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d 10 e LI
atural Science and Environment
Edited by
Miss Du Li
-PREFACEDear Distinguished Delegates and Guests,
The Organizing Committee warmly welcomes our distinguished delegates and guests tothe 2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014) heldon April 4-5, 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
ICNSE 2014 are sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & EnvironmentalEngineering Society (APCBEES),and supported by APCBEESMembers and scholars fromuniversities all round the world. If you have attended a conference sponsored by APCBEESbefore, you are aware that the conferences together report the results of research effortsin a broad range of Natural Science and Environment. These conferences are aimed atdiscussing with all of you the wide range of problems encountered in present and futurehigh technologies. ICNSE 2014 are organized to gather members of our internationalcommunity scientists so that researchers from around the world can present theirleading-edge work, expanding our community's knowledge and insight into the significantchallenges currently being addressed in that research. The conference Program Committeeis itself quite diverse and truly international, with membership from the Americas, Europe,Asia, Africa and Oceania.
This proceeding records the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. The mainconference themes and tracks are Natural Science and Environment. The main goal ofthese events is to provide international scientific forums for exchange of new ideas in anumber of fields that interact in-depth through discussions with their peers from aroundthe world. Both inward research; core areas of Natural Science and Environment andoutward research; multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, and applications will be coveredduring these events.
The conference has solicited and gathered technical research submissions related to allaspectsof major conference themes and tracks. All the submitted papers in the proceedinghave been peer reviewed by the reviewers drawn from the scientific committee, externalreviewers and editorial board depending on the subject matter of the paper. Reviewing andinitial selection were undertaken electronically. After the rigorous peer-review process, thesubmitted papers were selected on the basis of originality, significance, and clarity for thepurpose of the conference. The selected papers and additional late-breaking contributionsto be presented as lectures will make an existing technical program. The conferenceprogram is extremely rich, featuring high-impact presentations.
The high quality of the program - guaranteed by the presence of an unparalleled numberof internationally recognized top experts - can be assessed when reading the contents ofthe program. The conference will therefore be a unique event, where attendees will beable to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additionalknowledge in other fields. The program has been structured to favor interactions amongattendees coming from many diverse horizons, scientifically, geographically, fromacademia and from industry. Included in this will to favor interactions are social events atprestigious sites.
We would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff, and the members of theprogram committees for their work. Thanks also go to Editor Miss Du Li, Asia-PacificChemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society, for their wonderful editorialservice to this proceeding.
We are grateful to all those who have contributed to the success of ICNSE 2014. We hope
that all participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedingsand also find it stimulating in the process. Finally, we would like to wish you success in yourtechnical presentations and social networking.
We hope you have a unique, rewarding and enjoyable week at ICNSE 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
With our warmest regards,
The Organizing CommitteesApril 4-5, 2014Dubai, UAE.
Organizing Committees
Conference Chairs
Dr. Saji Baby, Environmental Manager (Research and Consultation) & Principal Scientist,
GEO Environmental Consultation, Kuwait
Prof. Bogdan Zygmunt, Gdansk Univeristy of Technology, Poland
Program Chair
Parul Rishi, National Institute of Technical Teachers'Training & Research, Bhopal, INDIA
(2011)
Prof. Chihhao Fan, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan
Assoc. Pro. Chi-Chung Peng, Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University,
Taiwan
Dr. PIYUSH MALAVIYA, University of Jammu, India
KUMARESAN LOGANATHAN, POST DOCTORAL RESEARCHER, Taiwan
Contact Chair
Tracy Yang, Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society
Technical Committee
Witawat Jangiam, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha
University, Thailand
Farzana Siddique, PMAS Arid Agriculture university, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Dr. Pradeep Balkrishna Pathak, Civil Engineering Department - University of Aveiro, Portugal
l.irn Hwee San, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Hamidreza Kamalan, Islamic Azad University-Pardis Branch, Iran
Dr. Nalini Sankararamakrishnan, Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, liT
Kanpur, INDIA
UMER RASHID, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS, MALAYSIA
S. LAYA, BITS PILANI, DUBAI CAMPUS, UAE
Rachain, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
Ranjani Amarakoon, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka
Se Jong Kim, Sangju Persimmon Experiment Station, Korea
Prof. Dr ASHA ARORA, Deptt. of Botany & Biotechnology, B.N.P.G.Girls College, Udaipur,
India
SUJA GEORGE, MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR, INDIA
Table of Contents
Nesting Strategy in the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, during High and Low NestingPeaks at Ras Al-Hadd, Oman
Mahmoud, 1.Ya, Al-Bahry, SN., Al-Musharaji, S.K., Al-Amri, 1.S.
