3750
2500 - 3125
Ii~I iiiII I I~I
‘J111i
• • S
• . .• . .
+
x )~(
R4in W4t.~JIa,v.ün9 Par. 23
Sh/O~por!.rwAKgca/ 7, 1993 9:09am
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6.2.2 Water Demand
In a household water is used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and washing. Inrural areas under the CWSSP each person may use between 45 to 120 litersper day, if there is no restriction.
The supply from a rainwater harvesting system takes place in a variablemanner depending on the rainfall pattern of a place. In the wet season in anormal year (about 6 months of the year) it can supply upto six times the dryseason supply. In this way where a dry season demand is 20 liters per personper day, during half the year the demand can go up to 120 liters per personper day.
The next step involves estimating the total annual demand and comparing itwith the supply possible from the relevant rainwater catchment area. If thesupply exceeds the demand rainwater harvesting is technically feasible.
Table 6 - 1 sites examples with different rainfall average and roof catchmentareas.
Table 6.1
Annual AverageRainfall
mmL
Roof Area
M~
Run offCoefficient
Annual AverageSupply
M1
Annual MinimumDemand
M5
Feasibility
1300 40 0.8 41.6 36.5 Feasible
1300 20 0.8 20.8 36.5 Demand toohigh
1750 20 0.8 28 36.5 Demand toohigh
1750 30 0.8 42 36.5 Feasible
3500 14 0.8 39.2 36.5 Feasible i
If the supply is less than demand, then a possible solution includes increasingthe catchment area, or reducing the demand for rainwater by limiting it usesto say, drinking and cooking.
6.2.3 Water Supply
Graphs U,V,W,X,Y,Z (Annex 10) give possible driest (in a ten year period)season supplies in liters per day from a 5 m3 storage for catchment areas upto200 sqr. mtrs. for selected six meteorological station regions in Badulla,Matara and Ratnapura districts.
Rain Wa!., J/a,L,~~&nf Pat. 24
7, 1995 9.O9am -
I
II
Table 6.2 is prepared using the above graphs. The catchment area is selectedas 60M2.
Table 6-2
Dctrict
‘
Roof AreaM~
StorageM3
Dry season supply In liters from one roofper day
Z
lnaareawtthhighaverage
annual/rainfall
Inaareawithiowaverage annual
rainfall i
Matara 60 5 150 (Aninkanda) 65 (Kekenadora)
Ratnapura 60 5 125 (Ratnapura) 48 (Ambilipitiya) .
Badulla 60 5 77 (Haputale) 62 (Badulla)~.
Minimum water-supply volumes are for the driest months of the driest year,in a ten year period. Water-supply can go up to six times these amountsduring the remaining months depending on how wet it is.
Table 6 - 3 gives the possible daily supplies, in different months, from a wellmanaged system with a 60M2 catchment and 5M3 tank, at Ambilipitiya in theRatnapura district, in a normal year.
In all other regions in the three districts, it is possible to get a better level ofservice than at Ambilipitiya from a well managed rain water harvesting systemas rainfall at Ambilipitiya is among the lowest in the three districts.
Table 6-3
Ambilipitiya in a Normal Year [ System 60M2 catchment 5M3 Storage I
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
MonthlymeanR.F.
75.9 66.9 120 153 112 44 55 41 71.8 201 243 160
MonthlySupply M3[Catchment60M2 R.c. 0.8]
3.6 3.2 5.8 7.3 5.4 2.1 2.6 2 3.4 9.7 11.7 7.7
Taken from themonths supplyM3~
3 3 5.8 7.3
0
3 2.1
+ .9
2.6
+ .4
2 3 9.7 11.7 7.7
Taken fromother monthlysupply M3
0 0 0 -2.3 + 1 0 0 0 0
Possible 100 100 190 240 100 100 100 100 100 315 384 250Supply in aday in Liters
Conclusion: In a normal year, if the tank is half full at the end of May, this catchment can supply 100liters per day throughout the dry season months upto September. This is a very reasonablelevel of service for a area as dry as Ambilipitiya.
Rain 14/a!., JIan’.41n9 Pap 25
7, 1995 9:09am
Dec
II
6.3. EconomicsInitial per capita capital cost of a rainwater harvesting system is high, in
relation to other types of water supply systems.
A typical rainwater harvesting systems consist of
1. Suitable roof catchment2. Gutter & down pipe system3. A storage tank of adequate size.4. Device to extract water from the tank.
Normally, the catchment will be an existing roof and gutters & down pipes.These are considered part of the building.
The major cost being in the construction of tanks, the economic analysis givenbelow refer to the cost of tank construction.
6.3.1 Cost Scenario
Graphs O,P,Q,R,S,T (Annex - 9) give the required tank storage volumes forroofareas upto 200 square meters in 6 selected Meteorological Station regionsin the three district of Badulla, Ratnapura and Matara.
Graphs O,P,Q,R,S,T takes into account monthly rainfall variation of a ten yearperiod. Tank storage volume is the requirement for the ten year dry year.
Graphs A,B,D,E,F,G (Annex - 8) prepared by mass curve analysis (numericalmethod) were used to prepare the graphs O,P,Q,R,S,T.
Table 6.4
District Roof AreaM2
MinimumSupply froma roof per
daylit (M3/YR)
Storage required in Cubic Meters
Station with highAvg Annual R.F.
.
Station with LowAvg. Annual
Rainfall
Matara 60 100 (36.5) (Aninkanda) 0.6 (Kekenadora) 9.5
Ratnapura 60 100 (36.5) (Ratnapura) 2.5 (Ambilipitiya) 17.5
Badulla 60 100 (36.5) (Haputale) 6.75 (Badulla) 12.5
Runoff coefficient — 0.8
If five persons live in a house with a suitable roof catchment area of 6aM2 andeach person requires supply of 20 lit per day, the annual required supply is36.5 cubic meters.
Where the roof area is taken as 60M2 Table 6.4 gives required storage valueswithin each district.
Rain Wa/a,. ~(in, Pap 26
7, /995 9:09am
eg. At Matara district required volume is approximately from 0.6 to 11 cubicmeters depending on the rainfall of the area. At Rs. 1 .25 per lit forconstructing a storage tanks, costs per house of 6DM2 catchment roofvaries between 750 to Rs. 13,750.
Comment: Storage values given in Table 6.4 are for the 10 year driest year. In a normal yearthe level of service improves considerably, as can be seen from Table 6.3.
Table 6.5
Tank CapacityM3
TotalCost
Pump Cost per LitStorage
Rs.
Brick Dome 5 5592 450 1.21
Brick Dome 8 8129 450 1.08
Brick Dome 10 9175 450 0.97
Ferro-Cement 5 7166 NIL 1.43
Jar 1.1 NIL ref. annex13
Total cost exclude transport cost.
Annex 14 gives material and cost breakdown of the brick dome tanks.
Table 6.5 gives cost per liter of storage for four types of tanks. A brick dome
tank is built below ground. Therefore the cost of, extraction pump is included.
Table 6.6
Total Tank Cost (Example)
DISTRICT Roof Area M2 Possible mmSupply perday from aroof (house)
Liters in a tenyear dry year
Total Cost per Tank System
Area withhigh Avg.Rain Fall
Rs.
Area with LowAvg. Rain Fall
Rs.
Matara 60 100 750 11,875
Ratnapura 60 100 3125 21,875
Badulla 60 100 8438 15,625
Rain Wa!.~JJa~va~itin~ Pap 27
7, 199.5 9.O9am
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
T& 6.7CWSSPContribution as 80% of Total Cost
DISTRICT
.
RoofArea M2
Possible mmSupply perday from aroof (house)Liters in a
ten year dryyear
CWSSP Cost per Tank System
Area with highAvg. Rain Fall
Rs.
Area with LowAvg. Rain Fall
Rs.
Matara 60 100 600 9,500
Ratnapura 60 100 2500 17,500
Badulla 60 100 6750 12,500
Tables 6 - 6 & 6 - 7 gives general trend of the costs of rainwater harvesting inthe relevant three districts, where the minimum supply for a house per day is100 liters in a ten year dry year.
To bring the CWSSP contribution down to Rs. 5390/-, options are,
1. to increase the catchment area.2. to lower to minimum service level, for the ten year dry year.3. to select a relevant low cost tank option.
Various scenarios, to be considered in Badulla are as follows.
Table 6 - 8 gives the cost scenario when minimum supply per day in a tenyear dry year from a roof is 50 liters.
T& 6.8
Catchment area M2 40 60 80
Annual Supply(R.C — 0.8) M3
56 84 112
Annual Demand M3 18.3 18.3 18.3
Demand as % ofSupply
33 22 16
Required Storage as% of Supply. (From
Rain Region graph AAnnex 8)
9 4 1.5
Required Storage M3 5 3.4 1.7
Total Cost of StorageRs.
6250 4250 2125
CWSSPCostRs. 5000 3400 1700
Raü Wat., JIarv~n~ ~Pap 28
SI~..porL/.i4u~u~i1 7, /995 9:09am
Table 6 - 9 gives the cost scenario when
year dry year from a roof is 75 liters.
Table 6.9
minimum supply per day in a ten
Catchment area M2 40 60 80 100
Annual Supply(R.C — 0.8) M3
56 84 112 140
Annual Demand M3 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 i
Demand as % ofSupply
49 33 25 20
Required Storage as%of Supply. (FromRain Region graph AAnnex 8)
18 9 5 2.5
Required Storage M3 10 7.6 5.6 3.5
Total Cost of StorageRs.
12,500 9,500 7,000 4,375
CWSSP Cost Rs. 10,000 7,600 5,600 3,500
.
:
Note: 1. In a normal year minimum supply per day is more than double.2. Six months of the year, when it is wet supply per day from a roof can go up six
times the supply volume, of the dry months, in the same system.
Possible daily supply in liters from a well managed Rain Water HarvestingSystem in a normal year in the Badulla Rain Region, consisting of differentsize catchments and a 5M3 storage tank, is given in Table 6 - 10.
Table6- 10
CatchmentAreaM2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
: 20 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
; 30a 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 65 110 184 200 125
40 252 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 148 250 260 250
60 383 110 187 252 100 100 100 131 228 365 409 377
Note: a With a 5.5M3 Tank possible to manage a minimum supply of 100 LPD.
Rain Wa!., J~/aro&~Lin~ Pap 29
7, 199.5 9:09am
— a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
6.4. Social
Once it has been tentatively established that it is technically and economicallyfeasible to construct a rain water harvesting system, the next step involvessocial and community assessment. This stage is critical to the success of thescheme.
Consideration must be given to traditional practices within the community.The role of women and children is carrying water, existing catchmentpossibilities, palatability of rain water, communal vs individual systems, andmaintenance expenditure management.
At the end the community members should willingly choose the option ofrainwater harvesting.
6.5. Design
The design stage of the project involves in sizing the storage tank. Twoacceptable methods are discussed below.
6.5.1 Dry seasondemand versus supply method
To determine the required tank volume multiply the days of the longest dryperiod by the amount of water required per day.
e.g at Bad ulla.
