Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
D
D
D
$+
D
D
D̂_
_̂̂_D
D
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
D
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*#*#*#*
#*
#*#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*#*
#*#*#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*#*
#*
#*#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
#*
XYXY
%,%,%,
%,
%,%,%,
&-
&-
&-&-
&-
&-&-&-&-&-&-
'
D
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+$+
$+
$+$+$+$+
$+$+$+
$+
$+
$+$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
$+
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
")
")
")
")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")")")")")")")")
")
")")
")
")")")")")")")
")
")
")")")
")
")")
")")")")")")
")
")")
")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
") ")")
")
")
")
")
")")
")
")
")
")
")")")
")
")
")
")
")")")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")")")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")")")")")")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
")
''
GF
R
Q
O
O
J
JJJ
I
I
F
F
F
R1
R1
R1
R1
R?
N2
I1
H2
CT
CT
BT
BT
BT
T1a
R1b
R1b
R1?
R1?
Q2bQ1b
Q1b
Q1b
Q1b
O2aO2a
NO1NO1NO1
J2a
I2c
R1b-L2
R1b-L2R1b-L2R1b-L2
R1b-L2
R1b-L2
R1b-L2R1b-L2
R1b-L2
R1b-L2R1b-L2
R1b-L2
R1b-L2
C(xC3)
R1b-V88R1b-V88
R1bU152
R1b-L51
R1b-L51
R1b-L23
R1b-L23
R1b-L21
R1b-L21
R1b-L21R1b-L21
R1b-L21R1b-L21
R1a-Z94
R1a-Z93
R1a-Z93R1a-Z93R1a-Z93
R1a-Z93
R1a-Z93R1a-Z93Q1b-L56Q1b-L54
Q1b-L54Q1b-L53
Q1b-L53Q1b-L53Q1b-L53
J2a-L26
J2a-L26J2a-L26
I2a-M26
I2a-L39R1b-ZZ11
R1b-Z229
R1b-Z195
R1b-U106
R1b-U106
R1b-S461
R1b-S461
R1b-S461R1b-S461
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-P312 R1b-P312R1b-P312R1b-P312
R1b-P312
R1b-M269
R1b-M269R1b-M269
R1b-M269
R1b-M269
R1b-M269R1b-M269
R1b-M269
R1b-M269
R1b-L151R1b-L151
R1b-L151
R1b-L151R1b-L151
R1b-L151
R1b-L151
R1b-L151
R1b-DF27
R1b-DF27
R1a-Z645R1a-Z645R1a-Z645
R1a-Z645
R1a-M459R1a-M459
R1a-M459
R1a-M459
R1a-M417
R1a-M417
R1a-M417
R1a-M198Q1b-L940
Q1b-L717
Q1b-L330
Q1b-L330
O2a-M164O2a-M164O2a-M164
O2a-M164
N1(xN1a)N1(xN1a)
J2b-M205
J2b-L283
J2a-M319J2a-M319
I2a-M423I2a-M423I2a-M423
I2a-M423
I2a-M223
I2a-M223
I2a-M223
I2a-M223
I2a-L158
I2a-L158
G2a-P303
G2a-M406
G2a-L166
R2a-Y3370
R1b-Z2109
R1b-Z2103
R1b-Z2103
R1b-Z2103R1a-Z2124
R1a-Z2124
R1a-Z2123
R1a-Z2123
R1a-Z2123R1a-Z2123
R1a-Z2123
R1a-Z2123R1a-Z2123
R1a-YP617
L1a-M2398J2a-Z7706
J1a-Z2324
J1a-FGC11
G2a-Z6484
R1b-BY3332
R1a-YP5585
R1a-YP1506
R1a-YP1456
R1a-YP1456R1a-S24902
R1a-S23592R1a-S23592
R1a-S23592
R1a-S23592
O2a-L127.1
I2a-CTS595
R1a-CTS1211
I2a-S23680?
CT(xI,xG,xE)
R1b-L151 (xU106)
Q1b-L53(pre-L54)
R1b-L51(xU106,xP312)R1b-L151(xU106, xP312?)
J2a-PY15601(pre-Y17404)
Ob
Vilyuy
Nu
Ile
Nile
Kr
Lena
Volga
Indus
Olen?k
Amur
Usa
Ural
Huang
Po
Angara
Taz
Yenisey
Sutlej
Esil
Tobol
Vakh
Tura
Wei
Aldan
Ganges
MurInn
Onon
Ob?
Tyung
Tajo
Gan
Kheta
Han
Tapi
Yalong
Yuan
Ebro
Nen
Don
Tuo
Za
Irtysh
Ertis
UdaIshim
Vitim
Prut
Aras
Tom?