Environmental Effects and Health Risks due to Overuse of Underground Water in AridRegions
Al-Musharaji, SK., Mahmoud, 1.Y, Al-Bahry, SN.
6
Soil Quality Appraisal in the Rural and Urban Areas of Thiruvananthapuram District,Kerala, South India
Lakshmy, K .Sand Jaya, D. S
12
Carbon Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires as a Cheap Adsorbent for Lead IonRemoval from Water
18
Mercedeh Malekzadeh, Saeed Taghvaei-Ganjali, Samira Sharifpour-Kalu
Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion and Impacts on Ambient Air 23
AriefSabdo Yuwono
Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant Modified Eggshell
Muhammad, 1. M, El-Nafaty, U. A., Abdulsalam, S, Makarji, Y 1., Ibrahim, M
28
Impact of Technology Transfer on Industrial Risk Management: The Case of the Textile 41Industry in Algeria
MARREF Souad, BAHMED Lylia, BENOUDJIT Azeddine, LONDICHE Honri
Establishing an Environmental Behavior Pattern for the Green Education of College 47Students: Using Emerging Contaminants as an Example
Tai-Yi Yu and Tai-Kuei Yu
The Effect ofInfrared Light Exposure on Brassica rapa Biomass
Andrew Huang
52
Use of Factor Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of Gala Lake National Park (Edirne, 58Turkey)
Cem Tokatlt, Esengul Kose, Ozgur Emiroglu, Arzu Cicek
Utilising Physical Model for Design Assessment: Proposed Alterations of Batu Dam,Malaysia
Saiful Bahri H., Mohd Kamarul Huda S; Mohd Fauzi M.
63
Bukit Bunuh, Malaysia for Possible Meteorite Impact Study Using 2-D ElectricalResistivity
Mark Jinmin, Rosli Saad, Mokhtar Saidin
68
Determination of Some Ionic Surfactants in Aquatic Environment by IonChromatography
Ewa Olkowska, Zaneta Polkowska, Bogdan Zygmunt
73
Statistical Analysis of Long Term Temporal Trends of Precipitation and Temperature inWainganga Sub-basin, India
Arun Kumar Taxak , A. R. Murumkar, D.S. Arya
78
Richness, Abundance and Diveristy ofInsect Species Associated with the Galls of TwoVarieties of Syzygium guineense in the Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria
Mwansat, G. S, Gwom, G. T, Chaskda, A.A
84
Recuperation of Silver from Wastewater of Miroiterie ofThenia (Algeria)
Naima Ghemmit-Doulache, Nassima Morsli, Nadia Slimani
90
WaterLoss from Soil and Water Absorbing Geocomposite
KrzysztoJ Lejcus, Jolanta Dqbrowska, Daniel Garlikowski, Leszek Kordas
96
Detection of Cavities and Weak Zones underneath the Break Pressure Tanks atAn-Nuwfaliyah, Libya
Fathi A. Swaid and Khaled Elmahishi
102
Analysis of Drought Conditions for Sindh Province: January - July (2012)
Bushra Khalid, Minha Naseer, Sidra Shahbaz Khan, Ayesha Khalid, Qaiser Sultana
109
Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water of Malkhed Lake, Dist. Amravati,Maharashtra, India
Dr. Shamal Doifode and Dr. Suresh Rewatkar
115
Reuse of Olive Cake as Low Cost Adsorbent to Eliminate Co (11)from Water Media
M A Ackacha and M A Farjallah
120
Study of the Insects Diversity in Morzok
Mohamed Ali Kotela
127
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Determination in Some Samples of Bottled Waterfrom Misurata, Libya: Correlation with Some Physiochemical Parameters
133
-Fatma S. Eldurrat, Ibrahim M Al.assawi, Abdulsalam A. Emsimir, and Nwara A. Moftah
Prospects of Green-Roofs in Bangladesh and Asian Practices
Mahmud Amin, Md. Najiur Rahman, Mostofa Najmus Sakib
141
Investigation of the Veterinary Drug Adsorption Characteristics by Live Activated Sludge 150
Serpi/ Savct
WetlandCultivation (Gardening) and Rural Household Food Security: Evidence fromZimbabwe
156
Taruvinga A and Mushunje A
Adsorption Study of Bio-degradable Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water fromCrude Oil
162
Isam A. H. Al Zubaidy, Umaimah ZafJar,.Nawshad Chowdhury, Nadia Mustafa, VandhanaVarughese,. Rania Ahmed,.Ammara Shahid.Rashid Ali Alharmoudi,.Elron Edgar Gomes
Novel Desulfurization Process of Heavy Fuel oil Using Surfactant
Isam Al Zubaidy, Gnei Lubna Marjan, Hiba Chekkath, Zeinab Hamad, Areej Aref Hassiba,Lina Youssef El Cheikh, Jawaria Saif
168
FTIR and XRD Characterized Portland Cement Stabilised Lead Contaminated Soil 173M Hassan, J M Khatib, PS Mangat, P HE Gardiner