To supply 100 lit per day per house to accommodate a 50 day dry period, the
required storage volume is:100x50 — 5000M3
This method gives only a rough estimate of the storage required. It does nottake into account the variation in the annual rainfall pattern.
k4i1~Wal., JIarv.~lin~ Pp 30
~L,~Lt4~~I 7, / 995 9;O9~~m
Table 6 - 11 gives water supply scenario from a 5M3 tank.
FIXED - Storage Capacity 5000 Liters
Table 6-11
Length of DroughtDays
Family of 6 availableWater per Person per
Day
Family of 5 AvailableWater per Person per
Day
14 60 70
21 40 48
28 30 36
35 24 29
42 20 24
49 17 20
56 15 18
63 13 16
70 12 14
77 11 13
84 10 12
91 9 11
Note : The possible service level in 70 to 90 day dry spell is considered adequate for mostbasic needs such as drinking and cooking.
6.5.2 Mass curve analysismethod
A more accurate method of sizing a tank, involves an analysis of monthlyrainfall data using the mass curve technique. Best is to use approximately thelatest 10 years of data. As an example, the data for the Badulla area isanalysed below.
Badulla Monthly Rainfall data (mm) is in Table 6 - 12.
Rain Wat.,JIa,n, T Pa~~3’
7, 1995 9.O9am
a a a a a
BADULLA RAINFALL DATATABLE 6-7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
1985 171.2 76.1 185.4 75.6 82.2 16.9 52.0 133.6 90.8 233.3 188.9 245.1 1551.10
1986 721.5 136.8 281.0 250.1 120.4 2.0 71.3 98.0 65.8 376.2 131.4 207.8 2462.30
1987 206.5 42.7 85.7 218.7 171.6 3.6 10.2 62.9 175.0 273.8 165.2 88.4 1504.30
1988 48.4 59.0 198.7 249.0 35.6 30.0 51.9 246.1 136.8 147.1 350.9 241.5 1795.00
1989 201.0 14.9 80.2 114.1 51.3 39.0 216.7 76.5 249.6 295.7 267.6 106.4 1713.00
1990 386.0 118.8 156.0 149.0 101.3 8.4 105.3 43.0 172.5 179.1 151.7 332.3 1903.40
1991 347.9 39.1 101.1 219.0 90.3 48.0 25.4 31.0 147.4 155.9 153.1 300.8 1659.00
1992 85.3 0.0 0.0 46.6 85.2 0.3 48.0 32.6 63.2 112.1 584.1 245.0 1302.40
1993 63.9 36.4 76.6 97.7 236.3 86.6 101.7 85.2 134.2 270.0 241.1 329.8 1759.50
1994 247.6 129.6 42.3 159.1 17.2 26.5 17.2 37.2 197.4 320.0 328.4 343.5 1866.00
Average 247.9 65.3 120.7 157.9 99.1 26.1 70.0 84.6 143.3 236.3 256.2 244.1 1751.6
StandardDeviation
190.6 45.9 79.4 70.0 61.7 25.4 57.7 62.3 56.0 81.1 131.1 85.3 292.6
Rain Fo!~ An~Iysis - ~adul!a
pain Wa!.r J/amgStin~i.
280
260
240
220
2043
180
160
1.10
120
100
643
60
40
20
0
Pap32
7, 1995 9:O9ani
6.5.2.1 Design (example Badulla)
1. Roof size 60M2Run off coefficient 0.8
2. Average yearly supply —
Average annual rainfall —
Area x runoff coeff. x average annualrainfall
— 60X0.8X1.751750mm (1985 to 1994)
3. Table of Mass Curve Analysis
4. Decide monthlydemand (supply) — 1500 liters
5. From the mass curve analysis (Table 6 - 13)the storage requirementis determined as — 464548.8 - 461 548.8 — 3000 liters
(Total amount stored in the 85th Month minus 87th Month)
Comment: In the above case it is possible to give an extra level of service with a 5000liter storage tank, which can be constructed within CWSSP criteria in Badulla.
Rain Wa!.i~JIa,v.i&n9 Pp 33
/epori~nvlL4u~7u~t7, 1995 9:O9am -
Table 6 — 13RAINWATER HARVESTSTUDY
RAINFALL MASS CURVEANALYSIS - MONTHLY
BADULLA 1985TO 1994
(NumericalMethod)
ROOF AREA =60 M2
RUN OFF COEFFICIENT = 0.8
Month Mouthy Monthly Cumulative Monthly Amount Total Required
Rainfall Supply Supply Demand Stored Amount Tank
Liters Liters Liters Liters Stored Volunm
Liters Liters
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0.0
0.0
0.0
75.6
82.2
16.9
52.0
133.6
90.8
233.3
188.9
245.1
721.5
136.8
281.0
250.1
120.4
2.0
71.3
98.0
65.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
3628.8
3945.6
811.2
2496.0
6412.8
4358.4
11198.4
9067.2
11764.8
34632.0
6566.4
13488.0
12004.8
5779.2
96.0
3422.4
4704.0
3158.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
3628.8
7574.4
8385.6
10881.6
17294.4
21652.8
32851.2
41918.4
53683.2
88315.2
94881.6
108369.6
120374.4
126153.6
126249.6
129672.0
134376.0
137534.4
0
0
0
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.0
0.0
0.0
2128.8
2445.6
—688.8
996.0
4912.8
2858.4
9698.4
7567.2
10264.8
33132.0
5066.4
11988.0
10504.8
4279.2
—1404.0
1922.4
3204.0
1658.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
2128.8
4574.4
3885.6
4881.6
9794.4
12652.8
22351.2
29918.4
40183.2
73315.2
78381.6
90369.6
100874.4
105153.6
103749.6
105672.0
108876.0
110534.4
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
k~ainW4i., J/ara~j.6n, Pa1, 34
7, 1995 9.O9am
IIIIIIIIII
1II1II
Month Monthy Monthly Cumulative Monthly Amount Total Required
Rainfall Supply Supply Demand Stored Amount Tank
Liters Liters Liters Liters Stored Volumn
~_________ Liters Liters
22 376.2 18057.6 155592.0 1500 16557.6 127092.0 48
23 131.4 6307.2 161899.2 1500 4807.2 131899.2 48
24 207.8 9974.4 171873.6 1500 8474.4 140373.6 48
25 206.5 9912.0 181785.6 1500 8412.0 148785.6 48
26 42.7 2049.6 183835.2 1500 549.6 149335.2 48
27 85.7 4113.6 187948.8 1500 2613.6 151948.8 48
28 218.7 10497.6 198446.4 1500 8997.6 160946.4 48
29 171.6 8236.8 206683.2 1500 6736.8 167683.2 48
30 3.6 172.8 206856.0 1500 —1327.2 166356.0 48
31 10.2 489.6 207345.6 1500 —1010.4 165345.6 48
32 62.9 3019.2 210364.8 1500 1519.2 166864.8 48
33 175.0 8400.0 218764.8 1500 6900.0 173764.8 48
34 273.8 13142.4 231907.2 1500 11642.4 185407.2 48
35 165.2 7929.6 239836.8 1500 6429.6 191836.8 48
36 88.4 4243.2 244080.0 1500 2743.2 194580.0 48
37 48.4 2323.2 246403.2 1500 823.2 195403.2 48
38 59.0 2832.0 249235.2 1500 1332.0 196735.2 48
39 198.7 9537.6 258772.8 1500 8037.6 204772.8 48
40 249.0 11952.0 270724.8 1500 10452.0 215224.8 48
41 35.6 1708.8 272433.6 1500 208.8 215433.6 48
42 30.0 1440.0 273873.6 1500 —60.0 215373.6 48
43 51.9 2491.2 276364.8 1500 991.2 216364.8 48
44 246.1 11812.8 288177.6 1500 10312.8 226677.6 48
45 136.8 6566.4 294744.0 1500 5066.4 231744.0 48
46 147.1 7060.8 301804.8 1500 5560.8 237304.8 48
47 350.9 16843.2 318648.0 1500 15343.2 252648.0 48
48 241.5 11592.0 330240.0 1500 10092.0 262740.0 48
Pap 35K~’ain14/au, JJa,v~iin,7, 1995 9:09am
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Month Monthy Monthly Cumulative Monthly Amount Total Required
Rainfall Supply Supply Demand Stored Amount Tank
Liters Liters Liters Liters Stored Volumn
Liters Liters
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
4
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
201.0
14.9
80.2
114.1
51.3
39.0
216.7
76.5
249.5
295.7
267.6
106.4
386.0
118.8
156.0
149.0
101.3
8.4
105.3
43.0
172.5
179.1
151.7
332.3
347.9
39.1
101.1
9648.0
715.2
3849.6
5476.8
2462.4
1872.0
10401.6
3672.0
11976.0
14193.6
12844.8
5107.2
18528.0
5702.4
7488.0
7152.0
4862.4
403.2
5054.4
2064.0
8280.0
8596.8
7281.6
15950.4
16699.2
1876.8
4852.8
339888.0
340603.2
344452.8
349929.6
352392.0
354264.0
364665.6
368337.6
380313.6
394507.2
407352.0
412459.2
430987.2
436689.6
444177.6
451329.6
456192.0
456595.2
461649.6
463713.6
471993.6
480590.4
487872.0
503822.4
520521.6
522398.4
527251.2
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
8148.0
—784.8
2349.6
3976.8
962.4
372.0
8901.6
2172.0
10476.0
12693.6
11344.8
3607.2
17028.0
4202.4
5988.0
5652.0
3362.4
—1096.8
3554.4
564.0
6780.0
7096.8
5781.6
14450.4
15199.2
376.8
3352.8
270888.0
270103.2
272452.8
276429.6
277392.0
277764.0
286665.6
288837.6
299313.6
312007.2
323352.0
326959.2
343987.2
348189.6
354177.6
359829.6
363192.0
362095.2
365649.6
366213.6
372993.6
380090.4
385872.0
400322.4
415521.6
415898.4
419251.2
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Rain Waf.~ /a,v,31in~~ Pap 36
7, 199.5 9:09am
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Month Monthy Monthly Cumulative Monthly Amount Total Required
Rainfall Supply Supply Demand Stored Amount Tank
Liters Liters Liters Liters Stored Volumn
Liters Liters
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
219
90.3
48.0
25.4
31.0
147.4
155.9
153.1
300.8
85.3
0.0
0.0
46.6
85.2
0.3
48.0
32.6
63.2
112.1
584.1
245.0
63.9
36.4
76.6
97.7
236.3
86.6
10512.0
2304.0
1219.2
1488.0
7075.2
7483.2
7348.8
14438.4
4094.4
0.0
0.0
2236.8
4089.6
14.4
2304.0
1564.8
3033.6
5380.8
28036.8
11760.0
3067.2
1747.2
3676.8
4689.6
11342.4
4156.8
537763.2
542097.6
544401.6
545620.8
547108.8
554184.0
561667.2
569016.0
583454.4
587548.8
587548.8
587548.8
589785.6
593875.2
593889.6
596193.6
597758.4
600792.0
606172.8
634209.6
645969.6
649036.8
650784.0
654460.8
659150.4
670492.8
674649.6
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
9012.0
2834.4
804.0
—280.8
—12.0
5575.2
5983.2
5848.8
12938.4
2594.4
—1500.0
—1500.0
736.8
2589.6
—1485.6
804.0
64.8
1533.6
3880.8
26536.8
10260.0
1567.2
247.2
2176.8
3189.6
9842.4
2656.8
428263.2
431097.6
431901.6
431620.8
431608.8
437184.0
443167.2
449016.0
461954.4
464548.8
463048.8
461548.8
462285.6
464875.2
463389.6
464193.6
464258.4
465792.0
469672.8
496209.6
506469.6
508036.8
508284.0
510460.8
513650.4
523492.8
526149.6
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Rain lAJala. .}/an~.~ig -. P4g.37S~4PLrwIL’iup.3t 7, 1995 9:09am
IIIIIIIIIIIII1IIII
Month Monthy Monthly Cumulative Monthly Amount Total Required
Rainfall Supply Supply Demand Stored Amount Tank
Liters Liters Liters Liters Stored Volumn
Liters Liters
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
101.7
85.2
134.2
270.0
241.1
329.8
247.6
129.6
42.3
159.1
17.2
26.5
17.2
37.2
197.4
320.0
328.4
343.5
4881.6
4089.6
6441.6
12960.0
11572.8
15830.4
11884.8
6220.8
2030.4
7636.8
825.6
1272.0
825.6
1785.6
9475.2
15360.0
15763.2
16488.0
679531.2
683620.8
690062.4
703022.4
714595.2
730425.6
742310.4
748531.2
750561.6
758198.4
759024.0
760296.0
761121.6
762907.2
772382.4
787742.4
803505.6
819993.6
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3381.6
2589.6
4941.6
11460.0
10072.8
14330.4
10384.8
4720.8
530.4
6136.8
—674.4
—228.0
—674.4
285.6
7975.2
13860.0
14263.2
14988.0
529531.2
532120.8
537062.4
548522.4
558595.2
572925.6
583310.4
588031.2
588561.6
594698.4
594024.0
593796.0
593121.6
593407.2
601382.4
615242.4
629505.6
644493.6
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Rain U/at., JIapv,~tin2
7, 1995 9.O9am
Pap 38
Though accurate it is too complicated a method to determine the storagecapacity when a project involves close to a hundred houses of differentroof catchment sizes.
