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CYCLICAL VISITS TO MARS VIAASTRONAUT HOTELS
Presentation to theNASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC)
3rd Annual Meeting:Visions of the Future in Aeronautics and Space
byKerry T. Nock
Global Aerospace Corporation
http://www.gaerospace.comJune 5-6, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 3 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation PHASE I STUDY CONTRIBUTORSGlobal Aerospace Corporation (GAC)
Dr. Kim M. AaronDale R. Burger
Dr. Angus D. McRonaldKerry T. Nock, Principal Investigator and NIAC Fellow
Susan L. NockBrenda Wistor-Linfield
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)Alan L. Friedlander
Mark K. JacobsJerry A. Rauwolf
Planetary Resource Utilization ConsultantDr. Michael B. Duke
Solar Electric Propulsion Technical AdvisorDr. John R. Brophy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 4 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
TOPICS
INTRODUCTIONORBIT ANALYSIS
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURESYSTEM MODELING, ANALYSIS & COSTS
SIGNIFICANCE TO NASASUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 6 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
BACKGROUND• 1985 National Commission on Space (NCOS)
– Mars transportation infrastructure for permanent Mars base– Use of cyclic orbits– Cycling vehicles (CASTLES), spaceports and taxis
• Revolutionary NIAC concept being studied by Global Aerospace– Reduce crew occupation to only 5 months– Increase systems autonomy– Eliminate artificial gravity from cycling vehicles– Reduce cycling vehicle size– Use solar energy for surface and space power systems– Employ solar-powered ion propulsion systems (IPS) throughout– Significantly reduce reliance on earth propellants, consumables and
refurbishment, repair and upgrade (RRU) cargo
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 7 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
CONCEPT MOTIVATION
• Create permanent elements of a Mars transportation system• Take advantage of natural orbital physics to facilitate Mars
transportation• Eliminate need for new, expensive class of rockets and launchers• Offer environmentally safe technology, without political baggage,
for transportation to and from mars• Increase reliance on in situ resources for Mars transportation
architecture• Accelerate the timeframe for permanent inhabitation of Mars
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 8 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation KEYS TO THE CURRENT CONCEPT• Cycler orbits between Earth and Mars that enable fast, frequent
transfers between these planets
• Astronaut hotels, or Astrotels, which are small transportvehicles capable of carrying 10 people on cycling orbits betweenplanets
• Orbital spaceports at the planets and very small, fast,hyperbolic transfer vehicles, or taxis, between spaceports andastrotels.
• Propellant and life support in situ resource manufacturingplants
• Cargo vehicles that utilize low-energy, long-flighttime orbits totransport propellant and low value cargo to and from planets
• Shuttles to and from spaceports and planetary surfaces
ORBIT ANALYSIS
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 10 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation ALDRIN CYCLERS
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 11 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
CorporationEXAMPLE ALDRIN
UP-CYCLER SEQUENCE
E1E3
M2
M4
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 12 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
UP-CYCLER LOW THRUSTTRAJECTORY SHAPING
Thrusting PhaseCoast Phase
• 2nd Correction of Up Orbit• Thrust Period 430 days• Coast Period 350 days• Uncrewed During Thrusting
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMARCHITECTURE
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 14 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
CorporationTRANSPORTATION ARCHITECTURE
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 15 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
CorporationDOWN-CYCLER
PLANETARY GEOMETRYPhobos
Mars
MarsSpaceport
Taxi
Aldrin Down Cycler
Trajectory
Propulsive Delta-Vs
Taxi
AerocaptureManeuver Earth
Moon
L1 Earth Spaceport
Astrotel
Aldrin Down CyclerMission Profile
ASTROTEL CONCEPT
XenonPropellant
Tank
