DAFTAR ISI Baru d Print

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL...............................................................................................i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN...................................................................................ii

KATA PENGANTAR...........................................................................................iii

DAFTAR ISI...........................................................................................................v

DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................x

DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................................xx

DAFTAR RUMUS..............................................................................................xxi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN......................................................................................xxii

MODUL I SPECTRACAD

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar belakang....................................................................................I-1

1.2 Tujuan.................................................................................................I-2

1.3 Manfaat...............................................................................................I-2

1.4 Sistematika Penulisan.........................................................................I-3

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI

2.1 Pengertian CAD................................................................................II-1

2.2 Teknologi CAD atau CAM...............................................................II-2

2.2.1 Teknologi Perangkat Lunak.....................................................II-2

2.2.2 Teknologi Perangkat Keras dan Sistem Operasi......................II-3

2.3 Kemampuan CAD.............................................................................II-4

2.4 Interface Antara CAD dan CAM......................................................II-6

2.5 Product Data Management...............................................................II-7

2.5.1 Struktur Produk........................................................................II-7

2.5.2 Dokumentasi............................................................................II-7

2.6 Hubungan CAD/CAM dengan PDM................................................II-8

2.7 STEP (Strandard for the Exchange of Product)...............................II-8

v

2.7.1 Konsep STEP...........................................................................II-8

2.7.2 Penerapan STEP.......................................................................II-9

2.8 Aplikasi CAD di Dunia Manufaktur..............................................II-10

2.9 Perkembangan Sistem Otomasi......................................................II-11

2.10 Keuntungan Sistem CAD...............................................................II-11

2.11 Aspek Negatif CAD.......................................................................II-12

2.12 Efek Sosial Sistem CAD................................................................II-12

2.13 Permasalahan dalam Penggunaan CAD.........................................II-13

2.14 Freehand Drawing dan CAD.........................................................II-14

2.15 Penguasaan Teknis Sketsa atau Freehand Drawing......................II-14

BAB III PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Prosedur Aplikasi Dasar Program SpectraCAD...............III-1

3.2 Membuat Kotak Pembatas...............................................................III-3

3.3 Membuat Gambar Benda Kerja.......................................................III-6

3.3.1 Membuat Huruf A................................................III-6

3.3.2 Membuat Huruf F.................................................................III-13

3.3.3 Membuat Huruf D................................................................

..............................................................................................III-19

3.3.4 Membuat Huruf R................................................................

..............................................................................................III-22

3.4 Menyimpan File.............................................................................III-31

BAB IV PENUTUP

4.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................IV-1

4.1 Saran................................................................................................IV-1

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

MODUL II SPECTRACAM

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar belakang....................................................................................I-1

1.2 Tujuan.................................................................................................I-2

1.3 Manfaat...............................................................................................I-2

vi

1.4 Sistematika Penulisan.........................................................................I-2


1.5 Pengertian Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)......................II-1

1.6 Sejarah CAM ...................................................................................II-2

1.7 Integrasi CAD dengan CAM............................................................II-4

1.8 Teknologi perangkat Keras dan Sistem Operasi.............................II-3

1.9 Kinerja CAM....................................................................................II-6

1.10 Cakupan Keahlian dalam CAM.......................................................II-8

1.11 Penggunaan Perangkat Lunak CAD atau CAM...............................II-8

1.12 Numerical Control............................................................................II-9

1.13 STEP-NC..........................................................................................II-9

1.14 Mesin CNC.....................................................................................II-10

1.15 Penggunaan STEP File...................................................................II-11

1.16 Integrasi PDM dengan Teknologi Informasi..................................II-13

1.17 Aplikasi CAM................................................................................II-14

1.18 Material Teknik..............................................................................II-15

BAB III PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Aplikasi Dasar SpectraCAD............................................................III-1

3.2 Mengatur Parameter Pada SpectraCAD Engraver...........................III-1

3.2.1 Membuka File........................................................................III-2

3.2.2 Mengedit Material Objek.......................................................III-3

3.2.3 Mnentukan Mata Pahat...........................................................III-5

3.2.4 Menentukan Posts..................................................................III-6

3.3 Menyusun NC (Numerical Control)................................................III-7

3.3.1 Menentukan Geometry...........................................................III-7

3.3.2 Menetukan Cutting Parameters.............................................III-9

3.3.3 Menyimpan File...................................................................III-10

3.3.4 Melihat NC...........................................................................III-11

BAB IV PENUTUP

4.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................IV-1

vii

4.2 Saran................................................................................................IV-2

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

viii

MODUL III SPECTRACAM TURNING

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar belakang.....................................................................................I-1

