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Cx Energy Conference.

High Performance Lighting:Lamp Source & Energy Usage

Howard Wolfman, PELumispec Consultingh.wolfman@ieee.org

847 656 5753

Learning ObjectivesBy the end of this hour you should

• Understand the different efficiency or efficacies in light source systems and plan for maximum lighting efficiency for each application

• Recognize the important performance characteristics of light source systems and select those that are needed for a specific application

• Understand the relative cost implications of different light source systems and make an educated decision as to which system to utilize

• Learn about the impact of mandatory and voluntary lighting regulations and standards, and their impact on lighting system selection

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Disclaimer • Although I list a number of manufacturers and

models, these are examples and none are endorsed. There are other manufactures with similar products

• Also, I do not have any financial arrangement or consulting agreements with any of these manufacturers (friendships with some – yes)

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Energy Use and Cost for Lighting Systems in Commercial Buildings

Cost of lamps (bulbs & tubes) and labor cost to replace them is small percentage of total operating costs.Electricity to operate lighting systems far outweighs lamp and labor costs.The higher purchase price of efficient lamps is quickly recovered through lower electricity costs.

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GOAL: To safely place the correct amount and type of light where it is needed, when it is needed, and for the lowest life cycle cost 

Need:

• Consistency in products• Cost-effective products• Quality in products• Reliability in products

Then products will:• Allow interchangeability of system

components• Provide “superior” lighting

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User Lighting Goal

• Save money– Reduce power consumption– Reduce maintenance

• Provide “proper” level of illumination– Safe– Adequate light level

• Be environmentally friendly

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Definitions

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Definitions

• Light Sources• CCT (Correlated Color Temperature)• CRI (Color Rendering Index)• Efficacy• Lamp life• Lumen Depreciation/Lumen Maintenance

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Light Sources• Incandescent

• HID

• Fluorescent

• CFL

• LED

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CCT (Correlated Color Temperature) - Kelvin (K)

• Color temperature – a measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” provided by the lamp, expressed in Kelvin (K).– Generally, sources below

3200K are considered “warm” while those above 4000K are considered “cool.”

– The higher the color temperature, the “cooler” or bluer the light.

– Also called “Chromaticity”

- Terminology

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Color Temperature by Application- Terminology

SSL

SSL

SSL

SSL

SSL

New area: Human Centric Lighting

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CRI (Color Rendering Index)

• Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a measure of how well a lamp renders color.– A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as

they do in sunlight.– CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar

color temperature.

- Terminology

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Source: IES

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Light Source Color Summary

CRI CCT (°K)Natural daylight 100 5000o – 8500o

Mercury vapor 20 - 50 4000o – 6000o

Metal halide 65 – 93 2900o – 6500o

Fluorescent 70 - 96 3000o – 8000o

Incandescent 100 2500o – 3000o

Induction 80 2700o – 5000o Standard HPS 22 2200o

LED 70 - 90 3000o – 8000o

Low pressure sodium -44 1700o

Source: BOC

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Lamp Characteristics:LPW & Average Rated LifeLumens Per Watt (LPW)

light output (lumens)LPW =

power input (watts)

Average Rated Life for Incandescent, HID, and Fluorescent is the point in time at which 50% of a large group of lamps have failed.

Ratings in catalogs are result of standard lab tests. (Ex: Fluorescent lamps 20,000 hrs. @ 3 hrs./start)

Rated life for LED is when lumen output has dropped to 70%, or L70

Source: BOC

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Definition of life-traditional light sources

Source: IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition

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Light Source Lifetimes

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Efficacy of Light Sources

DOE SSL R&D Multi-Year Program Plan (2012-04, www.ssl.energy.gov/techroadmaps.html)

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Lamp Characteristics: Lumen Maintenance (lumen light depreciation)

Most lamps lose ability to produce light after burning for some time

Lumen maintenance measures the rate of depreciation and indicates the remaining light output

*Initial lumens measured at 100 hrs

**Mean lumens measured at 40% rated life

LLD = mean lumens**

initial lumens*

Ex: 32-W T8 Fluorescent

2,775LLD = = 0.95

2,900

Source: BOC

Comfort Issues• Adequate

Illumination• Lake of Glare• Color Recognition

- Human Needs

• Eyestrain relief from the ability to change focus from close (computer screen) to distance (wall/window)

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Light Levels:Considerations

Proper light levels required■ IESNA recommendations

■ State/local standards

Where light levels are correct, visual tasks are easier.