Multiresidue Methods for Determination of Currently Used Pesticides in Fruits andVegetablesUsing QuEChERS Technique
179
Marek Biziuk and Jolanla Stocka
Heating Indoor Swimming Pool Using Solar Energy with Evacuated Collectors
Ahmad Aboushi and Abeer Abu Raed
185
A Study of the Effect of Building Designs on Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaption 191(Case Study of lIT Roorkee)
Repaul Kanji, Sonam Sahu, Robin Agarwal
Architecture Based on the Model Compatible with Olgay Climate for Tabriz-Iran
Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi and Sahar Too/an
197
A Comparative Study between Art Nouveau and Bionic
Sahar Too/an and Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi
201
Antibacterial Activity and Total Flavonoid of Mauli Bananas Stem
Maharani Laillyza Apriasari, Iskandar, Eko Suhartono
206
Estimation of above Ground Biomass of Trees in BITS-PILANI, Dubai Campus
VivinKarthik; Mohamed Ebrahim, Dr. Geetha
211
Diversity of Blue-Green Algae (Nostocales and Pseudanabaenales) of the Tropical Soils, 219Kerala, South India
Binoy T Thomas and Joseph George Ray
Atelerix algirus Ectoparasites of El-Kala National Park (Algeria)
Farida Becir, M'barek Chetoui, Idir Bitam and Zihad Bouslama
225
Author Index 231
Available online at www.scienccdircct.com
SciVerse ScienceDirectAPCBEEProcedia
ELSEVIERAPCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) OOO--DOO www.elsevier.com/locate/proccdia
2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014)
Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion andImpacts on Ambient Air
Arief Sabdo Yuwono":"
n Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural Universily (IPB), PO Box 220 Bogor 16002, Indonesia
Abstract
Airborne primary pollutants, i.e. sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO) generated bywaste gas flaring and their dispersion in ambient air were assessed. The calculated amount of the generated pollutants wasbased on input of the flared waste gases and emission factors according to standards compiled by United StateEnvironmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The dispersion of the emitted pollutants in ambient air was developed byusing Gaussian Dispersion Model and supported by wind speed data compiled by Indonesian Agency for Meteorology,Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). Result of the assessment indicated that all airborne primary pollutantconcentrations in ambient air comply with the national standard i.e. PP No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control.
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.Y. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-PacificChemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society
Keywords: airborne primary .'ollutant, ambient air, dispersion, emission, flaring
1. Introduction
Generally defined, flaring is gas combustion practiced in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gasprocessing as well as at oil or gas production sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs andlandfills. Waste gas is generated thereof and subsequently emitted into ambient air as a consequence of oil or
• Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-251-8627225; fax: +62-251-8627225.E-mail address:[email protected].
23
2 Arief Sabdo Yuwono/APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) 000-000
gas combustion during flaring process. The quantity and quality of the emitted airborne pollutants werestrongly depends on the combustion process input, i.e. oil or gas. The most important environmental impactissue of flaring is ambient air quality change due to the emitted waste gases into the atmosphere. Hence,prudent design and monitoring of flaring process is very critical in order to ensure that the process isenvironmentally safe and comply with the pertinent national as well as local (provincial or municipal)standards. The objective of the paper is firstly to predict the emitted primary airborne pollutants resulted fromflaring, and secondly, to predict their dispersion in the ambient air surrounding the flaring site. This is a studycase of waste gas flaring in an oil and gas company located in Natuna Islands, Republic of Indonesia.