Pur
Olt
Kalix
Markha
Firat
Tarim
Sava
Syr Darya
Oka
Xi
Son
Pechora
Mezen
Zi
Kotuy
Harirud
Panj
Oder
Dniester
Fen
Drau
Shilka
Chenab
Loire
Amu Darya
Danube
Dadu
Ol?kma
Yalu
Narmada
Maya
Warta
MuresRhne
Sukhona
Lotta
Sapt
Chara
Murat
Ou
Seym
Seine
Adycha
God?variCa
Chuna
Kuban
Yi
Duero
Lancang (Mekong)
Yarkant
Bytantay
Xiang
Hailar
Ingoda
Tigris
Bug
Wu
Chulym
Pinega
Naryn
Rhine
Liao
Luan
Jialing
Balak
Suda
Pripyat
Zeya
Vychegda
Belaya
Hong (Red)
Tel
Taymura
Dic le
Tongtian
Jing
Yamuna
Amgun?Khopr
Bei
Zarafshon
Yangtze
Main
BiyaVistula
Elbe
Min
Orhon
Betwa
Gh?ghara
Ravi
Bikin
Kelkit
Chambal
Muling
Pivd. Buh
Quan
Msta
Vym
Kem
Qumar
Weser
Vyatka
KureykaSartang
Zuo
Toxkan
Da (Black)
Qin
Donets
Tarn
Vorma
Kama
Allier
Svir
Yana
Jhelum
Uchur
Kemijoki
Dal?lven
Konqi
Desna
Banas
Nmai
BrahmaputraTista
Euphrates
Tsna
Xiliao
Dali
K?nes
Selemdzha
Dan
Dong
Yu
Hudi
You
Marne
Guadiana
Luza
Chindw
in
Al Furat
NemorHerlen (Kerulen)
Gandak
Beas
Podkamennaya Tunguska
Ems
Unzha
Mei
Ideriyn
Vishera
Svernaya Dv ina
Muonio
Mahi
Songhua (Sungari)
Zhang
Skellef telven
Helmand Dam
Kola
Tone
Ertix (Irtysh)
Vuoksi
Tao?er
Parbati
Meuse
Moulouya
Mosel
Daling
Chaor
Huan
Adige
Drina
Sura
Esla
Huai
Karkheh
Atrek (Atrak)
Nanpan
Mah?na Nad?
Dulgalakh
Tornelven
Nu (Salween)
Selennyakh
Kalad
an
Mio
Buh
Verkhniy Yenisey
Mana
Lower Tunguska (Nizhnyaya Tunguska)
Klarlven
Ping
Chusovaya
Duliu
Indals?lven
Tumen
Luhit
Katun
Onega
Selenge (Selenga)
Jord
an
Sanggan
Mytinge
Vienne
Xar Moron
Lek
Salwe
en
Argun?
(Ergu
n)
Kamanga
Morava
Neris (Vilija)
Ussuri
Dnipro (D nieper)
Segre
Vasyugan
Heilong J iang (Amur)
Huang (Yellow
)
Sittong
Stora Lule lv
Kiz?lirmak
Indravati
Mamas
Za?gya
Severnaya Sos?va
Fuchun
Ialomita
Nadym
Tuotuo
Hongshui
Ngun
Oulu
Xun
Ceyhan
Talkeh
Drin
Tumnin
Malaya Ob
Yarlung (Brahmaputra)
Brahmani
Bol?shaya Kuonamka
Tvertsa
GuadalquivirQarqan
Yom
Narva
Orco
Jinsha (Yangtze)
Ying
TisaTicino
Shiquan
Yonne
ngermanlven
Bhima
Durance
Volkho
v
Oum Er Rbia
Yurungkax
Byk Menderes
Neva
Dihang
Maas
Dordogne
Simav
Rong
Velikaya
Hai
Qeze
l Owz
an
Aksu
Nakdong
Udzha
Severn
Pyasina
Sous
Liu
Sane
Maquan (Damqogkanbab)
Namhan
Mytitha
Anabar
Patsoyoki
Doubs
Sankh
Sakarya
Kyzyl-Khem
Evros (Maritsa)
Bogcang
Zay?
Yongding
Pamir
Tuloma
Ofanto
Haliacmon
Shannon
Chulyshman
Jiulong
Yong
Oued Sebou
Nanweng
Vorony
a
Ariège
Mogami
Sefid
Glomma (Glma)
Erdao
Dnep
re
Wuding
Neman (Nemunas)
Gta lv
Lule lv
Wujia
Mekong
Rhein
Motala strm
Shatt al H illah
Gharraf Canal
Rhin
(Rhe
in)
Shishhid Gol
Shatt al Arab
Ness
Suez Canal
Minho
Malyy Yenisey
Luirojoki
Shan
dian
Kokemenjoki
Mukhavyets
Bratul Chillia
Vorm
a
Han
Rhein
Quan
Hudi
Drau
Min
Svir
Oka
Ou
Klarlven
Morav
a
