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Cyclic and Event Stratification Edited by G. Einsele and A. Seilacher
With 180 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982
Professor Dr. GERHARD EINSELE Professor Dr. ADOLF SEILACHER
Institut fUr Geologie und Palaontologie U niversitat Tiibingen SigwartstraBe 10 D-7400 Tiibingen
ISBN-13:978-3-540-11373-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-75829-4 DOl: 10.1 007/978-3-642-75829-4
This work is subject to copyright. AU rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1982
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2132/3130-543210
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Preface
The problem of bedding, a basic feature of most sedimentary rocks, is as old as the science of geology itself. We use bedding in structural geology, regional correlation and for estimating the time involved in the strati'9Taphic record. Nevertheless we still are far from fully understanding the processes involved. This is particularly true for carbonate rocks, where primary phenomena are sometimes difficult to separate from the secondary diagenetic overprint. After new interest in the subject had arisen from the International Deep Sea Drilling Project and from paleoecological studies in our own research group (Sonderforschungsbereich 53 "Pal6kologie"), a Rundgesprach (workshop) was held in Tlibingen on April 25th - 27th 1980. The present volume, which resulted from this symposium, contains a variety of contributions, including some by colleagues that were unable to attend the meeting itself. Papers whose authors did not submit an elaborated manuscript, are represented by abstracts in the form presented for the meeting.
Our own interest in the problem envolved from studies of "Fossil-Bonanzas", such as the Solnhofen lithographic limestones or the bituminous Posidonia shales, in which the unusual kind and preservation of fossils indicated extreme environmental conditions. During these studies (see sununary reports in Zbl. Geol. Palaont. II, 1976 and N. Jb. Geol. Palaont., 157, 1978) we realized that even in these cases one single environmental model is usually insufficient to explain the conflicting evidences. This lack in our approach became still more evident, when we left the extreme end members to study Fossil-Lagerstatten such as shell beds, in more "normal" types of facies.
The title of the symposium focuses on the key questions: to what extent does bedding reflect the gradual cyclic and periodic changes of our telluric system or rather rare and unpredictable events that occur in almost any sedimentary regime? Or, more pragmatically: in what environments have telluric cycles a chance to leave a sedimentary record that does not become wiped out by bioturbation or obscured by the effects of catastrophic events? Because this inherent dilemma commonly splits researchers into a "cyclist" and a "catastrophist" camp, we felt it necessary to have both views adequately represented in this volume. The contributions cover a broad spectrum of rock and facies types and paleoecological as well as sedimentological and diagenetic criteria. The well-known turbidites, although being the most prominent group of the event deposits, are, however, dealt with only by a few examples in relation to coexisiting cyclic or black shale phenomena, or in order to demonstrate the role of carbonate diagenesis. The au-
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thors of this volume range from amateurs and undergraduate students to established experts. In spite of such inherent heterogeneities we hope that this collection of papers in some way does justice to the scope of the problem and meets the needs of geoscientists trying to understand the meaning of bedded sequences.
Our work at Tlibingen including the workshop mentioned above was sponsored by the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) which is gratefully acknowledged. Particular thanks are due to Mrs. L. Hagel, E. Himmel, H. Jurczyk, A. Lupke, R. Stephani for typewriting the manuscripts camera-ready, to Mr. H. Vollmer for help in drafting, and to Mr. W. Wetzel for photographic work including the reduction of most of the figures and tables to meet the page size set by the publishers. All this work had to be accomplished besides the daily tasks at our institute. We are grateful to Springer Verlag for accepting our home-made product despite of technical shortcomings, for which the editors alone bear the responsibility.
We hope that in spite of these deficiencies, this volume may convey some of the spirit that united the participants during the symposium and help to free stratigraphy from the blemish of being a dry and purely descriptive science.