2. Methods
Airborne pollutants in this study case were limited on three (3) main airborne parameters, i.e. sulphurdioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO). The threshold limits of the relevantparameters of ambient' air gas concentration refer to national regulation namely pp No. 41/1999 pertaining onAir Pollution Control. The quantity of the emitted pollutants released into the ambient air was calculated thatwas based on the definitions and assumptions as follows:• Gas combustion rate used to determine pollutants generation during flaring process was 0.3 MMSCFD
(million standard cubic feet per day) [Ref. Company X]• Emission factors for S02, N02 and CO refer to US-EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
Standard, AP-42 Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries• Average monthly wind speed (i.e. 1.9 m/s), used to support pollutant dispersion simulation was based on
climatology data compiled during 12 years by National Agency for Meteorology, Climatology andGeophysics (BM KG) of Indonesia.
• Stack height as pollutant point source was 30 m above ground level.
Pollutant dispersion in the ambient air was simulated by using Gaussian dispersion model (Equation I) asfollows [I ]-[4]:
ex z = Q exp[-~[L)21{exp[-~(Z - HJ2] + exp[_~(Z + HJ2]}( .Y.) 27r0' 0' U 2 0' 2 0' 2 0'
Y z Y z z (1)
On the ground level, however, the above mentioned expression of the pollutant concentration where theplume height is H, y = 0 and z = 0 becomes simpler (Equation 2) as follows:
[ ( )2]Q I HC - e ---(x.y.z) - U xp 27r0'y0' z 0' z
(2)
Where C(x,y,z) is concentration of gas at any point coordinate (x,y,z) [glm3]; Q is stack emission rate [g/s];cry and crz are dispersion coefficient according to Pasquill-Gifford curve [m]; U is wind speed [m/s]; y isdistance of any point along the y-axis to the centre line [m]; z is vertical distance along z-axis from centre line[m], and H is plume height from the ground level [m].
24
Arief Sabdo Yuwono/ APCBEE Proeedia 00 (2014) 000-000 3
3. Results and Discussion
The amount of generated waste gas from flaring is presented in form of calculation sheet as shown in TableI. Dispersions of the waste gases, i.e. S02, N02 and CO in the ambient air are presented in Fig. I, Fig. 2 andFig. 3. These figures were produced by using Gaussian dispersion model. Fig. I shows that the highestconcentration of S02 in the ambient air was reached at a radius of about 150 metres from the source. At thispoint the ambient concentration of S02 was 285 ug/Nm ' whereas the threshold limit for this parameteraccording to pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control is 365 ug/Nrrr'. The calculation resultindicated therefore that ambient concentration of sulphur dioxide (S02) was lower than that the prescribedlimit and hence comply with the regulation.
Table I. Calculation sheet of waste gas generated by flaring
Aspect Unit
Emission factor"
Stack emission rate
[kg/IOJ litre]
[kg/day]
[ug/s]
Quantity
03
8.5* I06
S02 N02 CO
0.077 0.054 0.012
653.7 458.5 101.9
7.6*106 53*106 1.2*10"
Amount of flared gas [MMSCFD]
[litre/day]
"= US-EPA Standard, AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries [5]
S02
I"c:'e"c8E,g
...J-------- -<0 )'0
o
8
~ '1001- < \is \.J.
·200 \,? r)100
T
200
----~-~10;J -~-===-__==-=-=-. ~ ~ -o-----r T
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Distance from source [rn]
Fig. I. Dispersion of S02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =7.6*106 ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).
In the environment S02 is known as one of primary air pollutants in ambient air. The gas in the airoriginates from a number of sources such as coal and oil fired power plants and a lot of industrial processesinvolving fossil fuel combustion [6]. Coal-fired power plants are the worst S02 polluters [7]. S02 is alsoknown as corrosive and poisonous gas. If the gas is released in the atmosphere then it could be convertedchemically into sulphate which is then deposited as acid rain. At high concentr tions, S02 affects breathingand produces respiratory illness, alterations in the defences of the lungs and aggravation of exiting respiratoryand cardiovascular disease as well as produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops [8].