1.2 Tujuan..................................................................................................I-2

1.3 Manfaat................................................................................................I-2

1.4 Sistematika Penulisan..........................................................................I-2


2.1 Sejarah Turning (Pembubutan) dengan Mesin CNC........................II-1

2.2 Pengertian Proses Turning (Pembubutan)........................................II-2

2.3 Prinsip Kerja Mesin Perkakas NC....................................................II-3

2.4 Jenis – Jenis Mesin CNC..................................................................II-4

2.5 Komponen-Komponen pada Mesin CNC.....................................II-5

2.6 Sistem Interaktif Proses Pembubutan..............................................II-6

2.7 Cara Mengoperasikan Mesin CNC..................................................II-8

2.8 Spesifikasi Perangkat Komputer untuk Mesin CNC .......................II-9

2.9 Kode Standar Mesin CNC..............................................................II-12

2.10 Pengaturan Kecepatan Spindle pada Mesin Bubut.........................II-14

BAB III PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Memulai SpectraCAM Turning.......................................................III-1

3.2 Mengatur Parameter........................................................................III-1

3.3 Menggambar Objek Kerja ( MeshaCatur )......................................III-4

3.4 Mengatur Jalur Potong.....................................................................III-9

3.5 Hasil Proses Pembuatan Mesha Catur...........................................III-14

3.6 File NC...........................................................................................III-14

3.7 Proses Penyimpanan File...............................................................III-16

3.7.1 Membuka File......................................................................III-16

3.7.2 Menyimpan File NC.............................................................III-16

BAB IV PENUTUP

4.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................IV-1

4.2 Saran................................................................................................IV-4

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

ix

MODUL IV SCORBASE

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar belakang....................................................................................I-1

1.2 Tujuan..................................................................................................I-2

1.3 Manfaat................................................................................................I-2

1.4 Sistematika Penulisan..........................................................................I-3


2.1 Sejarah Robot....................................................................................II-1

2.1.1 Sejarah Robot Lengan..............................................................II-3

2.2 Konsep Dasar Robot..........................................................................II-4

2.2.1 Robot Mobile...........................................................................II-5

2.2.2 Robot Non-Mobile...................................................................II-6

2.3 Sejarah Scorbase...............................................................................II-6

2.3.1 Prinsip Kerja Scorbase.............................................................II-7

2.4 Perkembangan Robot........................................................................II-8

2.5 Bagian Utama Robot Modern...........................................................II-9

2.5.1 Bagian Utama Robot Lengan...................................................II-9

2.6 Klasifikasi Sistem Robot.................................................................II-10

2.7 Gerakan Dasar Pada Robot.............................................................II-12

2.8 Perancangan Sistem Mekanik Robot...............................................II-13

2.9 Perancangan Sistem Perangkat Keras Robot..................................II-15

BAB III PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Mendesain Area Kerja dengan Program CellSetup-Pro.................III-1

3.2 Membuat Simulasi Program dengan RoboCell-Pro......................III-17

3.3 Menyimpan File.........................................................III-34

BAB IV PENUTUP

4.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................IV-1

4.2 Saran................................................................................................IV-5

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

x

DAFTAR GAMBAR

HalamanMODUL I SPECTRACAD

Gambar 2.1 Computer Aided Design.......................................................II-2

Gambar 2.2 Siklus produksi dan CAE, CAD, dan CAM.........................II-4

Gambar 2.3 Bagian-bagian Produksi dengan Produk APT......................II-6

Gambar 2.4 Contoh Informasi dalam STEP File.....................................II-9

Gambar 2.5 Penggunaan STEP File.......................................................II-10