Tlibingen, March 1932 G. EINSELE A. SEILACHER
Contents
Part I. Limestone-Marl Rhythms and Climate-controlled
Facies Changes
General Remarks About the Nature, Occurrence, and Recognition of Cyclic Sequences (Periodites)
VII
G. Einsele (With 1 Figure) .......•....•...•......•... 3
Limestone-Marl Cycles (periodites): Diagnosis, Significance, Causes - a Review G. Einsele (With 14 Figures) ........•.•.•.......•.... 8
Observations on Well-bedded Upper Jurassic Limestones W.M. Bausch, J. Fatschel, and D. Hofmann (With 8 Figures) '" ................•.........•..... , . 54
Origin of Marl-Limestone Alternation (Oxford 2) in Southwest Germany W. Ricken and C. Hemleben (With 3 Figures) .•........• 63
Limestone-Shale Bedding and Perturbations of the Earth I s Orbit W. Schwarzacher and A.G. Fischer (With 7 Figures) .•.. 72
Rhythmic Sedimentation Documented in a Late Cretaceous Core (Abstract) L. Pratt............................................. 96
Ecology and Depositional Environments of Chalk-Marl and Limestone-Shale Rhythms in the Cretaceous of North America (Abstract) E.G. Kauffman........................................ 97
Diagenetic Redistribution of Carbonate, a Process in Forming Limestone-Marl Alternations (Devonian and Carboniferous, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, W. Germany) W. Eder (With 12 Figures) ............................ 98
A Contribution to the Origin of Limestone-Shale Sequences M. Walther (With 2 Figures) ..•......................• 113
Deep-Sea Stratigraphy: Cenozoic Climate Steps and the Search for Chemo-Climatic Feedback W.H. Berger (With 2 Figures) ........•.........•.....• 121
VIII
Part IIA. Event Stratification. Calcareous and
Quartz-Sandy Tempestites
General Remarks About Event Deposits A. Seilacher (With 2 Figures) ....•.....•.•....•...... 161
Experiments on the Distinction of Wave and Current Influenced Shell Accumulations E. Futterer (With 2 Figures) .....•......•.•••........ 175
Calcareous Tempestites: Storm-dominated Stratification in Upper Muschelkalk Limestones (Middle Trias, SW-Germany) T. Aigner (With 10 Figures) ............•..•••...•..•. 180
Allochthonous Coquinas in the Upper Muschelkalk -Caused by Storm Events? (Abstract) H. Hagdorn, and R. Mundlos........................... 199
The role of Storm Processes in Generating Shell Beds in Paleozoic Shelf Environments R.D. Kreisa and R.K. Bambach (With 2 Figures) .•...... 200
Rhythmic Bedding and Shell Bed Formation in the Upper Jurassic of East Greenland F. T. Flirsich (With 5 Figures)........................ 208
Shell Beds in the Lower Lias of South Germany - Facies and Origin G. Bloos (With 7 Figures) ..•.•.•......•..•...•.•..•.• 223
Storm Sedimentation in the Carboniferous Limestones Near Weston-Super-Mare (Dinantian, SW-England) D. Jeffery and T. Aigner (With 1 Figure) ...•.•••..... 240
Event-Stratification in Nummulite Accumulations and in Shell Beds from the Eocene of Egypt T. Aigner (With 7 Figures) .......•....•..•...•....•.• 248
The "Bank der kleinen Terebrateln" (Upper Muschelkalk, Triassic) Near Schwabisch Hall (SW-Germany) - a Tempestite Condensation Horizon H. Hagdorn (With 13 Figures) .........••..•.......••.. 263
Glauconitic Condensation Through High-Energy Events in the Albian Near Clars (Escragnolles, Var, SE-France) G. Gebhard (With 4 Figures) ..•••....•••.••..........• 286
Muschelkalk/Keuper Bone-Beds (Middle Triassic, SWGermany) - Storm Condensation in a Regressive Cycle W.-E. Reif (With 11 Figures) ..•..•.............•..... 299
Condensed Griotte Facies and Cephalopod Accumulations in the Upper Devonian of the Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco J. Wendt and T. Aigner (With 2 Figures) ....•..•.••... 326
Distinctive Features of Sandy Tempestites A. Seilacher (With 7 Figures) ......•......•.•..•..... 333
Multidirectional Paleocurrents as Indicators of Shelf Storm Beds
IX
D.I. Gray and M.J. Benton (With 2 Figures) ........... 350