Too little is bad - cannot see, eye straintoo much is bad – glare, wastes energy

Source: BOC

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High Intensity Discharge (HID)

• An HID lamp relies on light emitted by a gas or vapor that has been excited by an electric current

• Long life, high efficacy, and small in physical size• Warm up (2-6 minutes) and “restrike” (up to 20

minutes)• Point source -glare

- Lighting Types

High Intensity Discharge (HID)• The most common

types of HID lamps are – Mercury Vapor, – Metal Halide– High Pressure

Sodium– Low Pressure

Sodium.

- Lighting Types

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Lumen Depreciation-HID Lamps

Source: IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition

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Solid State LightingSSL - LED

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Collectively, what have we learned so far and what do we need going forward?

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Why SSL Rapid ongoing improvements

DOE SSL R&D Multi-Year Program Plan (2012-04, www.ssl.energy.gov/techroadmaps.html)

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SSL Penetration - future

Source: DOE

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LED luminaire efficacy

Source: DOE

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$/lm

, nor

mal

ized

(Coo

l Whi

te, 6

500K

)

Annual Improvement in $/lm @ 100 LPW 43% 45% 35% 29% 45% 40% 27%

Effica

cy (L

PW)

Performance Drives LED Cost Roadmap ($/lm)

Working on both numerator and denominator!!

Source: Cree

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Driving LPW Makes Systems Cheaper.

Fewer LEDs & optics for the same system(Hypothetical Example)

XM-L2

XP-G

XM-L2

XP-G

85 LP

W95

LPW

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

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70

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135

Number of LEDs Required To Deliver 10,000 Lumens

Syst

em E

ffica

cy

A Lot Cheaper.

Source: Cree

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2007• 42 LEDs• 650 lm• 12W

>$100 Commercial Wholesale

2011• 8 LEDs• 650 lm• 10.5W

$49.97 Retail

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10W

$39.97

3

3

9.5W

$19.97

A Real Example

Source: Cree

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LED Cost Conclusions• LED costs have been coming down rapidly over the last 3 years –

typical semiconductor learning curve• Luminous Flux and therefore LPW efficacy have also been

improving dramatically – 200 LPW is now in production• Since cost is measured in lumens per dollar, working on both the

numerator and denominator simultaneously have yielded over 40% year-on-year gains for the past several years

• Every time LEDs are made 10% brighter they also become 10% cheaper because you need 10% fewer LEDs per luminaire system

• Taking LEDs out of a system is a much stronger lever on cost than simply reducing the cost of LEDs because 10% fewer LEDs also means 10% fewer optics, smaller and cheaper housings and PWB assemblies, etc.

• Increasing efficacy reduces the size, weight, cost of heat sinks

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Heat

• Stated very simply, heat is death to electronics and LEDs are electronics – transistors

• For every 10°C increase in temperature over a component’s rated temperature, the component’s life is reduced by half

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Dimming of LEDs

• Good News– LEDs love dimming– Dimming reduces the LED junction temperature– Saves additional power/energy– Should increase LED life and color stability

• Bad News– Not all LED systems are compatible with all dimmers– Need to get compatibility assurance from

luminaire/dimmer manufacturer

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Warranties

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Source: Stephen Naor Leapfrog Lighting

• 10 years @ 24 X 7 X 365 = 87,600 hours• What is covered

• “Limited” warranty• What is not covered

Glare

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Glare

• Incandescent/HID/LED - point light source• Proper defusing • Proper focusing• Control• Curfew

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Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO)

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Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires Version 1.0 October 2011

• This document is intended to be used as a model or template specification.

• It should be customized as needed to meet the needs of each owner, • The template is composed of two separate documents:• The body of the specification and appendix• The Editor may choose ONE of two versions of Appendix A,

depending on available information– System Specification (application efficacy), which characterizes luminaire

performance based on site characteristics such as mounting height, pole spacing, number of drive lanes, input power, and required light levels and uniformity.