Ion Engines(Eight, 50 cm,17 kW, 5000s)
Hab Module
Cargo Pod
Solar Array(160 kW)
Astrotel Mass: 69.1 mt
Eva
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 17 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation ION PROPULSION SYSTEM (IPS)
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 18 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation EXAMPLE AERO-ASSISTPROFILE AT MARS
Entry Interface 125 km
Scale ExaggeratedMars
40-50 kmAltitude
EntryL=0
InOrbit
Pitch Back to L=0Pitch Over to Lmax
Begin Aero-Cruise
ISS TRANSHAB CONCEPT(Courtesy NASA/JSC)
Modifications
• Expansion of crew from 6 to 10
• 6-times volume/crew as STS
• Expansion of radiation protection
• Added docking port
• Include Astrotel command andcontrol systems
Modifications
• Expansion of crew from 6 to 10
• 6-times volume/crew as STS
• Expansion of radiation protection
• Added docking port
• Include Astrotel command andcontrol systems
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 20 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation TAXI CONCEPT:LEAVING EARTH SPACEPORTCrew Module
Propellant Tanks
Rocket Engines(Extended Nozzle)
Aeroshell (EllipticalRaked Cone)
Taxi Dry Mass: 19.1 mt
SEAT ROTATION
Docking Port
Variableg-Vector
Seats (10)
Crew Space Equal to Apollo
TAXI CREW MODULE
TAXI IN AEROCRUISE OVER MARSTAXI IN AEROCRUISE OVER MARS
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 23 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation IN SITU RESOURCEUTILIZATION STRATEGIES• Moon --> Polar Ice
– Excavate regolith, heat and extract water (10.2 kg/hr)– Electrolyze some water into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH for lunar water tanker– Liquefy and transport most water to earth spaceport
• Earth Spaceport --> ~100% Sun– Electrolyze Lunar water Into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH (1.6 kg/hr)– LOX/LH storage for Taxi
• Phobos --> O2-Bearing Regolith– Carbon reduction of regolith to produce O2 (23.2 kg/hr)– Liquefy to LOX and transport to Mars spaceport for storage
• Mars Spaceport --> ~100% Sun– LOX/LH storage for Taxi
• Mars Surface --> Water-Bearing Regolith– Excavate regolith (dunes), heat and extract water (8.1 kg/hr)– Electrolyze water into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH for Mars shuttle
SYSTEM MODELING, ANALYSISAND COSTS
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 25 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation MAMA
Astrotels- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
OrbitalNodes
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
SurfaceFacilities
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
GroundFacilities(Earth)
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
ISRUSystems
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
LaunchSystems
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
Transfer &ExcursionVehicles
- Type 1- Type 2- Type n
SYSTEM INTEGRATOR
INPUTS OUTPUTS* ELEMENT INTERFACES
* System Integrator Output includes a standard WBS-format for all architecture candidates
EL
EM
EN
TS
LaunchVehicles
SUP
PO
RT
AN
AL
YSE
S
TrajectoryAnalyses
PropulsionSystems
PowerSystems
Life SupportSystems
OtherSystems
EXAMPLE MAMA SYSTEM ELEMENTEXAMPLE MAMA SYSTEM ELEMENT
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 27 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
CARGO USE PROFILE SUMMARY
Location-------------> At LEO At Earth Spaceport
At Mars Spaceport
At Surface of Mars
At Surface of Moon
At Astrotels (2 vehicles)
Total Cargo Requirements
LOX 1 2 2 , 6 3 1 1 , 0 3 6 , 3 4 8 2 8 2 , 3 3 9L H 1 7 , 5 1 9 1 4 8 , 0 5 0 4 0 , 3 3 4
Water 1 5 7 , 6 6 9 3 6 3 , 0 0 7Xenon 2 4 5 , 1 0 6 5 , 7 5 1
Refurb Mass 1 4 9 , 8 6 3 3 7 , 8 0 0 8 0 , 2 5 9 5 4 , 0 6 1 5 6 7 1 4 , 6 9 2Augmentation Tanks 1 0 7 , 8 2 7 1 0 7 , 8 2 7
Crew Consumables 1 1 9 , 1 4 0 1 1 9 , 1 4 0 Communications Satellites
Total Mass Required 6 2 1 , 9 3 5 3 3 5 , 6 1 9 1 , 3 7 2 , 4 8 3 7 3 9 , 7 4 1 5 6 7 1 3 9 , 5 8 3
• Cargo requirements over 15-years• All masses in kg
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 28 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation CARGO DELIVERY SYSTEMSREQUIREMENTS SUMMARY
All masses in kg
Location-------------> At LEO At Earth Spaceport
At Mars Spaceport
At Surface of Mars
At Surface of Moon
At Astrotels (2 vehicles)
Delivery Systems