Gambar 3.1 Membuka Software SpectraCAD........................III-1

Gambar 3.2 Membuka SpectraCAD melalui Search.........III-1

Gambar 3.3 Tampilan SpectraCAD...................................III-2

Gambar 3.4 Menu Engraving...........................................III-2

Gambar 3.5 Memilih Millimeters…...................................III-2

Gambar 3.6 Memilih Engraving Setup.............................III-2

Gambar 3.7 Tampilan Engraving Setup...........................III-3

Gambar 3.8 Memilih Stock Size..........................................II-3

Gambar 3.9 Ukuran Dimensi ...........................................III-3

Gambar 3.10 Menu Draw.................................................III-3

Gambar 3.11 Mengisi Nilai Koordinat...............................III-4

Gambar 3.12 Setelah Memasukkan Ukuran.....................III-4

Gambar 3.13 Ukuran Kotak Pembatas.............................III-4

Gambar 3.14 Tampilan Kotak Pembatas..........................III-4

Gambar 3.15 Menu Modify...............................................III-5

Gambar 3.16 Memilih Radius untuk Fillet........................III-5

Gambar 3.17 Tampilan Saat Menggunakan Fillet............III-5

Gambar 3.18 Tampilan Sudut..........................................III-5

Gambar 3.19 Koordinat Titik Awal A................................III-6

Gambar 3.20 Setelah Menentukan Titik Awal..................III-6

Gambar 3.21 Koordinat Garis Awal A...............................III-6

Gambar 3.22 Garis Awal A...............................................III-7

xi

Gambar 3.23 Koordinat Lanjutan Garis A.........................III-7

Gambar 3.24 Tampilan Setelah Klik OK...........................III-7


Gambar 3.26 Lanjutan Garis A.........................................III-8







Gambar 3.33 Koordinat lanjutan garis A..........................III-9

Gambar 3.34 Tampilan Setelah diklik OK.......................III-

10

Gambar 3.35 Koordinat Lanjutan Garis A.......................III-

10

Gambar 3.36 Lanjutan garis A........................................

................................................................................................III-

10

Gambar 3.37 Lanjutan garis A........................................III-

10

Gambar 3.38 Koordinat lanjutan garis A.........................III-

11


11


11


11


12

xii

Gambar 3.43 Tampilan Setelah diklik OK.......................III-

12

Gambar 3.44 Tampilan titik koordinat............................III-

12

Gambar 3.45 Tampilan setelah diklik OK.......................III-

12

Gambar 3.46 Garis Bantu yang Akan Dihapus...............III-

13

Gambar 3.47 Tampilan Menu Modify..............................III-

13

Gambar 3.48 Sebelum Diklik Endpts On........................III-

13

Gambar 3.49 Setelah Diklik Endpts On .........................III-

13

Gambar 3.50 Tampilan Mengisi Titik Koordinat..............III-

14

Gambar 3.51 Tampilan Titik Awal Huruf F......................III-

14

Gambar 3.52 Tampilan Tentukan Titik Koordinat...........III-

14

Gambar 3.53 Setelah Memasukkan Koordinat...............III-

14

Gambar 3.54 Mengisi Titik Koordinat..............................III-

15

Gambar 3.55 Setelah Menekan OK.................................III-

15

Gambar 3.56 Mengisi Titik Koordinat..............................

................................................................................................III-

15

xiii

Gambar 3.57 Tampilan Setelah Klik OK..........................III-

15

Gambar 3.58 Tampilan Titik Koordinat...........................

................................................................................................III-

16


16

Gambar 3.60 Tampilan Titik Koordinat ..........................III-

16


16

Gambar 3.62 Tampilan Tentukan Titik Koordinat...........III-

17

Gambar 3.63 Tampilan Selesai Klik Ok...........................III-

17

Gambar 3.64 Menentukan Titik Koordinat .....................III-

17

Gambar 3.65 Setelah Memasukan Koordinat ................III-

17


18

Gambar 3.67 Tampilan Setelah Selesai .........................III-

18

Gambar 3.68 Tampilan Tentukan Titik Koordinat ..........III-

18


19

Gambar 3.70 Tampilan Tentukan Titik Koordinat ..........III-

19

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Gambar 3.71 Tampilan Huruf F Sudah Selesai ..............III-

19

Gambar 3.72 Tampilan Isian Titik Koordinat .................III-

19


20

Gambar 3.76 Membuat Setengah Lingkaran..................III-

20

Gambar 3.75 Tampilan Menu Draw ...............................III-

20

Gambar 3.74 Tampilan Garis Awal D..............................III-

20

Gambar 3.77 Bentuk Jadi Setengah Lingkaran D ..........III-

21

Gambar 3.78 Enter Point (ukuran) Titik Awal ................III-

21

Gambar 3.79 Koordinat untuk Garis dalam D.................