– Material Specification (luminaire efficacy), which characterizes luminaire performance without consideration of site characteristics.

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BUG RATINGS – Backlight, Uplight, and Glare IES-TM-15 and addenda)

An attempt to define, measure, and control unwanted light

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Focused vs. spread lighting - Uniformity

Minimize the number of metrics used Avoid using metrics and criteria which may overlap and conflict

• For example, if a minimum lumens value is specified for a parking lot luminaire, high-performance products which improve uniformity (thereby needing fewer lumens) might be inadvertently excluded from consideration

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What we don’t want!!!!!

• Spot LED failures• Complete luminaire Failures

• Driver

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Retrofit 400 MH toT8 Fluorescent Example

Before After

High-bay fixtures e/w 400-w metal halide (458-watts/fixture)

30 FC

CRI = 65

Industrial fixtures e/w 6 – F32T8 lamps

(224-watts/fixture) 50 FC

CRI = 85

Source: BOC

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HID & Incandescentto T5HO Fluorescent

Before After54, 400-w HPS HB fixtures 465-w 6, 400-w MH HB fixtures 458-w

4, 500-w Incand fixtures 500-w

29,859 W

42, 4-lamp T5HO fixtures 234-w 4, 6-lamp T5HO fixtures 351-w

(all e/w wire grills)

11,932 W

Source: BOC

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Standards and Specifications

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FLICKER

• IEEE working on P1789, "Recommending practices for modulating current in High Brightness LEDs for mitigating health risks to viewers" – grouper.ieee.org/groups/1789/

• DOE - PNNL has been working on this and is continuing to work on this– Testing methods– Metrics– Good webinars

• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/webcasts.html • ledsmagazine.com/features/9/10/5

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ANSI C82.377• This standard specifies the range of chromaticities

recommended for general indoor lighting with SSL products, as well as to ensure that the white light chromaticities of the products can be communicated to consumers

• This standard applies to LED-based SSL products with control electronics and heat sinks incorporated--that is, those devices that require only AC mains power or a DC voltage power supply to operate

• This document does not cover products that require external operating circuits or additional external heat sinks.

• The chromaticity requirement in this standard is for general indoor lighting applications. For other applications, chromaticities of light broader than the range specified in this standard are often acceptable

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NEMA SSL – 1, ELECTRONIC DRIVERS FOR LED DEVICES, ARRAYS, OR SYSTEMS

• Provides specifications for and operating characteristics of non-integral electronic drivers (power supplies) for LED devices, arrays, or systems

• However, the driver generally is or contains the weakest link in the luminaire system – electronic components and the electrolytic capacitor.

• Electronic components and heat

• +10º C = life/2

Weakest part of a LED product

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IEEE P1789 - Recommended Practice of Modulating Current in High Brightness LED’s for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers

• Under development – estimate late 2014 publish date• There are no standards on safe modulating frequencies for LEDs.

Driving frequencies suggested by vendors, range from very low to high frequencies. Past work has shown that modulation at low frequencies can cause health related problems, such as headaches, eye strain and epileptic seizure.

• The detrimental effects depend on factors such as brightness, angle of viewing, wavelength, depth of modulation, among others. The purpose of this standard is to

1) describe some possible health risks, such as headaches, eye strain and epileptic seizure, associated with low frequency

modulation of LEDs in different applications and 2) provide recommended practices to aid design of LED driving systems to modulate at safe frequencies for their particular applications in order to protect against the described health risks.

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US Safety standards

• UL 8750• UL 1598• FCC part 15

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UL 8750 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Equipment for Use in Lighting Products (Canada C250.13)

• “Voluntary” Safety requirements for LED equipment that is an integral part of a luminaire or other lighting equipment and

which operates in the visible light spectrum between 400 – 700 nm

• Requirements also cover the component parts of light emitting diode (LED) equipment, including LED drivers, controllers, arrays, modules, and packages as defined within this standard

• Requirements in this standard are intended to supplement those in 12 other UL end-product standards including UL1598

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UL 1598

• “Voluntary” Standard for Safety for Luminaires – 304 pages

• This Standard applies to luminaires for use in non-hazardous locations and that are intended for installation on branch circuits of 600 V nominal or less between conductors