Scour and Fill: The Significance of Event Separation R. Goldring and T. Aigner (With 2 Figures) ........... 354
Storm-surge Sandstones and the Deposition of Interbedded Limestone: Late Precambrian, Southern Norway M. Tucker (With 5 Figures) ........................... 363
Flat Pebble Conglomerates, Storm Deposits, and the Cambrian Bottom Fauna J.J. Sepkoski, Jr. (With 4 Figures) .................. 371
Part lIB. Event Stratification - Other Event Deposits
Jurassic Bedded Cherts from the North Apennines, Italy: Dyscyclic Sedimentation in the Deep Pelagic Realm T.J. Barrett (With 5 Figures) ........................ 389
Quartz-sandy Allodapic Limestones as a Result of Lime Mud-Raising Clastic Turbidites U. Maier-Harth (With 8 Figures and 2 Plates) ......... 404
Belemnites as Current Indicators in Shallow Marine Turbidites of the Santonian Bavnodde Gr¢nsand, Bornholm (Denmark) R. Schmidt (With 2 Figures) ...........•.............. 419
Habits of Zircon as a Tool for Precise Tephrostratigraphic Correlation J. Winter (With 1 Figure) ......................... " .. 423
Part III. Cyclicity and Event Stratification
in Black Shales
Cyclic and Dyscyclic Black Shale Formation A. Wetzel (With 5 Figures) ........................... 431
Cyclicity and the Storage of Organic Matter in Middle Cretaceous Pelagic Sediments P.L. deBoer (With 5 Figures) ......................... 456
Types of Stratification in the Kupferschiefer J. Paul (With 2 Figures)............................. 476
Environmental Changes During Oil Shale Deposition as Deduced from Stable Isotope Ratios W. Klispert (With 5 Figures) .......................... 482
The Community Structure of "Shell Islands" on Oxygen Depleted Substrates in Mesozoic Dark Shales and Laminated Carbonates (Abstract) E.G. Kauffman ........................................ 502
x
Ammonite Shells as Habitats - Floats or Benthic Islands? (Abstract) A. Seilacher ....•.•...........••...•...••••.•........ 504
Palynology of Upper Liassic Bituminous Shales (Abstract)
W. Wille............................................. 505
The Bituminous Lower Toarcian at the Truc de Balduc Near Mende (Departement de la Lozere, S-France) W. Riegraf (With 2 Figures) ..•.......•.•.........•.•. 506
Bedding Types of the Toarcian Black Shales in NW-Greece J.P. Walzebuck (With 6 Figures) •••..........••....... 512
Stratinomy of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay (Dorset, England) (Abstract) T. Aigner ....••.........•...................•.•.••... 526
The Formation of the Bituminous Layers of the Middle Triassic of Ticino (Switzerland) (Abstract) H. Rieber ••.....••.•....•..••............•.....•....• 527
Summary
Paleogeographic Significance of Tempestites and Periodites G. Einsele and A. Seilacher (With 2 Figures) •..•.•..• 531
List of Contributors 1
*Aigner, T. 180, 240, 248 Kauffman, E.G. 97, 502 326, 354, 526 Kreisa, R.D. 200
Bambach, R.K. 200 *Kiispert, W. 482 Barrett, T.J. 389 *Maier-Harth, U. 404 Bausch, W.M. 54 Mundlos, R. 199 Benton, M.J. 350 Paul, J. 476 Berger, W.H. 121 Pratt, L. 96 Bloos, G. 223 *Reif, W.-E. 299 deBoer, P.L. 456 *Ricken, W. 63 Eder, W. 98 Rieber, H. 527
*Einsele, G. 3, 8, 531 , *Riegraf, W. 506 Fatschel, J. 54 *Schmidt, R. 419 Fischer, A.G. 72 Schwarzacher, W. 72 Fiirsich, F.T. 208 *Seilacher, A. 161 , 333, Futterer, E. 175 504, 531
*Gebhard, G. 286 Sepkoski, J.J. jr. 371 Goldring, R. 354 Tucker, M. 363 Gray, D.!. 350 Walther, M. 11 3 Hagdorn, H. 199, 263 *Walzebuck, J.P. 512
*Hemleben, c. 63 *Wendt, J. 326 Hofmann, D. 54 *Wetzel, A. 431 Jeffery, D. 240 *Wille, W. 505
Winter, J. 423
1All authors marked with an asterisk can be contacted under the following address: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat SigwartstraBe 10, 7400 Tiibingen, FRG
Please find the addresses of the remaining authors in the "Address List" (next pages)
XI
Address List
Bambach, R.K., Prof.