25
4 Arief Sabda.Yuwono/ APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) ooo-ooo
Fig. 2 shows the dispersion of N02 in ambient air that was resulted from waste gas flaring. The highestambient concentration of N02 was 200 J.lgINm3 which was reached at a distance of ± 145 m from the source.On the other site however, the threshold limit of this parameter is 150 J.lgINm3 according to pp No. 4111999.Hence, the condition does not comply with the national standard. An appropriate solution such as stack heightchange is accordingly necessary to manage the environmental impact of the flaring. However, in area at adistance of more than 190 m from the source, the ambient concentration of N02 has been lower than thepertinent standard.
The environmental impact of N02 release in the ambient air [8] showed that if the gas is inhaled, it canirritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. Secondly, continued orfrequent exposure to high concentrations causes increased incidence of acute respiratory disease in children.N02 is also an important precursor of both ozone and acidic precipitation and may affect both terrestrial andaquatic ecosystem. Another research finding [9] showed that decrement in lung function indices associatedwith increasing concentrations of particulate matter and N02•
Fig. 3 shows the carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion in the ambient air as caused by waste gas flaring. Itindicates that the highest ambient concentration takes place at a distance of about 150 m from the source at aconcentration level merely 44 J.lgINm3
• If the standard for the relevant parameter according to pp No. 41/1999is 10,000 ug/Nrrr', then the whole surrounding areas of the flare comply with the pertinent national standard.
N02
~----..1-,,1
'" 100c'E'"c1lE 0,gsc1il ·100(5
- T'"
100 200
10_ ~~--~~-
300 400 500
--,600 700
~-,800 900 1000
-200
Distance from source Im)
Fig. 2. Dispersion of N02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =
5.3*106 ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref. Tarernpa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).
co
'" 100c
~csE,g1lc~ -100 -(5
iI
200 I
I ~,)I
1"
o
_ ..J
-200 I -- c-}100
r200
-:f~~~- -300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Distance from source [rn]
26
Arief Sabdti Yuwono/ APCBEE Procedia 00 (2014) 000-000 5
Fig. 3. Dispersion of CO in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate =
1.2*10· ug/s; Average wind speed = 1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).
It has adverse effects on human health, replacing oxygen in the bloodstream and forming carboxy-hemoglobin (CO-Hb) [10]. If the percentage ofCO-Hb exceeds about 2 per cent, health is temporary impaired,and this level occurs in people engaged in heavy physical activity if the ambient CO level is greater thanabout 30 ppm (::::35,000 ug/Nrn ') [3]. The health threat is most serious for people who suffer fromcardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposures to elevatedCO concentration are associated with impairment of visual perception, work performance of complex tasks[8].
4. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are as follows:• The emitted primary airborne pollutants from waste gas flaring with input as much as 0.3 MMSCFD are
7.6*I06 ug/s (S02), 5.3* 106 ug/s (N02) and 1.2* 106 ug/s (CO) .• Airborne pollutants were dispersed in ambient air and comply with the national standard after radius of285
m from the source for S02 parameter and after 190 m for N02. For CO parameter, all of surrounding areacomplies with the standard.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express gratitude to all colleagues in Environmental Engineering Section andLaboratory, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University (lPB) for theresearchsupport.
References
[I] Peavy, H.S., Rowe, D.R., and Tchobanoglous, G. 1985. Environmental Engineering. McGraw - Hill International Editions.McGraw- Hill, Inc. Singapore.
[2] De Nevers, N. 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co. International Edition.[3] Kiely, G. 1997. Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill International Editions. Singapore.[4] LaGrega, M., Buckingham, P., and Evans, l.C. 2001. Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw-Hill International Edition.
McGraw-Hill Co, Inc. Singapore.[5] US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). 1998. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum
Refineries.[6) Ladou, J. 2007. Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41h ed. McGraw-Hilllnternational Edition. USA.[7] Lin, S-L and Lin, KH. 2007. The Valuation of Health Effects Caused by Stationary Sources-Related S02 Emissions: The
Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 131: 163-176.[8] Moeller, DW. 2005. Environmental Health. 3,d ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. USA.[9] Lagorio, S., Forastiere, F., Pistelli, R., lavarone, I., Michelozzi, P., Fano, V., Marconi, A., Ziemacki, G and Ostro, BD. 2006. Air
pollution and lung function among susceptible adult subjects: a panel study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source.5:11.
[10] Gossselin, NH, Brunet, RC. And Carrier, G. 2009. Determination of carboxy-haemoglobin in humans following low-levelexposures to carbon monoxide. Inhalation Toxicology, 21 (13): 1077-1091.
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