• Covers Incandescent, HID, Fluorescent, and SSL luminaires

• Similar to IEC 598

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UL 1598(C)These requirements apply to light-emitting diode (LED) retrofit luminaire conversion kits intended to replace existing light sources and systems in previously installed luminaires that already comply with requirements in UL 1598. The kits are intended for use on:• LED retrofit kits covered by these requirements include but are not

limited to LED lamps and arrays, LED control modules, LED drivers, LED power supplies, wiring, lampholders, brackets, wire connectors, reflectors, diffusers, and other associated mechanical, electrical, or optical devices.

• This standard does not cover luminaire conversion lamps intended to replace existing lamps without any modification in the luminaire other than replacement of the lamp using the existing lampholder. Requirements for these direct replacement lamps specified in the Standard for Self-Ballasted Lamps and Lamp Adapters, UL 1993.

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FCC Part 15/ICES 003

• Mandatory per US and Canadian governments• Covers conducted and radiated EMI and EMC• Somewhat similar to CISPR 15 (IEC and Europe)• FCC practice faster and less costly than IEC

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Zhaga standard

• Lighting industry used to standardized light sources, but LED engines are not

• Zhaga promotes interchangeability of LED light engines by specifying interfaces

• Zhaga specs to be limited to mechanical, thermal, photometric, electrical interfaces

• Initially voluntary, but will submit spec to IEC for standardization

• Both US and Europe expected to adopt as standards

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EPA Energy Star Standards

ENERGY STAR Product Specification for Luminaires Voluntary – 36 pages• Photometric Performance

Requirements.• Electrical Performance Rqrmnts • Thermal Performance Rqrmnts • Safety Requirements • Product Labeling & Packaging

Requirements • Lighting Toxics Reduction

Requirements: Directional and Non-

Directional Luminaires • Warranty Requirements: Directional

and Non-Directional Luminaires

ENERGY STAR Product Specification for Lamps - Voluntary - 53 pagesContains lamp requirements for

• Beam spread• Color• Life• Lumen depreciation• Efficacy• Stress testing• Electrical• Dimming• Labeling• Warranty

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DLC Qualified Products List

• Produced by DesignLights Consortium• Specifications and list of qualified products for

utility incentive programs• January 1, 2014, v.2.1 update updated specs for

37 LED product categories• Over 16,000 products listed

See product list at www.designlights.org

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Light Source Costs

Source relative costcost trend

Incandescent 100 levelHID 400 levelFluorescent 200 levelCFL 150 levelLED 400 decreasing

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Twelve questions you need to ask when specifying LED products

1) Is your LED supplier a reliable company? How do you know?

2) Has your supplier provided an IES LM-80 test report from an accredited laboratory?

3) What is the operating temperature range specification and what is the maximum junction temperature

4) What is the expected L70 lifetime of the fixture? How was it calculated – TM 21 or?

5) Can the manufacturer supply an IES LM-79 test report from an accredited laboratory as well as an .ies data file?

6) What are the delivered lumens and lumens per watt (LPW) of the fixture?

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Twelve questions you need to ask when specifying LED products

7) What is the chromaticity of the fixture in the ANSI C78.377A color space and is it stable over time? How do you know?

8) Does the color of the light output vary from fixture to fixture or in different spatial locations for a single fixture?

9) What is the power factor of the fixture? How much power does it consume in the “off” state?

10) Do you have or have you applied for the EPA Energy Star or Design Lights Consortium listing?

11) Is the fixture lead-free, mercury-free and RoHS compliant?12) What is the warranty and do you have the means to stand

behind it?

Learning ObjectivesHave we helped you to

• Understand the different efficiency or efficacies in light source systems and plan for maximum lighting efficiency for each application

• Recognize the important performance characteristics of light source systems and select those that are needed for a specific application

• Understand the relative cost implications of different light source systems and make an educated decision as to which system to utilize

• Learn about the impact of mandatory and voluntary lighting regulations and standards, and their impact on lighting system selection

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Thank YouAre there any questions?

Howard Wolfman, PELumispec Consulting

O: 847-656-5753 C: 847-366-6700

h.wolfman@ieee.org