SEP Freighter Delivered Cargo 3 7 , 8 0 0 3 3 6 , 1 3 5 1 3 9 , 5 8 3
Cargo Freighter Each Trip 5,400 48,019 19,940
Lunar Water Tanker Total 1 5 7 , 6 6 9 5 6 7
Lunar Water Tanker Each Trip 22,524 81
Phobos LOX Tanker Total 1 , 0 3 6 , 3 4 8
Phobos LOX Tanker Each Trip 34,545
Mars Shuttle 5 4 , 0 6 1
Mars Shuttle Each Trip 7,723
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 29 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation NIAC / NCOS COMPARISONItem NCOS
StudyNIACStudy
Factor
Cyclic Transport VehicleSize, mt
460 70 7
Total 15-yearPropellant and
Consumables, mt
34,335 2,011 17
Lunar LOX ProductionRate, kg/day
4,014 73 55
Phobos LOX ProductionRate, kg/day
1066 189 6
Primary PowerGeneration Mode
Nuclear Solar --
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 30 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
KEY COST ASSUMPTIONS
• FY 2000 dollars• Full cost accounting on all life cycle elements• Major cost elements include:
– Advanced Technology Development– Flight System Development– Launch (specific launch vehicle cost of $2000/kg)
– Operations (15 years, includes RRU & propellants/consumables)
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 31 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OUTPUT:RECURRING COSTS
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Ast
rote
l
Esc
ap
e P
od
Ea
rth
Sp
ace
po
rt
Ma
rs S
pa
cep
ort
Tax
i
Mar
s C
argo
Fre
ight
er
Ast
rote
l C
arg
oF
reig
hte
r
LE
O S
hu
ttle
Lu
na
r W
ate
r T
an
ker
Ma
rs S
hu
ttle
Ph
ob
os
LO
X T
an
ker
Ma
rs B
ase
Lu
na
r B
ase
Lu
na
r W
ate
r M
ine
L1
Ele
ctr
& S
tora
ge
Ph
ob
os
LO
X P
lan
t
Mar
s S
urf
Wat
erP
lan
t
Ma
rs S
pa
cep
ort
Sto
rag
e
$M
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 32 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OUTPUT:LIFE CYCLE (15 YEARS) COSTS
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Ad
v T
ech
De
v
Ad
v T
ech
Te
stin
g
Flig
ht
Sys
tem
De
sig
n
Flig
ht
Su
bsy
s F
ab
Sys
tem
Ass
y, I
nte
g,
Te
st
LV
Gro
un
d F
aci
lity
Pro
c
La
un
ch &
Ch
eck
ou
t
Orb
ital
Ass
y, I
&T
Sta
rtu
p O
ps
SS
Op
s
Re
furb
ish
me
nt
Ha
rdw
are
Dis
po
sal
$M
4.0 Operations
3.0 LaunchServices
2.0 FlightSystem Dev
1.0 AdvancedTechnology Dev
AdvTech DEVELOPMENT & LAUNCH OPERATIONS
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 33 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation SUMMARY OFCOST ESTIMATES
Development ~$50B*
Operations ~$40B†
Total Lifecycle ~$90B¥
____________________* - ~$5B/yr for 10 years† - ~$3B/yr for 15 years¥ - For reference, the “90-day Study” (1989) costs for human exploration to the
Moon and Mars was estimated at ~$400B and the NASA Mars ReferenceMission (1997) was estimated at ~$40B.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CONCEPT TO NASA
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 35 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
SIGNIFICANCE TO NASA
• Facilitates human exploration to Mars and beyond
• Assists the expansion of scientific knowledge by providingready access to Mars by scientists
• Provides safe, frequent and affordable access to Mars
• Creates a significant element of the transportationarchitecture thus contributing to the establishment of apermanent human presence on Mars
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 36 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
PHASE II
• Key Team Members– GAC– SAIC - MAMA development & costing, orbit analysis– Purdue (Dr. Longuski) - Orbit analysis– Colorado School of Mines (Dr. King) - ISRU Concepts– Dr. Michael Duke - ISRU
• Key Technical Tasks– Cyclic orbit concepts and research– Advanced aero-assist concepts– ISRU system concepts development– Develop and assess transportation options– MAMA development and costing
SUMMARY
Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels
Global Aerospace Corporation 38 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001
GlobalAerospace
Corporation
SUMMARY
• This transportation architecture, along with Astrotels, enablelow-cost, frequent access to Mars for scientists and explorers
• System concepts have been developed that could be utilized inexpedition phases of Mars exploration
• This architecture provides a framework and context for futuretechnology advance and robotic exploration
• The tools developed during this study can be used to analyzeand compare future technology and system options