................................................................................................III-

21

Gambar 3.80 Hasil Garis di dalam Huruf D.....................III-

21

Gambar 3.81 Menyesuaikan Cursor dengan Garis.........III-

22

Gambar 3.82 Hasil Setengah Lingkaran Dalam..............III-

22

Gambar 3.83 Bentuk Jadi Huruf AFD..............................III-

22

Gambar 3.84 Koordinat Titik Awal Huruf R.....................III-

22

xv

Gambar 3.85 Titik Awal Huruf R.....................................III-

23

Gambar 3.86 Koordinat Awal Garis R.............................III-

23

Gambar 3.87 Tampilan Garis Awal R..............................III-

23

Gambar 3.88 Tampilan tentukan koordinat ...................III-

23


24

Gambar 3.90 Koordinat dX= 0 dan dY= -15...................III-

24


24

Gambar 3.92 Mengisi Nilai Koordinat ............................III-

25

Gambar 3.93 Tampilan Lanjutan Garis R........................III-

25

Gambar 3.94 Koordinat dX= -5 dan dY= 0.....................III-

25

Gambar 3.95 Lanjutan Garis Huruf R.............................III-

26

Gambar 3.96 Koordinat dX= -5 dan dY= 12.5................III-

26


26

Gambar 3.98 Koordinat dX= 0 dan dY= -12.5................III-

27


27

xvi

Gambar 3.100 Koordinat dX= -5 dan dY= 0...................III-

27

Gambar 3.101 Lanjutan Garis Huruf R...........................III-

28

Gambar 3.102 Tampilan Menu Draw .............................III-

28

Gambar 3.103 Lanjutan R ..............................................III-

38

Gambar 3.104 Mengisi Koordinat ..................................III-

29

Gambar 3.105 Titik Koordinat dalam R...........................III-

29

Gambar 3.106 Mengisi Koordinat...................................III-

29

Gambar 3.107 Lanjutan R...............................................III-

30

Gambar 3.108 Mengisi Koordinat...................................III-

30

Gambar 3.109 Membuat Segiempat di antara R............III-

30

Gambar 3.110 Penyelesaian Huruf R .............................III-

31

Gambar 3.111 Hasil Akhir Huruf AFDR...........................III-

31

Gambar 3.112 Penyimpanan file di Folder.....................III-

31

MODUL II SPECTRACAM

Gambar 2.1 Integrasi antara CAD dengan CAM.....................................II-4

Gambar 2.2 Sistem Desain dan Manufaktur yang Terintegrasi...............II-5

Gambar 2.3 Mesin Bubut CNC dan Miliing CNS..................................II-11

xvii

Gambar 2.4 Penggunaan STEP file .......................................................II-12

Gambar 2.5 Perhiasan Emas Aplikasi CAM..........................................II-14

Gambar 3.1 Huruf A, F, D dan R............................................................III-1

Gambar 3.2 File – Open .........................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.3 Membuka File.....................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.4 Membuka File.....................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.5 Gambar Huruf A, F, D dan R..............................................III-3

Gambar 3.6 Engraving – units – millimeters..........................................III-3

Gambar 3.7 Engraving – Engraving Setup.............................................III-3

Gambar 3.8 Engraving Setup..................................................................III-4

Gambar 3.9 Edit Material pada Engraving Setup...................................III-4

Gambar 3.10 Parameter Mata Pahat......................................................III-6

Gambar 3.11 Menentukan Posts............................................................III-6

Gambar 3.12 Engraving – Engrave........................................................III-7

Gambar 3.13 Select Geometry ...............................................................III-7

Gambar 3.14 Select All Geometry And Text ..........................................III-8

Gambar 3.15 Select Cutting Parameters ................................................III-8

Gambar 3.16 Select Cutting Parameters.................................................III-9

Gambar 3.17 Engraving Job Summary.................................................III-10

Gambar 3.18 Generate NC File............................................................III-10

Gambar 3.19 Kode NC (0-178).............................................................III-11

Gambar 3.19 Kode NC Lanjutan (178-358).........................................III-12




Gambar 3.19 Kode NC Lanjutan (719-1078).......................................III-16

MODUL III SPECTRACAM TURNING

Gambar 2.1 Mesin Bubut CNC................................................................II-1

Gambar 2.2 Sistem Operasi mesin CNC..................................................II-6

Gambar 2.3 Kurva Luas Penampang Geram..........................................II-7

xviii

Gambar 2.4 Kurva Gaya Potong..............................................................II-7

Gambar 2.5 Kurva Kecepatan Potong ...................................................II-7

Gambar 2.6. Referensi Absolut ................................................................II-8