Here it is useful to prepare graphs, applicable to any roof sizes anddemand related to a set of rainfall data, relevant to an area or region.
There graphs are named as Rain Region Graphs in this report. Details ofthese Rain Region graphs are given in the section 6.5.2.2.
6.5.2.2. Rain Region Graph
For the Badulla region rainfall data, the rain region graph is given in graphA of Annex 8.
Rain Region Graphs for
Haputale ] Badulla DistrictRatnapura }Ambilipitiya } Ratnapura DistrictKolonna }Kekenadora IAninkanda ] Matara District
are given in Annex 8. These represent high & low average rainfall regionsin the three districts.
This is a useful graph though it was derived from a particular roof. It worksfor all demands for any roof area and with any run off co-efficient. Thisgraph can be used in the field to analyse individual systems located in onearea. The graph is prepared by repeating mass curve analysis for a set ofdata using different demands. These graphs can be plotted easily byregional technical staff.
Assumptions used in the above analysis.
- Demand is the same for every month.- Demand is constant from year to year.- Rainfall pattern in the future will be similar to pattern of rainfall data
used.- Evaporation from tanks is included in the run off co-efficient.
6.6. Construction
Construction of a Rainwater Harvesting system include the catchment, thegutter system, storage and a water extraction device.
Rain Wa!.,. J/a,ug~1ui, Pa1. 39
7, 1995 9:09am
IIIIIIII1IIIIIII1IIII
6.6.1 Roof catchment
The roof should be made of suitable materials such as galvanized iron (G.l.)sheet. Thatched roofs are not suitable as decaying vegetative materials wouldadd taste and colour to the water. However this water can be used forlivestock irrigation and to flush toilet. There should be no trees overshadowing the roof as falling leaves also would act similarly. If Cl roofs arepainted the paint should be non toxic. Generally there is a fear of usingasbestos roofs as rainwater catchment. Some authorities maintain that this fearis not justified as the fibre causes cancer only when inhaled (Annex 12). Tiledroofs have the drawback, that they are difficult to clean, and are susceptibleto algae growth. The best option seem to be CI sheets painted with non toxicpaint.
Most roofs in rural Sri Lanka are made of or fast becoming made of Gl sheetor tiles.
6.6.2 Surface catchmentWhere there is no suitable roof catchment rainwater can be harvested by
construction of an impervious surface on the ground itself.
Chicken wire re-inforced concrete floor costs about Rs. 250/rn2
A cheaper catchment surface can be made by laying a piece of plasticsheeting in a shallow excavated and levelled area as given in the drawing.The estimated cost to be around Rs. 50/m2 for a 60/rn2 area.
LOW COSTGROUNDLEVEL CATCHMENTPump-..~
Sand PlasticSheet
L
to
Storage
Rain Wa!.~J/arv.jlin1 Pap 40
7, 1995 9:09am
6.6.3 Gutter System
Effective guttering is an important part of the roof catchment systems. Gl andUPVC can be used for gutters and down pipes. Sizing will depend on the roofarea.
A’facility to catch the first flush or bypass for flushing the roof is essential. Forsmall systems this can be done by simply fixing a small length of flexible hoseat the end of the down pipe. When the roof is being flushed the flexiblehoses should be taken out of the storage tank inlet, and directed to a drain.Once the roof is clean this could be inserted back into the storage tank.
Just before the rainy season the roof is usually cleaned by sweeping off theimpurities collected on it such as dust, leaves, bird dropping etc. The firstrainfall is then used to flush the roof by keeping the bypass open.
Tabk6-14
Standard PVC Gutters and Down Pipes for a 60m2 roof.
(length of gutters - 1 5 meters)
Item Unit Qty Unit Cost Cost
Gutters meters 15 87 1305
Clips No 25 13 325
Center Running Head No 02 80 160
Down Pipe meters 7.5 60 450
TOTAL 2240
Cost (May 95) Rs.
Rain Wa!., JIa,v,~!utg Pap 41
Sh/ñ~.porLnoI~L4u1u.it7, /995 9.O9am
T&6- 15
Low cost GI sheet gutters and polythene tube down pipe for a 60m2 roof.(Length of gutters - 15 meters)
Item Unit Qty Unit Cost Cost
Gisheet M2 6 100 600
Nylon Rope M 12 7 84
Polythene Tube M 6 6.50 39
Other 100
TOTAL 823
Rivet &seal
6.6.4 The Storage Tank
Cost (May 95) Rs.
Fly netCover
A satisfactory storage tank is the most important part of a Rainwater HarvestingSystem. Its construction must be simple to manage at rural level, and result ina durable tank.
Three trial tanks were constructed to test various tank options. Details aregiven in chapter 7.
A
PolytheneTube
PolytheneTubeleadrope
Detail at “A”
Oi
GroundWaterTank Mouth
Rn;,, Wa/n. J/an,a~1in1 Pap 42
7, /995 9:09am
Tahlc6- 16
Comparison of Different Tanks
Type of Tank~
TotalCostM3(1995)
Can beBuilt
aboveGround
Resistance to UV
Light
MinorRepairs at
RuralLevel
Remarks
Fibre Glass 5500 Yes Poor Difficult
HDPE 5500 Yes Good Difficult
Ferrocement~
1468 Yes Good Easy Cost can bebrought down
Brick dome 1318 No Good Easy Can be builtabove groundwith re-enforcement.
Jar 1874 Yes Good Easy Cost can bebrought down
6.6.5 Water Extraction Device
When storage tanks are build above ground water can be extracted by fixinga tap at the bottom of the tank or by siphoning the water with a tube with atap attached at the point of collection.
When storage is underground a low-cost home-made PVC pump can be usedto extract the water.
Rain Wqt.r JIa,ua~&n, Pa,. 43
Sf1 17 ~ 7, / 995 9:09am
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Table 6 - 1 7 gives the material and cost breakdown.
Table 6-17
Rain Water Harvesting
Low Head Home Made PVC Hand Pump
Item Unit Qty Unit Cost Cost
3/4” Foot Valve No 01 150 150
3/4’ Valve Socket No 01 10 10
3/4’ Bend No 02 10 20
1 1/4x3/4 Reducing Socket No 01 22 22
1 1/4’ Pipe Mtr 0.5 65.6 32.8
3/4’ Pipe Mtr 4 30 120
Plunger No. — 1 30 30 ‘
TOTAL 424.8
Say 450/- .
Costs(May 95) Rs.
PlUNGER DETAIL
p~c~
30 n.y,
32 20 ~Wc14GlEE
12 2k
32
cUT SEC1ON
20 lEA. FOOT VM.~E
Rain Wa/a, J~/amadin~ Pp 44Sf1 ~ 7, /995 9.O9am
—
I
I
I
I
7. TeeJmkal Qytions Tested
Three types of storage containers were constructed as trials. The objective being tobuild tanks with 5M3 storage capacity at a cost below Rs. 5400/-, excluding unskilledlabour.
7.1 Ferro-Cement Tank
The-ferro-cement tank (built above ground) is based on an a idea by NeilHerath - Rural Water Supply Engineer (CWSSP). It is a pumpkin shaped 5M3ferro cement tank was successfully constructed by R.M.N.D. lllukumburaSenior Technical officer Ratnapura CWSSP.
A skeleton mould, made out of shaped 1” ‘L’irons, is fixed around a circularfoundation with horizontal rings made of 6mm mild steel bars at differentheights to stabilise and to give the pumpkin shape. Two layers of 1/2”chicken-mesh are used as re-inforcement.
Material and cost break-down is given in Annex - 4.
Tank drawing is given in Annex - 3.
Rzin Wa/i, JIa~va~un~ Pap 45
Sf1~%’aporLrwi~L~4u~u317, /995 9:09am
—
Actual material plus skilled labour plus mould cost of the tank is Rs. 5441.Under normal circumstances the cost of the ferro-cement pumpkin shapedtank is above the project criteria.
However by over-coming various constraints and delays that occurred duringthe construction phase, it should be possible to bring down the cost to meetfinancial project criteria. The construction method had many novel features,and with experience, the construction time will be reducedsaving on skill andlabour costs.
Rain Wa/ar J~/a,vajfjn, Pa,. 46
Sf1Cñ~sporLnhJ~Augu317, 1995 9:09am
Construction Phase scaffolding arrangement is given below:
Illukumbura suggests
• To reduce the time of skilled labour and cement waste.
1. The skeleton mould to have at least 8 verticals and 6mmcl re-bar (removable) horizontal rings, every 10 cm vertically.
2. To plaster the exterior of the walls first and to remove themould from inside the tank to do the inside plaster, andcomplete the tank.
This trial tank was built at Paradise School premises in Kuruwita Ratnapura.The co-operation and help of the school principal Mrs P.1. Wimalasiri must bementioned here with gratitude.
Rain Wa/a, /a~t~a~1in, Pap 47
~ 7, 199.5 9:09am
7.2 Brick-dome tank (built under ground)
The brick masonry tank was built at a potential rainwater harvesting site atBadulla. With actual material plus skilled labour the cost of the tank is Rs.4298. In addition the transport of materials cost Rs. 1000/-. Under normalcircumstances the brick rainwater storage tank will be acceptable within theproject criteria and will be affordable to the householder in terms of labourand cash.