Barrett, T.J., Dr.
Bausch, W.M., Prof.
Benton, M.J., Dr.
Berger, W.H., Prof.
Bloos, G., Dr.
de Boer, P.L., Dr.
Eder, W., Dr.
Fatschel, J.
Fischer, A.G., Prof.
Fursich, F., Dr.
Futterer, E., Dr.
XIII
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept. of Geological Sciences, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
University of Toronto, Dept. of Geology, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A1, Canada
Institut fur Geologie u. Mineralogie, Universitiit Erlangen-Nurnberg, SchloBgarten 5, 8520 Erlangen, FRG
Department of Geology University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, England
Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, USA
Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Arsenalpla tz 3, 7140 Ludwigsburg, FRG
State University of Utrecht, Institute of Earth Sciences, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Geologisch-Paliiontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitiit, Goldschmidt-StraBe 3, 3400 Gottingen, FRG
Institut fur Geologie u. Mineralogie, Universitiit Brlangen-Nurnberg, SchloBgarten 5, 8520 Erlangen, FRG
Princeton University, Dept. of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
Institut fur Paliiontologie und Historische Geologie der Universitiit, Richard-Wagner-StraBe 10 II, 8000 Munchen 2, FRG
Geologisch-Paliiontologisches Institut der Universitiit, OlshausenstraBe 40/60, 2300 Kiel, FHG
XIV
Goldring, R., Dr.
Gray, 0.1., Dr.
Hagdorn, H. Studienrat
Hofmann, D.
Jeffery, D.
Kauffman, E.G., Dr.
Kreisa, R.D., Dr.
Mundlos, R., Dr.
Paul, J., Dr.
Pratt, L.M.
Rieber, H., Prof.
Schwarzacher, W., Prof.
Sepkoski, J. John, jr., Dr.
Tucker, M., Dr.
walther, M.
Winter, J., Prof.
University of Reading, Dept. of Geology, Whiteknights, Reading Rg6 2AB, England
Department of Geology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, England
Konsul-Uebele-StraBe 14, 7118 Kunzelsau, FRG
Institut fur Geologie u. Mineralogie, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, SchloBgarten 5, 8520 Erlangen, FRG
Institute of Geological Sciences (Overseas Dept.) Keyworth, Nottingham, NG 12599, England
Dept. of Geosciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA
Dept. of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
SchachtstraBe 6, 7107 Bad Friedrichshall, FRG
Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat, Goldschmidt-StraBe 3, 3400 Gottingen, FRG
Princeton University, Dept. of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
Palaontolog. Institut und Museum der ETH Zurich, Kunstlergasse 16, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
University of Belfast, Dept. of Geology, Queen's University, Belfast - BT 71 NN, Ireland
University of Chicago, Dept. of the Geophysical Sciences, 5734 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Department of Geology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, England
Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat, Goldschmidt-StraBe 3, 3400 Gottingen, FRG
Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut der Universitat, SenckenbergAnlage 32-34, 6000 Frankfurt a.M., FRG