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D-PAD Sparse Aperture Array. Presentation Overview. D-PAD Aims What is D-PAD? Advantages of this design Recent results Future work. D-PAD Aims. Broadband SKA test system which will work in RFI environment Develop an SKA 1 AA-low compatible digital back-end processing system - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Sparse Aperture Array
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Presentation Overview
D-PAD Aims What is D-PAD? Advantages of this design Recent results Future work
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Aims
Broadband SKA test system which will work in RFI environment
Develop an SKA1 AA-low compatible digital back-end processing system
Experimentally quantify the effect of side lobes on imaging dynamic range
Investigate novel direct imaging correlator algorithms
Compare calibration issues of aperture arrays with dishes of similar frequency
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
What is D-PAD?
D-PAD = Danny’s PhD Aperture-array Demonstrator
Key Values: f = 1000-1500MHz, 8 stations/tiles, sparse high-gain antennas
the first tile
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
What is D-PAD?
Least complex instrument possible that replicates most key aspects of an SKA aperture array
Flexible and reconfigurable hardware and software
Testbed for comparing measurements with simulations
Digital system can be recycled forAA-low and AA-mid test systems
Science with AA-high feasibility study;transients, solar, local HI, pulsars?
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD High Gain Antenna Antenna element beam pattern@1300MHz)
Half power beam width: ±24°, directivity: 8.45dBi, sidelobe: -15dB, front-to-back: -18dB , ellipticity: 8%
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue System
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue SystemY-Polarisation
antenna blade
antenna blade
LNA LNA2-way 0° combiner
X-Polarisation
amp2
coax
antenna blade
antenna blade
LNA LNA2-way 0° combiner
amp2
coax
filterfilter
gain block
gain block
gain block
16-way 0° beamformer 16-way 0° beamformer
gain block
coax coax
filter
coax coax
gain block
gain blockfilter
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
10GbE
D-PAD Digital System
16-port 10GbE switch
data acquisition computer
10GbE
X2 Y2X1 Y1
ROACH
F F F F
ROACH
X
X4 Y4X3 Y3
ROACH
F F F F
X6 Y6X5 Y5
ROACH
F F F F
X8 Y8X7 Y7
iADC iADC
ROACH
F F F F
10GbE 10GbE 10GbE
10GbE
iADC iADCiADC iADCiADC iADC
Image credits CASPER
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Digital System
F Design Type Continuum 21-cm Line FPGA Clock 250MHz 75MHz Band Pass 500MHz 150MHz Nyquist Zone 3rd 9th Frequency Range 1000-1500 1350-1500Spectral Channels 2048 4096Spectral Resolution 488kHz 36.6kHz Velocity Resolution 51km/s 7.7km/s
Complimentary spectrometer designs
Milli-second, fast transient spectrometer design will be incorporated shortly
Image credits CASPER
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Advantages of this Design
High-gain antenna results in greater sensitivity also reduces impact of sparse array grating lobes higher imaging dynamic range than sparse arrays with omni-
directional antennas
Sparse aperture arrays have faster survey speed small diameter stations = larger intrinsic Field-of-View than dishes
of same total collecting area: FoV = π (1.22*λ/d)2
Wide radio frequency bandwidth (500MHz) greater continuum sensitivity, greater flexibility
(compare with LOFAR and MWA; 32MHz )
Greater sensitivity for line surveys at higher redshift full collecting area over entire bandwidth: Aeff = G λc
2/4π
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Advantages of this Design
Analogue beamformer reduces cost fewer receiver chains, less power, less computation
Fast ADCs means no complicated down conversion Direct sampling in 3rd Nyqusit zone
(same digital hardware as 30-470MHz SKA AA-low system)
Novel correlators reduce computational cost direct imaging correlators MOFF or FFTT
(close-packed tiles can use Fourier transform on a spatial grid ) MOFF can use FFT while traditional FX correlator must use DFT
Higher operating frequency, less demanding calibration lower sky brightness temperature, fewer bright in foreground
subtraction, less complex polarisation calibration
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Frequency Spectrum
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Frequency (MHz)
40
30
20
10
0
Arb.
Pow
er (d
B)
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Continuum Observations
20,000 spectra per polarisation over 5 days with 20s integration time
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
21cm Neutral Hydrogen Line
10,000 spectra per polarisation over 3 days with 17s integration time
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Future Work
Detailed analysis of observations Millisecond transient spectrometer Array beam pattern measurement Construction of 8-tile system
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Supplementary Slides
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Advantages of this Design
Greater sensitivity for line surveys at higher redshift full collecting area over entire bandwidth
effective area: Aeff = G λc
2/4π
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Digital SystemX2 Y2
Finite Impulse Response Band-Pass Filter
Analogue to Digital Analogue to Digital
Fast Fourier Transform Real
Convert to Power
Vector Accumulate
BRAM BRAM
Vector Accumulate
BRAM BRAM
Cast/Slice
Packetise to 10GbE
Cast/Slice
Convert to Power
X1 Y1
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Radio Frequency Interference
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Sidelobe Mitigation Techniques
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Noise Figure Measurements
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components LPDA Antenna (at boresight)
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Receiver Board (noise temperature ≈ 35K)
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Gain Amplifier
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Band-Pass Filter
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Beam-Forming Combiner
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Coaxial Cable A and C
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue Components Coaxial Cable B
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PAD Analogue System Total Gain
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
SKA Key Science Drivers
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
SKA Document Parameters
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Grating Lobes
Station beam pattern
Antenna Element Separation
Station Beam Pattern
Antenna separation:dense (f < 1)nominal (f = 1)sparse (f > 1)random (f > 1)
[SKA Memo 87]
BeamPower
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Instantaneous Field of View Fully Digital Dense A. Array 120deg
10,000deg2
18deg 250deg2
Hybrid Dense A. Array 120deg
10,000deg2
28deg 625deg2
18deg 250deg2
60m Dish + Phased Array Feed 120deg+
10,000deg2+ 18deg
250deg2
Sparse High Gain A. Array 36deg
1,000deg2
18deg 250deg2
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
100 200 300 500 700 1000 20000.01
0.1
1
10
Frequency (MHz)
Eff
ectiv
e A
rea
(m2)
Effective Area Effective Area: Aeff (θ,φ) = G (θ,φ) λc
2/4π
sparse limit
Effective Area per Element
dense up to fc = 700MHz
dense up to fc = 1000MHz
fc
fc
[SKA Memo 100]
fc = 300MHz
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Sky Brightness Temperature Tsky = 5e8 * f -2.861 + 4
SKA Memo 95 by Germán Cortés Medellín.
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
Sensitivity SKA Phase 1 Sensitivity
Sascha Schediwy [email protected]
D-PADY-PolarisationX-Polarisation
filter
gain block
gain block
2-way 0° combiner
antenna blade
antenna blade
LNA LNA2-way 0° combiner
amp2
coax
antenna blade
antenna blade
LNA LNA2-way 0° combiner
amp2
coax
gain block
coax
filter
coax
iADC
ROACH