The roof of the tank is made of 1/4 brick thick in the shape of a dome withoutthe use of a mould. The tank can be completed by a crew of one skilledworker and three helpers in three days, excluding excavation.
Rain Wa/ar /arv&din9 Pa~48
511 ~ 7, /995 9:09am = - -
An engineer and a skilled worker from the NERD Centre Ja-Ela, conducted atraining course in the construction of the tank, for the technical staff andvillage masons involved in the project in the Badulla District. The tank iscurrently being inca-operated into a rainwater harvesting system.
The trial tank construction at Badulla, included the following input from theRegional Office.
• Selection of a site at a project village.• Supply & transport of materials to site.• Provision of transport for trainees and trainers, from the Regional Office to
the site for 3 days.
The Regional Director and District Engineer gave their fullest support inarranging these inputs. Special mention must be made of young resourceengineer Wijaya Widyaratne and CR0 Sunil R.atnasiri for their positiveattitude, which enabled the work to get organized with short notice, to becompleted on time.
Material and cost break-down in Annex 6.
Tank drawing in Annex - 5.
Wa/i, JJaj.v.~Lin~,..7, /995 9:09am - - -
7.3. Cement Jars
Cement Jars of 1 to 2 M3 capacity are popular rainwater storage containersused in Thailand. Investigations reveal that these Jars are not made in SriLanka. Available data on cement jars were collected.
Trial Jar of one above 1M3 capacity was constructed at National EngineeringResearch and Development Centre Ja-Ela.
One layer of 1/2” thicken mesh fixed on to a skeleton made of 6mm re-barplaced 9” apart both ways (horizontally and vertically) and plastered with 1:3cement sand mortar to a 1” thick wall. The inside is made water-proof bypainting with cement slurry.
Cover is made separately with 1/2: “chicken mesh” re-inforced cement mortarand fixed on to the lower section, which has the shape of a bucket.
Drawing is given in Annex - 11.
Cost break down is given in Annex 13.
7.4 Clay pot or JarsClay pot of upto 200 liter capacity are made at Molagoda on the Kandy,
Colombo Road.
Market price of a 200 liter Clay Jar or Pot is Rs. 1500/-. Cost per liter Rs. 7.50.
Conclusion - Cost per liter is too high compared to the cost of all other typesof storage tanks.
Rain W4/i,. JIa?wa4Lin~
Sil(1~aporL4u9u~i7, 1995 9:09am
Pp50
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
8. Pilot Project
Three villages in the three districts, where standard options, are not feasible due totechnical economic and social reasons, were identified and visited.They are:
8.1. Madawatugoda Upper Section, in Omalpe Ratnapura District.
Here about 40 tile-roofed small households live on the slope of a high hill.Few springs are available below house levels, but they are used to irrigate thepaddy lands below, and the farmers do not allow them to be used for pipeddomestic supply.
Two visits were made to Madawatugoda during the period of study. Theclimatically closest meteorological station to Madawatugoda is at Kollone,with an average annual rainfall of 1.7 meters. (1 955-1 965).
Available tile & GI sheet roofs can be used as catchment areas. Roof areas aregenerally above 40M2.
Graph N gives minimum dry season supplies from varying roof-catchment ina day in a ten year dry year. Required storage is given as 5M3 which couldbe constructed within project criteria. As catchment roof areas differ fromhouse to house with a 5M3 storage tank the service level too changes.However the dry season service level will be a substantial improvement fromthe present status of water-supply of the majority of the households.
Bar Graph 3,1 & 32
600 = -500 -
:::~200
100 -
0 •~-‘- -.—~- -,-. t.~-.--.I. ______
Jan Mar May Jul SeØ I NovFeb ~6pr Jun Auq Oct Dec -
Do,natawelhlnna -NOOcwatUQoda
Here rainwater harvesting is technically and economically feasible to improvethe present status in water supply. Bar graph above gives the supply possiblefrom typical system in a normal year. System include 60m2 catchment & 5m3tank.
h
Rain Wa/a, J/a,v.ilin, Pa9. 51
7, 1995 9:09am
The option can be put forward to the beneficiaries, and if they choose it as thepreferable option, the design work can start.
8.2. Dematawelhinna Village in the Badulla District.
Dematawelhinna village is situated about 6 miles from the Regional Office,Badulla on top of the slope of a hill, 205 families live here. Houses are builtof mud bricks. Most houses have Cl corrugated-sheet roofs. Roof areas varybetween 30 to 100 m2. In the dry season women collect water in pots fromthe water holes located at the bottom of the hill.
Rainwater harvesting is a new concept to the village. Presently about 10 to 20pots of water is required per day per house. When explained the building oftanks big enough to store the number of pots of rain water required per day-times the number of dry period days, it is easily understood by thehouseholders.
With the advice of the DD/T the first brick-dome trial tank was constructed ata household in this village. Since then the understanding & enthusiasm onrainwater harvesting has increased according to Resource Engineer Mr.Widyaratne. Number of householders have made requests for rainwaterstorage tanks. -
Other options, such as gravity pipe systems, dug wells are not feasible atDematawelhinna, according to CR0 and villages.
A pump-water scheme is possible. For this water must be bought from theWater Board and pumped up a nearly lOOm and stored for distribution. TheRegional Office estimate is Rs. 140/- month per house maintenance. This isnot affordable to the villagers, according to the Chairman of the CBO forrunning cost and most villagers have no regular income.
At a meeting held at the village presided by Regional Director CWSSPBadulla, an awareness presentation on rainwater harvesting was conducted.Since over one hundred applications requesting rainwater harvesting systemswere received by the CWSSP Regional Office Badulla. Design andConstruction of this project is expected to begin in August ‘95.
The climatically closest meteorological station to Dematawelhinna is atBadulla, with an average annual rainfall of 1.75 meters (85-94). Graph X(Annex - 10) a gives possible dry season supply in liters from a roof catchmentin a day from a 5M3 storage tank system in a ten year dry year.
Available roofs are mostly GI and vary in area. These can be used as roof-catchment.
With a 5M3 tank which can be constructed within CWSSP criteria, it ispossible to improve the present water-supply status to different levelsdepending on the size of the catchment roofs. Supply from a typical systemin a normal year is depicted in the bar graph below.
Rain Wa/ar .,h’a,~.jLin~i Pap 52
Sh/O%’.porLrwIJ.Au~u4t7, /995 9:09am
8.3. Dorsar Kanda Village Matara
A visit was made to the village with CR0/I and the Community Facilitator.
The village is situated on a hill about 6 Km from the Matara Regional Office.Half of the families live close to the bottom of the hill where shallow wellsare possible.
The highest point is about 40 m above ground-water level. A few houses havepermanent roofing made of tiles. Most houses have thatched roofs.
Most householders have taken house building loans recently and have startedto build better houses with permanent roofs. Electricity is available at thebottom of the hill. A dirt road is available upto the top of the hill.
A few members of the CBO were contacted including the President, and thepriest of the village. It is their aspiration to get both water and electricity totheir houses, which they see available at low-income houses close by.However, they are not ready to pay more than their counterpart in the town
for pipe water. This issue needs more investigation and analysis.
The original design included a pump pipe scheme.
Bar Graph 31 & 3:2
a4-,
-j
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Therefore rainwater harvesting is technically and economically feasible toimprove the present status of water supply.
Deii~t~wolhlnna
MedaWatuQod~
RWa/a,J~a,vn~&n~ .~ ~ .T~.511 7, 1995 9:09am - - -
The current rainwater-harvesting practice Is only to collect small quantities ofwater from tree trunks.
Climatically closest meteorological station to Dorsarkanda village is atKekenadora, with an average annual rainfall of 1 .23 meters. (80-89). Graph Ygives possible dry season supply in liters from roofs of varying sizes in a day,using a 5 M3 storage tank system in a ten year dry year.
Available roofs are mostly thatch and are not suitable for rainwater harvesting.To do rainwater harvesting, first a suitable catchment must be constructed.
Once suitable catchment is available, rainwater harvesting becomestechnically and economically feasible to improve the present status of watersupply.
RainW/irJ,/arv.jl,n9 -: /2a~a54
Sf1Ci~oort.,L4u,u~i7, 1995 9:09am
Supply from a typical system in a normal year is depicted in the bar graphbelow. System consists of 60m2 catchment & 5m3 tank.
350
300
250
200
a4-,
150
100
50
0
Bar Graph 3~3
Dorsarkanda
rain Wa/a, Jla,vad&ng - Pa9. 55
7, 1995 9:09am
I
9. conclusionand Recomnwnd~LIon
9.1. Technical
The rainwater Harvesting Action research concludes that rainwater harvestingis technically feasible in the three districts of Badulla, Ratnapura and Matara.
Rainfall is adequate and most buildings have suitable roof-catchment.
The research recommends the design and construction of the three pilotprojects already identified, at Badulla, Ramapura and Matara. Monitor theseprojects after construction and review the technical, economic and socialaspects and the policy on rainwater-harvesting accordingly.
9.2. Economic
The study concludes that it is possible to build a 5000 liter storage tank withbrick (underground) or ferro-cement (over ground) to cost less than Rs. 5400excluding unskilled labour. However, the level of service from a 5M3 storagetank will vary according to the rainfall pattern of the location and the size ofthe catch ment area used.
The research recommends the continued construction of ferro-cement typetrial tanks in order to bring the cost down further and improve the design.
9.3. Social
A vast majority of potential beneficiaries specially the lower income groupsdo not understand the full benefit of rainwater-harvesting. Reliability of rainas a source and the quality of rainwater are their main concerns.
It is recommended to conduct an awareness campaign under the CWSSP,targeted to potential consumers on rainwater harvesting.
The potential beneficiaries include houses located at higher elevation andaway from the existing sources, where specially women have to walk longdistances to fetch water.
Rain~Waia,J/gvv.din9 Pa9. 56
7, /995 9:09am
9.4. Design
The study recommends the preparation and use of Rain Region Graphs todesign the size of tanks, for a set of rainfall data. The required tank sizes canbe determined for different catchment areas and demands, by the use of ‘RainRegion’ graphs. Rain Region graphs should be prepared at Head Office orRegional Office levels of CWSSP with available monthly rainfall data for eachr~gionwhere the rainfall pattern is similar.
Higher storage is expensive to build. The alternative is to reduce the demandin a ten year dry year. For drinking and cooking 6 lit per capita per day canbe considered as standard. Where roof-catchment is limited, the next optionis to build low-cost ground level catchment with underground storage tank.
9.5. Construction
The construction of Pilot Projects should be supervised direct from theRegional Offices with maximum community involvement.
Training on low-cost tank construction should be given to relevant masonsand supervisors prior to actual construction. These training costs must bebudgeted for in addition to the pilot projects.
With relevant experience gained from the pilot project the next step shouldbe to train Technical Officers of the Partner Organizations in designing andthe construction of the rainwater-harvesting systems.
9.6. Quality
The quality of rainwater depends on how clean the atmosphere is. Thecleanliness of the material of the catch ment surface, gutters and down pipes,the storage tank and the water extraction device, determines the quality moresignificantly.
The atmosphere is considered to be clean in the rural and small town areaswhere the CWSSP is being implemented.
The best surface for a catchment is the G.l. or Aluminium sheet roofs, Tiles,asbestos and plastic are only satisfactory.
Rain Wa/a, Jiarvajim, Pap 57
3h/CaperLrwIu’~J1agtas17, 1995 9:09am
The gutters and down pipes madeof Cl or PVCor polythene are consideredsatisfactory.
Storage tanks should be covered and made mosquito proof. Where there isany chance of pollution, the pot method of chlorination can be used to keepthe water clean.
Water should be extracted from the tank by means of a pump or siphon pipeor gravity tap and riot by bucket to prevent human contamination.
Rain water harvesting has the distinct advantage of being a separate system foreach household. This prevents any outside contamination of the tanks.
-
a
— —.— -~. . ‘—a -~
- —=—-—---—-.=-.
Rain Wa/i, J/amajLüt~ Pap 58
S1IC~’aporLrw/./.4u
9ua1 7, /995 9:09am
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
TERMS OF REFERENCE Annex 1 A
RAINWATER HARVESTING - ACTION RESEARCHTask No.
•, 1. Design a functional water storage system capable ofholding 5,000 litres and costing not more tl’ian Rs.5,400(excluding unskilled labour costs).
2. Construct sufficient number of prototypes of the above toensure that after appropriate artisan training they can beconstructed without major difficulty in a villagesituation using typically available local labour andmaterials.
r3. Conduct a brief survey of the experience to date withrainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka ahd record anysignificant lessons of either technical or socialsignificance.
4. Visit and investigate the two villages (Badulla & Matara)where options other than rainwater do not appear to beavailable. Assess the level of interest/demand of thevillagers and, if favourable, seek their agreement toparticipate in a pilot project. =
5. with the assistance of CWSPUDistrict staff, conduct apilot project in the two villages in a manner such aswill generate maximum community involvement andcontribution.
6. Review ‘likely demand and physical potential for ground-.level rainwater harvesting and, if appropriate, makerecommendations for further development.
7. Based on the pilot experience and other relevant SriLankan experience, make appropriate recommendationsfor the incorporation of rainwater harvesting options inthe CWSSP
8. Prepare summary training material so as to transfernecessary skills to CWSPIJ technical staff.
TEAL~QçKLE~
A. TECHNtCAL
B COM?IIJNITI
REMUNERATION RATE
CWSPUstandard rates to be paid.
= =. -r
AnJieX- 1
Main Reportsand rulilIcations consulted
1. World Bank executed UNDP Project INT/821002 Information & Training forLow-cost Water Supply & Sanitation. Rainwater roof catchment systemsWashington. World Bank. 1986. 5Op. ISBN-08213-0799-1
2. Rajapakse R.K.C. Sri Lanka’s contribution towards Rainwater CatchmentTechnology. Sri Lanka. 1983 21p
3. Cowater International, Inc. Rural Water Supply District Development Plans,Matara District Sri Lanka. 1991 108p. ref. p. 26,29,35,39,42
4. Cowater International Inc. Rural Water Supply District Development PlanRatnapura District Sri Lanka. 1991. lO7p. ref. p. 25,29,34,39,41
5. Cowater International Inc. Rural Water Supply District Development PlanBadulla District Sri Lanka. 113p. ref. p. 30,36,42,44
6. Dharmabalan P. High Water Bill Can Rain Water Supplement Part or Wholeof it. National Water Supply & Drainage Board, Sri Lanka. 1989. 5p.
7. Tarawa Water Supply Project. Report on Ferro Cement Tanks. Sydney.Australian Construction Services. 1988. lOp.
8. AFPRO. Evaluation Study Report on Rainwater Harvesting Structures in KanyaKumari District, Tamil Nadu, New Delhi. AFPftO. 1993. 44p. PIN 110058.
9. WijetungaS.K. & WijegoonewardeneS.J.P. Assessment of the Application ofAppropriate Technologies in the Improvement of Rural Water Supply in SriLanka. Colombo. ITDG. 1992. 66p.
10. Lee Micheal D. & Visscher Jan Teun, Water Harvesting. A Guide for planners& Project Managers Technical Paper Series No. 30. Hague. IRC. 1 992. 96p.
a — — — — — — S — — — S S S — S S S S S S
11. Michealides G. Allybobus M & Young P.J. Optimised Design and WaterQuality Study of Roof Top Rainwater Catchment, Mautitius. Wat. Supply Vol.4, Seychelles p. 11 7-122, 1986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. U.K.
12. Gunting. Sapari & Ghazali. Variation in Rainwater quality from RoofCatchments. Malaysia. Wat Res. Vol 23 No. 6 pp 761 - 765 1989,Pergaman. U.K.
13. Michealides. Investigation into the quality of roof harvested Rainwater forDomestic use in Developing Countries. Dundee University U.K. lOp.
14. Good. Roof Runoff as a Diffuse Source of Metals and Aquatic Toxicity inStorm Water Wat. Sci Tech. Vol 28 No. 3 - 5 pp 317-321 1993. IAWQ U.K.
1 5. GOULD A. Review of the Development, Current Status & Future Potential ofRainwater Catchment Systems for Household Supply in Africa. Rainwatercatchment Systems. lop.
Annex 2
RRI N~ALL APIALYSI 3
STATION z UPPER OHIVA ESTATE -
YEAR JAN FEB liAR APR hA? .JUH JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL
1960 271.0 111.7 77.2 421.6 112.2 17.7 216.1 29.? 76.2 333.5 601.2 99.3 2679.21961 256.5 210.2 161.4 277.0 220.2 32.5 36.1 51.1 00.3 279.6 291.0 211.6 2207.5
1962153.1 96.2 221.7 297.4 228.0 55.6 75.1 116.5 101.1 361.5 321.5 279.4 2330.1
1963 349.5 253.2 356.6 417.2 201.? 56.1 50.0 22.3 137.1 131.0 506.0 287.0 3105.91961 209.0 200.9 202.4 491.0 116.5 77.9 125.? 100.0 152.9 110.5 55.6 162.5 2079.51965 79.5 101.6 206.5 753.3 210.6 5.5 5.5 136.1 66.5 369.5 305.3 290.7 2620.6
1966 102.3 57.1 265.6 403.6 40.0 31.2 20.3 61.0 213.6 261.1 433.3 212.0 2192.6196? 233.6 177.0 221.4 153.1 05.0 31.7 5.0 101.6 21.0 266.9 119.3 151.3 1901.91960 149.6 46.2 251.7 216.9 130.5 50.0 30.6 26.6 31.2 523.1 316.9 310.1 2155.61969 266.1 102.6 17.2 310.3 17.7 27.4 65.7 211.0 03.6 593.3 276.6 171.7 2175.11970 166.6 260.4 313.9 119.0 176.7 16.4 33.7 31.2 91.9 216.6 62.2 345.9 2255.7
~ 1971 320.5 171.4 160.4 402.3 40.1 60.7 101.8 170.1 204.9 103.6 161.0 116.0 2531.91972 90.6 0.0 140.7 219.4 220.9 12.6 57.1 19.0 161.0 463.2 720.9 180.3 2366.01973 18.0 117.6 136.1 261.9 116.3 67.0 113.5 62.9 50.0 400.1 327.4 591.3 2306.91974 61.2 200.9 74.6 303.0 220.9 15.2 18.2 50.0 102.0 133.0 301.0 261.1 1956.51975 191.5 109.2 141.? 136.6 215.9 15.7 66.0 121.9 160.0 50.0 495.3 205.7 2216.5
1976299.4 69.3 221.9 426.2 210.6 139.1 29.2 152.1 75.6 201.1 729.4 371.6 3013.6
1977 6.6 215.6 232.1 531.1 370.2 13.6 126.1 101.3 173.9 654.0 633.9 279.9 3301.819P8 77.9 109.9 206.0 236.4 281.4 23.6 153.6 69.6 111.5 432.3 319.5 376.1 2560.31979 50.0 160.9 46.2 351.7 106.1 39.1 63.2 40.3 339.5 412.4 623.0 160.6 2112.3
1960 36.0 01.0 146.0 410.2 292.1 60.9 0.6 71.0 133.0 303.5 497.0 261.1 2305.2
U 1901 175.1 36.3 103.9 103.2 196.9 42.7 207.0 69.1 159.9 256.0 316.0 113.9 1942.?1962 26.5 177.5 313.0 191.1 318.0 93.4 12.9 62.6 05.5 267.7 126.6 271.3 2273.11903 58.0 20.4 02.6 48.7 201.3 24.0 15.0 400.0 63.6 300.8 390.7 723.2 2447.91981 393.2 570.0 501.9 593.0 209.2 70.0 116.? 152.1 273.4 303.0 439.1 276.1 3900.1
1905 162.2 206.7 351.4 321.3 199.0 179.9 57.8 91.1 64.0 171.9 407.5 133.6 2727.21906 798.0 441.2 299.3 030.6 292.7 29.6 32.6 91.1 66.6 211.5 112.0 112.3 3397.?
190? 157.9 46.0 366.0 346.3 287.0 43.9 4.3 67.4 515.9 1599.1 690.6 130.6 4264.61968 77.1 307.4 211.9 722.1 103.0 27.5 19.9 216.6 320.3 66.1 321.0 396.0 2690.91909 195.0 49.0 116.9 299.5 351.0 100.2 160.? 163.5 341.1 180.9 103.5 1’19.l 2519.5
AUERRGE 106.7 177.5 216.9 379.3 194.7 52.9 71.1 106.7 148.7 352.3 403.5 209.2 2579.3— 511010.0EV. 151.4 131.0 115.0 174.3 09.1 36.1 57.3 00.6 106.9 270.1 173.1 142.5 554.3
I1IIHIMLJI1 790.0 570.8 581.9 030.6 370.2 179.9 210.1 480.0 515.9 1599.1 729.4 723.2 4264.6— ll1PlItlUhi 8.8 0.0 17.2 40.7 17.7 5.5 1.3 19.0 21.0 50.0 55.6 99.3 1901.9
YEAR TOTAL ARPIW 10 Year tlouirig AverageYear Avg.
1967 1901.9 1 0.03226 60 — 69 2375.61901 1912.7 2 0.06452 61 — 70 2333.31971 1956.5 3 0.09677 62 — 71 2366.01964 2079.5 4 0.12903 63 — 72 2369.61968 2155.5 5 0.16129 61 — 73 2289.71966 2192.6 6 0.19355 65 — 74 2277.41961 2207.5 7 0.22581 66 — 75 2239.21975 2216.5 0 0.25006 67 — 76 2321.31970 2255.7 9 0.29032 68 — 7? 2169.31902 2273.1 10 0.32258 69 — 78 2509.81900 2305.2 11 0.35104 70 — 79 2506.51973 2306.9 12 0.38710 71 — 80 2511.11962 2330.1 13 0.41935 72 — 01 2452.21972 2366.0 11 0.15161 73 — 62 2112.91979 2442.3 15 0.18307 71 — 03 2157.01983 2417.9 16 0.51613 75 — 81 2659.41969 2475.1 1? 0.54039 76 — OS 27ö7.l1989 2519.5 18 0.50065 7? — 06 2715.01971 2531.9 19 0.61290 70 — 07 2034.11978 2560.3 20 0.64516 79 — 80 2048.01965 2628.6 21 0.67742 00 — 89 2055.71960 2679.2 22 0.709601988 2696.9 23 0.711911985 2727.2 24 0.774191976 3013.0 25 0.006451963 3105.9 26 0.838711977 3381.8 2? 0.870971986 3397.7 20 0.903231904 3980.1 29 0.935101987 4261.6 30 0.96771
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MAJOR COSFS(TRIAL CONSTRUCI’lON)
Note: 1. Material + s-ill Labour+ MouldMaterial+ ~i11Labour+ Mould + Tran~oit = 5941Materia1+Skillour+Mou1d+Tran~oit+UnskillLabour = 7342
2. T]~mould isu~dfor the consrtuctionof tentaxiks.Total Costof themouldisRs. ~)/-.I I I I I
Annex—4
MAY 95
MATERIAL UNiT QTY uNrrCOsr COS’t cosTINTERNAL
COSTEXTERNAL.:
CEMENT Bag 8 265 2120 2120
SAND ft3 55 35 192.5 192.5
~4~AL ft3 6 18 108 54 54
1/2” CHICKENMESH ft2 366 4 14643884
1464
MOULD.
TRANSPORT 500 150 350
SKILLED LABOUR FIR 56 22 1232 1232
UNSKILLED LABOUR FIR 112 12.5 1400 1400
1604 5737Contributions
22% 73%HR CWSSP
7341.5
= 54-41
Uog 01a liter1.091.19
1.47
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1/2 BR)CI( WALl.IN 1:5 CEMENT SAND MORTAR
IN~DEPLASTERING
FIRSTCOAT: 1/4’ ThICK IN 1:3 CEMENT, SAND
SECOND COAT: PAINT WiTh NEAT CEMENT SWRRY
Th~RDCOAT: 1/4’ 11-lICK IN 1:2 CEMENT. SAND
___ I~n~°~ ConslructIOn & Public UtilitiesCoimmily w~r~4ç~ya ~ PI*~
MHA.R
Scole : 1:15
5 ~.M B~~KTAM(
FOOT VALVE
Deigned:
DQte
RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANKBrick Dome TypeBadulla District
Annex — 6
February1995
- Size
5 m3D = 6’4”
H~ll=5’Hdome=
Transport
- Conclusion— Undernormalcircumstancesabrick rainwaterstoragetank-- will beacceptablewithin the~.ojectcriteria and
will beaffordableto thehouseholderin terms~,flabour andcash
Material+ skilled labour
Material + skilled labour + transportMaterial+ skilled labour+ transportandunskilled labour
1000
Rs. 4297.5Rs. 5297.5Rs. 6497.5
300 700
12001581 4916.5
Contributions24% 76%HF! CWSSP
Material
CementUnit Quantity UnIt Cost Cost
— Bag 8.6 26.5 2279
Sand ft3 33 3.5 115.5Metal(3/4”) ft3 9 18 162
— Bricks(2”) nos. 750 1.5 - 1125
• 3681.5
Skilled labour hour 28 22 616Unskilledlabour hour 96 125 1200
Cost Costinternal external
22791153
81 811125
616
S
,d,kI~*du1rwht26M~y95
— - - - BATTICALOA
MAP SHOWING LOCATIONS OF RAINFALL STATIONS04
L RESERVE
) I 01~EA;~~~~ I O~L~ I -‘. -~ ~ ~:\~ Lizr \~:_.MATALE DISTRICTI)
I ~~4110~m~ r::.~ ~ ‘— ,,,,-I.”i. IN .t.ar. ~. \ 1 .~ ~n i....~,.o. Ksu.~abnwos itilit ~j _lI~0~~• ~*a.a ~ / ~,J,% 0s.m..I,,w. MADE/RU OVA
p. c ~
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• A ~ ~ 1in~.iIi / MahO~l*,JIt-Ill.’.. ‘... _•,,,
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~ caasec’. ~ ~ • A I / KllIg.r..IsnA. G•I•I •In. - 210
I - I - ~ . I ~ HorobcrnwewaIOn c”’ P,ioN~.tMis.. Msi. 0 20 * 00(1.5.5,....
0’’. 20
I / I ~ ‘r•, MdilIsI’Il0i
tt ‘~,.\ /~‘ OOE1ICKLIS ~___.ok~0M01 r..,.,~.o
~ )c3nso..In\ p10~os_ \ ‘““ M.d,A&. s l..t-...i, ~ Il._j , ~2\ ~ £
‘IIIOAIIAWIIO ~. I 1t,!~,/wn•R_oIo_I __ (..o ~ 4 0 ‘~ 0i.5
£ N, i~r / \\ SCM
~ - bile
I BADUL/A I
~r ~__j, ‘.‘l (•~~~ o.At_... ( f ‘° r14 ~ )i /A4muk OslosIlli
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~ N~A~T\If~?T ~ 2- - C
~ ~:~11:~cMC~ tDiST~CT~C’ ~ ~eCa~ Itcr~cn1_IA., ,_, L.V!~> ~~.ooiood — - \~/ ~“~‘h
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t _...~ —~ J oyj~505 ~Il Kaq,l. ~ W Haputa I ~ - 0 ~
~__ ~ • ~ PEAR WIIOERNOS OANVIIIAIII ,, ,,,,,~,
1AIOO ‘,~ 20l,~. • L_.. lç....l.i ~
I a GiT_Ill ~•_~_4•• /R•ftCl 0. - 010s,-I. ~\~__ ,~~:.t00A ~ ~
KUEULIJCAL* \ Z~&~IA~NAPIIRA WI0•II 0110 01.-ions ~ ‘nsA,. ~ IIIIIINEIN ~ “~.a- WAOhi.00EL0
t• ‘ ~+—‘n~J4~A Junm4i1yi ~‘~8a%angodaSo....,. rnss~Z \ 110 \t-~’elr,,eduII, ~4l~jq’~. AJ~1 Itot
I ~sli LMVLIII 10 d~
1 - ©AR ~ L..-s j
204-L2~ --—fl
II. 7 ns.io-Is ~sRijil0 WMo-’li 230 ft.,.s.I. 1.1,0.
I PI. MohaweIn
- ~IATN’~P\URA DISTRICT -a_vb~. ~ EaI.on MsIio~. \, NAT 0 AL P IlK
I ‘~“i”~”” 110 (1 -__ P® Godakao1ela Hanbegamuwi ,.,,~ ,,d.00.
\1...,,w1 \ I Sfl51_AMIi -~,4Il~ ,~DISTRICT ~ onow P)~II.0. MOt’IARAGALA DISTRICT
~:—uI;~a~, N I —
I DNWA /0 ES! RE 1 - - 200 •*!00A01“ r_t. - “, ~•s... o,’-sls..sIs I2i/Olr.000 I -
lisA),,. r• ~~c~:p~yo - ~,::1u~1h 2\.. )
~ S1R IC Se. .11�II. I~I 110 1~O-s~ 00 0 A. ~?¼__J__
“0rr’~ 0: ) • , I’o I. ~~•• Itsiwl, ~ PI I P
1_ I - foo..IoIoo. - . I ‘~ • IIU.yannA,II5 CSCOSCi •PI~o,0. • IjOOA0I. IlawaraIa0010._ 00 .y.ob.”ow
1~ I OiItll,I0i A~ \ I ~
I RICT1 ~ c;t-t .ns,~ IItt 0 “\~‘.__J’ 0 owl
GAItE ~ 121 ‘MA I :~7i;~t/:~ ANNEX 7 -
I0.bi.sd.w.l t Wsl.g..oI . I-’) AD h - W0
1m5o, - — - ~l- ‘~ 4- ç ( Kakunadori P’° - Il~’~’O0.,
I
I —
0
~1
L
40
20
DO
Ri-uN HEi~J&Li~uP~— — —
&4OULLA REGIONBAOILA DISrRICT
Y~D.53X- 8-25
X = 1.89Y + 15.57
FROM 1985 TO 19941.75 METERS
OA TA USEO
MONT/-fLY RAINFALL DATA
AVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL
SO .3 50 70 90
EEMAi~~(as % of AVG. AMVUAL SUPPLY)
GRAPHAN/vEX
-A-8
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
9
‘I-0
HAPUTALE8~4D’JLLA
Gt~PA
REGiONDISTRICT
Y= O-22X
/9
/6
I2
IC
6
1-
2
- 7.22*5.55
FROM 15W TO 1989
DATA USEDMONTHLY RAINFALLAVG. ANNLL4L RAINFALL
STANDARD
to
2 METERS
DIVIA TION
30 70 90
DEMAND (as % of N&. ANMJI4L SUPPLY)
GRAPH -BANNEX -8
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
RA.tiv ‘,~‘EG.’ur~’~RIK~ —KOLONNA REGJCIV’
~1
RA TNAPLPA OLSTRICT
—a
‘4-.0 20
Y=C•36X - 3.7
X= 2.78Y # 10.28
l0
(1~
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL. FROM 1955, 10 YRSAVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 1. 7 MTR S
30 50
L~N4t~(as % of AVG. ANA’UAL SUPPLY)
GRAPH - CANNEX -8
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
I
>
0
~1
I I R~ ~Gi~ ~A/~ —
RA TNAPURA REGIONRA TNAPURA 015TRICT
19~
4b
‘4.
/.2
10
S.
6
2
Y= 0.27X - 4.2X= 3.7Y ÷15.56.
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL FROM 1980 TO 1989AVG. ANNUAL RAILFALL 3. 68 METERS
10 3 ~0 . ro 90
DElIA NO(as % of AVG. ANNUAL SUPPLY)
GRAPH - BANNEX - 8
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
9-0
110
~.JILT ~ —AMBIL ZP!TIYA REGION
RA TNAPURA 015 TREC T
- 118
÷ 77.6
1980 TO 1989METERS
30
Y =0 67X
X— 1. 49Y
DATA USED
MONTHLY PAIPFALL FROM
AVG.ANPLL4L RAINFALL 1.26
iO 30 .50 70
DEMAND(as % of AVG. ANNUAL .9JPPLY)
GRAPH - EANNEX - 8
IIIIII
IIII1IIIIIIIII1
I is
—I
L
‘4—0
3
20
10
— ~ ~aI~ ~RA~ —KEKENA DORA REGION
MATARA 015 TRICT
Y_-0.375X - 688
X—2-67Y +18.34
FROM1980 TO 1989
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL
AVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 1.23 METERS
.30 50 70
DElIA NO (as % of AVG . AWJAL SUPPLY)90
GRAPHANPEX -8
— — II II
‘I-0
LI)0
‘1
12
10
06
oó
04
02
ANINKANDA REGIONMA TARA DISTRICT
Y=023X- 383
X= 4.35Y ÷76.65
IIONTI-LY RAINFALL FROM 1980 TO 79B9
A VU - ANNUAL RAINFA L L 4 METERS
DATA USED
LEMANO (as % of AVG. AAWU4L SUPPLY)
70
GRAPHANNEX
-G.3
MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA (80-89)
AVG. Al’A’UAL RAINFALL 1.23 t’ITRSANNUAL WATER DEMAND 36.5 ,fl~
RLIM)FF COEFFICIENT 0. 8RAIN REGION GRA: AMBILIPITiYA\~,~
CATCI-tfNT AREA n~
S~~x?AL- / Ut,Chi~N7
Zl
S
18
AMBJLJPITIYAPATNAPURA
REGIONDISTRICT
--~-
d)
I#1
DATA USED
16
‘5
53
12
II
I0~
120 ISO 200
GRAPHANNEX
-O-9
I
1IIIIII
— — — ~ — — — — — — ~OIP~Jfr~A ~‘/I1!rv’f ~jRi~ I — — —ANNINKANDA REGION
MA TARA DISTRICT
CATCHMENT
~~1~
80
AREA i~
GRAPHANNEX
-P-9
2
I
Lu
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA (80-89)AVG. ANMJAL RA INFA L L 4 N TRS
ANNUAL WA TER lENA ND 36.5 m~RUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0. 8
RAIN REGION GRAPH ANINKANQA
40 t20 160
I
I
I
04 TA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL DATAAVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 2ANNUAL WATER DEMANDRUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0.8RAIN REGION GRAPH, HAPUIALE
GRAPHANNEX
-Q-9
6’
5.
4,
3,
2.
I
S,OR)~uE1~ATâ-I~fE~IT’~HAPh TALE REGION
BAIJJLLA DISTRICT
(80 -89)MTRS36 .5 if?
CA TCHMENT AREA m2
40 I20 160 200
I1IIIIIIIIII1IIIIIIII
—, I, .4 -
I.
16
5,
‘4
53
I!
L~ ~0
I—
8
7
6
5.
40
CATCHPIENT AREA in2
(85 -94)1.75 MTS
36 Sm2
BAD,Ø’ULLA
B47LtLA REGIONIBADULLA DISTRiCT
*20 leo zoo
(IRAPHANNEX
-R-9
DATA USED
MONTHL V RAINFALL OATAAVG ANNUAL RAIN FALLANNUAL COA TER DEMANDRUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0.8RAIN REGION GRAPH
I
-- __
GRAPHANNEX
-S-9
— — U
RAINWA TERKEKENADORA
MA TARA
I
HAR&ES TINGAREA
DISTRICT
U
1.. (3 1L a
~ .41~
-
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA (80 - &9)AVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 123 MTRSANNUAL WA TER DEMAWO 36.5 in3RUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0.8RAIN REGION GRAPH ‘KEKENADORA
-~
CATU*fNT AREA ,772
‘20 2.00
I
— — —.
I
—
-6
5~,
LI
3,
2
— — — — I I I I I I I ~ / i~A~‘i i-/M~NI~ t.~iQ.14PH
RA TNAPURA REGIONRATNAPURA DISTRICT
DATA USEDP~3bTHLY RAINFALL BA TA (80 - 89)AVG. ANNUAL RAItFALL 3.63 MTRSANNUAL W4 TEA DEMAND 36.5 m3!~tNJff COEFFICIENT 0.8RAIN REGION GRAPH RATNAPURA
GRAPHA NNEX
-T-9
CATCHPfNT AREA in2
40 90 150
~RAPI~-ISut-~Pt~iCAi-/Nu~iTAMBIUPZTIYA REGION
RATNAPURA U/STRICT
-4
CATCHt~fNT AREA ~
AVG. AWJL RAINFALL
STORAGE Sm3COEFFICIENT 0.8
REGION GRAPH,
GRAPHANNEX
-U
DATA USEDMONTHLY
4-0
RAINFALL
REQUIREDf~UPKFFRA!N
Jo
DATA (80-89)1,23 METERS
AMBILIPITIYA
40 80 160 Zoo
10
Sb1 1t)1 CA,~1t’kivTANINPCANBA REGION MATARA
DATA USED
MONTHLY RA INFALL BA TA (80 - 89)
GRAPH - VANNEX-tO
‘~~1
LI
LI
3~.
200
100
AVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 4 METERSREQUIRED ST.~AGE 5 ii?
RLINLFF COEFFICIENT 0.8RAIN REGION S ANINKANL~4
~0
CATCHI’INT AREA In2
I~O aoox
SIJF~’LYICA TCHMENT GRAPHE.4PUTALE REGION
DATA USED
MONTHLY RAINFALL
REQUIRED STORI.5E 5,?
RUNOFF COEFFICiENT 0.8
CA TCHMENT AREA d~
GRAPH - WANNEX - 10
I—
-.4
8-ADDULLA DISTRICT
/e,o
80
70
60
DATA (80- 89)AVG. AMVIJ.4L RAINFALL 2 METERS
RAIN REGION GRAPH, HAPLITALE
*20 leO 200
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
IV
1*c.
(~D
:00-
50
40
20
£oo
GRAPH -X
S -~~C..1t.
BALVLLA REGIONB4~JLLA DiSTRICT
S.-.,
-4
- DATA USED
MONTHLY RA INFALL BA TA (85 - 94)AVG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 1. 75 METERSREQUIRED STORAGE 5 in
3
RUNOFF CCEFFICJENT 0.8RASN REGION GRAPH , B4WLLA
40
(iWF) CATCHMENT AREA /172
ANNEX - 10
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1 __11W.~i —Li
RAINWATER HA~fSTJM~3AREA, MATAR
~1-4
U
I-
~
—
KEKENAWRA
12
DATA USED_ ~
MCWTHLY RAINFALL DATA (80 - 89)AVG. AMVAL RAINFALL 1-23t~TERSREQUIRED STORAGE 5 in3
RL.WFF CQEFFIC!ENT 0.8RAIN REGION GRAPH , KEKNADORA
s00~
90
70-
40 éo I~0 2O0
C,4TCHP’IENT AREA of
GRAP~-IANt~fX
-Y- 10
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DATA USEDRAI~I REGION GRAPH , RATNAPURAMONTHLY RAINFALL BA TA (80- 89)
AVG.ANNUAL RAINFALL 3•68MTRSREQUIRED STORAGE5,rr~RUtLFF COEFFICIENT 0.8
9o i~o ‘60 200
— —
GRAFT-IANNEX
-z-10
11:
JA~.,ih.....1RATNAPURA REGION
~~R4TNAPURADISTRICT
S.-.,
-4
~0-.
iv
~90
—4
50
CATCI-/tIENT AREA ?
~~1~.
Lii. Fit‘F-’LL. - L~.. .i1~.
KQLLOfV~4,,~ION
RAT PURA
DATA USED
40
CA TCHMENT AREA in2
I~o
DATA1.
MONTHLY RAINFALLAVG. ANNUAL RAINFALLREQUIRED STORAGE 5 m3RUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0. 8RAIN REGION GRAPH, KOLLONA
200‘Go~1E
GRAPY-1ANNEX
-N--10
—
I—1.~~—S
&
‘0
40
DISTRICT
(55- 65)7 MTRS
I
Oe~gnedgcw.
prawn - \1h.~kR
L Sc~e -
— — — -Il
CC
1200- __600
I /2 CHICKEN MESH LAYER -5 mmDIA BAR 200 mm
APART
J
SLURRY
~TflU -
V
Ministry of Housing, Construction & Public (~Wties
Commun’fy W~r&~q~y. S~iita~ionPm1sct
*.* C~ CEM~T~AR
Oate
I
RHI periixllcally receivesrequestsfor informationandadvice ~mthepotentialnegativehealthimpatsondrinking
W1UU ha1~W5tCdfrom rt))f~madefrontasoWceinent(A,C)Stetlng.Suchroofingsheetsarecommoninmanycnárlesmid offrr importantadvantagessuchaseaseoflocal manufacture,durability,andrelativelylow prices.
• Becaiseof thevery limited informationavailal~leonhealthIssues ofrab?waterharvestingficunasbestosroofing,RHIC
Invitesxeadtsto shareanyInfonnationyoumayhaveonthisImportanttopic.RHICwouldlike to learnofanypoliciesorexperiencesin waltzconsumptionfromA/Cmoth fromtheRHICnetwoit.
Some expertsadvocatethatmaterialscontainingasbestosshouldneverbeusedasroofingmaterialbecauseasbestosfiberscanbeloosenedif roofingsheetsarecut ordamaged,causingthepotentialforhumanIngestion.AsbestosresearchhascenteredonhumanhazardsduetoIngestionthroughthelungsby breathing,andclearlydémcsistratedthatthis ishazardoustohumanhealth,causingcaucer,gastro-intestinaltractandpulmonaryfibrosis.Re-searchIs*pucb morelimited on humaningestionofasbestosthroughthealimentarysystemby drinking oreating. Infact,REliCstaffhavenotidentifiedanyviableinformationorresearchonthehealthconsequencesofhumanconsump-ticit of raInwaterthatcontainsasbestosfibers.
AsbestosIsagenericnameforagroupofsix naturallyoccurringhydratedpolysilicateminerals(amosite,chryso-tile, tresnolite,actinolite,anthophyllite,andcuridolite).
Asbestos!ceznentpipecontainsanaverageof 170gofasbestosperkg (80% chrysotileand20%crocidolite).Thesemineralsseparateintomicroscopicfibers thatareheatresistant,flexible,durable,andvirtually indestructibleinmostuses.Asbestosfibersarevery stablein the environ-
‘A meat,do notevaporateinto airor dissolveinwater,anddoV notfreakdownovertime.
Due to thesestablecharacteristics,asbestosfibershavebeenusedin awiderangeofproductssuchaswaterandsewagepipes,roofingsheets,electricalinsulators,and
heating Insulation.Asbestosis commonlyfoundin most
A domesticwatersupplies.TypicalasbestosconcentrationsinV riversandlakesareconsideredtobeabout1 million fibers
per liter.• • • • •
SowsandandgaSfilters can removetq~to 90%ofasbestosfibersandotherparticulatematter
andcanbedesignedtoservesmallcommunitiesaswell asindMdualfamilies.
ForInformationon filter designcontactRHIC.
• • • • •
Asbestoslevelsalsodependuponneighboringindustrialsomves. In Cnnacla,theasbestoscontentofuntreatedwaterhorntheOttawaRiverhasbeenreportedtobe9.5 millionfibersper liter. Basedonsurveysin Canada, it was foundthatabout5 percentoftheCanadianpiblic conswnewaterwithasbestosconcentrationexceeding10 million fibersperliterandabout0.6 percent consume waterwith concentra-tionsexceeding100million fibersper liter. Levelsrangeupto2000million fibersper liter in some asbestosminingcommunities.
According to theWorldHealthOrganimtion(WHO),1984guidelinesondrinking waterquality, themosteffec-tive methodforremovalinvolveschemicalcoagulationwithironsaltsandpolyelectrolytesfollowedby filtration.Ordinarysandfiltration removesabout90percentof theindividualasbestosfibers fronfwatersupplies.
Oneofthefew studiesavailableon rainwaterqualityfrom asbestosroofing was conductedin Thailand in 1989.ThisstudyshowedthatE. coil. levelswereconsiderablyhigherin runoff from A/C roofs than from galvanized iron.Someresearchindicatesthisis becausesunlightis moreeffectiveinkilling bacteriaonmetalsurfacesthanon A/Csurfaces.
In additionto the aboveresearch,the RHICdocumentcollectionincludesrecordsof one rainwaterharvestingprojectthatwasinfluencedby theuseofA/C roofing. Inthelate 1980’s,theU.S.Agency for InternationalDevelop-mentin Hondurasdecidednotto includerainwatercatch-mentsonruralschoolsbecausetheMinistry ofEducationinsistedonusing locally manufactured A/C roofing forreasonsofcostsavingsandjob creationbyusinglocalproducts. -
In the U.S.,a greatdealof researchhasbeenconductedby theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA) andotherorganizationson thehealthimpactsofconsumingwaterfrom asbestos-cementpipes. OnJuly 12, 1989,undertheUS Toxic SubstancesControlAct (FSCA), the EPAbannedmostasbestos-containingproducts,includingA/C pipe.A/C pipe,however,was includedin thebanbecauseof theriskposedby exposureto airborne asbestosduringA/C pipemanufacture,transportandinstallation. The EPAconcludedthatconsumptionofdrinking watertransportedby A/Cpipelinesposedno signjilcant healthrisk becauseofthepipematerialandthatexistingA/C pipelines did notneedtoberemovedbecauseoftheban.
The currentEPAdrinking waterstandardfor asbestos,which becameeffectivein July 1992, is set at7 millionfibers/literfor fibers longerthan10mm. The1984WHOguidelinesdonotcontaina guidelineforasbestosin watersupplies. WHOdirectivesstatethaL
continuedonpage12
I ~ -
ec~~ - T”~r. r~: -. t
- ~ -‘ ~$: *~r —
;~S~ ~
Annex 12J/4c-.
RHIC NETWORK PRIORITY: Asbestos Roofing and SafetybyDanCampbell,RRICManager
RAINDROP • FEBRUARY 1993 • PAcE 7
RHIC NETWORK NEWSo Dr. Al-HotnoudIs lookingfor informationandexpertson thedesignandconstructionof pondsandsmalldesert
damswhlcji canbeusedforwaterharvestingin thedesert.
His addressIs: Dr. AnnS.Al-Hotnoud,AssistantProfessor,Civil ThigSezingDept.JordanUniversityof Science&
• Technology,P0Box 3030,Jibid, Jordan,Phone:295111,
FAX 295123.o Mr. Nissen-PetersenhasrecentlyleftBotswamforNainibiatowatt for6 monthson aUNICffl~watertankand
well piugin Hecanbereachedat ErikNissen~-Petersen,ASAL ConsultantsUt, P0Box867,Kitui, Kenya,Phone:0141-22706& 22123,FAX 0141-22571& 2-740524.0 InSouthAfrica, alocal non-govemmenffilorganization
-- knownasSAWICmaintainsabibliographicdatabaseofneatly200,000referencesandis Interestedin receiving
research andprojectreportsfromotherorganiv-aLionsinvolvedin rainwaterharvesting.TheCentrepublishes2journals,entitledWATERLA andtheSAWaterBulletin.whichareavailableon requestForfurtherinfonnation,contactAngelaRethman,ProjectManager,SouthAfricanWaterInfl~rmationCentre(SAWIC),P0Box 395,Pretoria0001,SouthAfrica,Phone:(012)841-2048, FAX (012)86-.
286~o BrianSkinneris seeking infcnnation on wire-reinforcedcementmortartanksorjarsthathavebeenwell-triedunderfield conditions.This includesplainwire or barbedwirereinforcedcontainersaswellasthoseusingferrocementHealsoisseekingconstnictiondetailsofunreinforcedmortarjars. Pleasecontacthimassoonaspossibleif you haveinformation.BrianSkinner,WBDC,LoughboroughUniver-
sityofTechnology,Leicestershire,LEI1 3111, flnglnvl,Phone:(44)509-222392,FAX (44)509-211079.o AlanPet is developing a miaocanputer softwareprogramforsizing rainwatercatchmentsystemsandheiskeenlyinterestedin relevantinformationandcontactswithotherswhomayalsobeinterested. Alan PQwkes,FacultyofEnvironmentalStudies,NottinghamPolytechnic,BurtonStreet,NottinghamNG14BU, UnitedKingdom,Thonc(0602)418418, FAX(0602)484266o ToddBoulangerseeksinformationonagenciesthatfund communityworkshopsonrainwatercatchmcnls,waterquality, andenvironmentalmonitoring.Heisalsointerestedin reportsanddataontheleadconcentrationsof differenttypesofbuildingmaterials,If you canassist,contactToddatthefollowing address:ToddBoulanger,WaterResourcesResearchCenter,UniversityofHawaiiatMaiwa,Holmes,Hall 283,2540DeleStreet,Honolulu,HawaIi 96822, -
Phone(808)956-7381,FAX (808)956-6870o TheInternationalAssociationfor BnvhuninentalHydrology(IAEH) is newassociationereatedto a~ourageeffectiveconunnnicationacrossall countriesandbetweenall disciplinesthatrelatetowater— theenvironmentItpromoteslinksbetweenthescientificcommunityand -
practicingenviummentalhydrologistsandwaterprofession-als.TheAssociationpublishestheJournalofEnvironmentglHydrologyandtheEnvironmentalHydrologyReportwhicharebothavailableatno costto a~soclationmembers.Membershipfeesare$96peryearfornon-students.Forfurtherinformation,contactRogerPeebles,IAHI, P0Box1088,Alexandria,Virginia 22313,USA,Plxme:(703)683-9768,FAX (703)683-6137. -
NetworkPriority, continuedfrompage7
“the healthhazardsassociatedwith occupationalexposureto airborneasbestosare well documented.Theharnsfideffects,however,ofswallowedasbestosonhwnanhealthhavenot beendetermined.Studiesinprogressshouldpermita morecompleteevaluationofanyhazardresultingfromtheswallowingofasbestos,but availabledataare,atpresent,insufficienttodeterminewhethera guidelinevalueis needed.ThehypothesIsthat ingestedasbestosfiberscausecancercannotberuled outatthepresenttime.”
With suchuncertaintyabout the use of asbestoscementroofmgmaterialsandwaterpipesandthepotentialhealthrisks,it Is especiallyimportantthattheresultsoEdiversefield experienceandresearchbecomeavailableforanalysis.Please assistin this issue by sharing withRHIC yourexperiences and information on this topic. 0
RAINDROP • FEBRUARY 1993 • PAGE 12
p
FSSt sflt~ -
£ V. flV~fl~fl S ~i~L là VSa~III1W U~ WD fli
w wWATER AND SANITATION FOR
HEALTh PROJECTForadditionalInformationaboutactivitiesand reportsI4flted lo
thb~sue,contact
WASH OperationsCenter1611 North I~ntSlreet Room 1001
Mngton,V1rg1n1a22209USA -
WaterandSanitationfor HealthProlect,ContractP4o.DPE5073-Z-00-8081-00,Prc4ectNo.836-1249.SponsoredbytheofitceotHeSBureauforResearchandDevelopment,U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,Washington,DC 2)623.
AnneX- 13
Cement jar 1.1 M3
Trial Tank build at NERD CentreJa-Ela. May95
Description~
ACtUaJSusedin thetrial~
EstimatePos~ibIetodowith
Householder- Cost
CWSSPCost
Unit Unit Cost Qty - Cost Qty Cost
Cement Bag 265 4 1060 2.5 663 663
Sand ft3 4 10 40 10 40 40
1/2” Chicken Mesh ft2 4 80 320 80 320 320
6”m Rods length 25 9 225 3 75 75
1645
Skill Labour HR 22 24 528 8 176 176
Unskill Labour HR 12.5 24 300 48 600 600
828
Welding 200 NIL
1
2673 1874 600 1274
HH CWSSP
32% 68%
Cost per Liter 2.43 1.87 .55 1.16
USI1)N~ Cost is -+ove CWSSPcriteria, of 1.08 p r liter maximumcost per liter canbe broughtdown by building Jarsof Largercapadty(eg. 1.5M
3) andmore
II
II
Vt
5,8 & 10M3 BRICK DOME TANKS
QUANTITIES AND COSTS (1995)
Annex — 14
VOLUME pwo~ w~u. ioi~fa
1:3 PLASTER1:2
HAT
~ i L~ ~ATII ~ry u~rrc~sr wsr REMARK
5M3H4’D7’6”
Cement Bag
Brick No
Sand ft3
Metal 3/4” ft3
Mason HR
Labour HR
Area (ft2)53
2
—
5
6
2
6
99
1.5
560
10
—
4
24
54
1.6
190
5
—
6
18
260
1.6
—
7
6
18
210
0.4
—
—
3
4
12
210
1.5
—
6
6
18
8.6
750
33
9
28
96
265
1.5
3.5
18
22
12.5
2279
1125
116
162
616
1200
5498
— Transport not
included
— Domevolume not
taken
— Domethickness
2” brick
CostRs.1.10/Lit
8M3 H4’
D9’6”
CementBag
Brick No
Sandft3
Metal 3/4” ft3
MasonHR
LabourHR
Area (ft2)
81
3
—
8
9
3
9
124
2
700
13
—
5
30
85
2.5
800300
8
—
9
28
375
2.3
—
10
9
26
286
0.5
—
—
4
5
16
286
2
—
8.2
8
24
12.3
1000300
47.2
13
39
133
265
1.5
3.5
18
22
12.5
.
3259
1500450
165
234
858
1663
8129
— Domethickness
4” Brick
CostRs. 1.02/Lit
10M3 H5’
D9’6”
CementBag
Brick No
Sandft3
Metal 3/4” ft3
MasonHR
LabourHR
Area (ft2)
81
3
—
8
9
3
9
160
2.4
905
16
—
6
39
85
2.5
600
8
9
28
405
2.5
—
11
—
9
28
316
0.7
—
—
4
6.5
20
316
2.5
—
10
10
30
13.6
1505
53
13
44
154
265
1.5
3.5
18
22
12.5
3604
zzs~186
234
968
1925
9175
— Domethickness
4” Brick
CostRs. 0.92/Lit
~d~kJbdl/Z3may95
I
I
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS. SYsmMCONSISTS OF 5M3 TANK & 60M2 CATCIIMENT
APPENDIX I
(1995) R.s.
II
Ill
5500
5500
5500
850
2250
2250
200
400
400 500
8150 ~_—
6/10
8650
Ferro Ferro Brick Brick Material Material Material for Low Cost Labour Labour - Labour Transport TotalCement Cement DomeTank Dome for Home for low Standard Ground for Low for for The Costs
TankCWSSP
TankHH Cost
CWSSPCost
TankHH Cost
MadePump
costGutter for
Gutter for60M2 RF
Catchment30M2
CostGutter
StandardGutters
PumpI
Cost 60M2 RF
5500 1400 4300 1300 450 850 2250 1550 200 400 100 500+
1000
: —1
Iv
V
Vt
VII
4300
4300
4300
4300
450
450
450
450
2250
850
850
200
200
400 100
100
100
100
500
7500
5900
6400
4850
1d,IdrwI.wV/AL1L~14, 1995 5OOL,~
I
II
Jan
FebMar
130
100
150
140
250
250
AprMar
Jun
100
240
100
150
200
450
JulyAugSep
100
250
100
100 -
150
350
.‘
OctNovDec
300
300
400
300
400
550
II.III.
‘i-I
‘V4’V ~ ‘Sj,
ilIl lillIlill
EstimatedCapitalCost(1995)Per M
3 In a
10 Yr LifeSystem Rs.
21
15
18
19
12
8
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DJflR~T ~ -
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