Gambar 2.7. Referensi Incremental ........................................................II-9

Gambar 2.8 Tampilan Monitor 1............................................................II-10

Gambar 2.9. Tampilan Monitor 2...........................................................II-11

Gambar 2.10 Proses Pemotongan Pada Mesin Bubut............................II-14

Gambar 2.11 Rangkaian Motor DC...................................................... II-15

Gambar 2.12 Rangkaian Elektrik Motor DC Penguat Terpisah.............II-16

Gambar 3.1 Tampilan Start ....................................................................III-1

Gambar 3.2 Tampilan Program.............................................................III-1

Gambar 3.3 Memilih Metric....................................................................III-1

Gambar 3.4 Menu Setup..........................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.5 Edit Stock Library...............................................................III-2

Gambar 3.6 Menu Setup..........................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.7 Select Stock..........................................................................III-3

Gambar 3.8 Setup Snaps.........................................................................III-3

Gambar 3.9 Tampilan Show Grid...........................................................III-3

Gambar 3.10 Line....................................................................................III-4

Gambar 3.11 Koordinat Z = 74 dan X = 1..............................................III-4

Gambar 3.12 Menu Coordinate..............................................................III-4

Gambar 3.13 Koordinat di dZ = -4, dX = 0............................................III-5



Gambar 3.16 Koordinat di dZ = -5, dX = -4...........................................III-5


Gambar 3.18 Koordinat di dZ = -1, dX = -1...........................................III-6



Gambar 3.21 Koordinat di dZ = 0, dX = -2............................................III-7

Gambar 3.22 Koordinat dZ = -21, dX = 4..............................................III-7

xix

Gambar 3.23 Koordinat dZ = -1, dX = -1...............................................III-7

Gambar 3.24 Koordinat dZ = -3, dX = 0................................................III-7



Gambar 3.27 Koordinat dZ = -1, dX = -1...............................................III-8



Gambar 3.30 Koordinat dZ = 0, dX = -9................................................III-9

Gambar 3.31 Rough Operation...............................................................III-9

Gambar 3.32 Objek Setelah Digunakan Rough Operation...................III-10

Gambar 3.33 Setup Rough Parameters.................................................III-10

Gambar 3.34 General Tool Path...........................................................III-10

Gambar 3.35 Finish Operation.............................................................III-11


Gambar 3.37 Cutoff Operation ............................................................III-12

Gambar 3.38 Hasil Cutoff Operation....................................................III-12

Gambar 3.39 Operation Parameters.....................................................III-12


Gambar 3.41 Hasil pemotongan Objek ................................................III-13

Gambar 3.42 Hasil kerja bentuk akhir mesha catur..............................III-13

Gambar 3.43 Pilihan Verify Window pada Menu Bar...........................III-14

Gambar 3.44 Hasil akhir ......................................................................III-14

Gambar 3.45 Kotak dialog kode NC (N0 hingga N62)........................III-14

Gambar 3.45 Lanjutan Kode NC (N63-N190)......................................III-15

Gambar 3.45 Kode NC akhir (N191-193)............................................III-15

Gambar 3.46 Pilihan Save.....................................................................III-16

Gambar 3.47 Tampilan Save.................................................................III-16

Gambar 3.48 Menu File........................................................................III-16

Gambar 3.49 Select Output NC File.....................................................III-17

xx

MODUL IV SCORBASE

Gambar 2.1 Robot Lengan.......................................................................II-3

Gambar 2.2 Komponen robot lengan.......................................................II-9

Gambar 2.3 Sistem loop terbuka............................................................II-10

Gambar 2.4 Sistem loop tertutup............................................................II-11

Gambar 2.5 Jenis persendian dan tipe pergerakan robot lengan............II-12

Gambar 2.6 Tiga aksis pergerakan pergelangan tangan robot...............II-13

Gambar 2.7 Blok diagram PPI-8255......................................................II-13

Gambar 2.8 Rangkaian keseluruhan sistem kontrol robot lengan..........II-13

Gambar 2.9 Konstruksi fisik robot lengan.............................................II-14

Gambar 3.1 Menu Start...........................................................................III-1

Gambar 3.2 Cell Setup-Pro.....................................................................III-1

Gambar 3.3 Area Kerja...........................................................................III-2

Gambar 3.4 New Objects, Table.............................................................III-2

Gambar 3.5 Kotak Dialog Table.............................................................III-3

Gambar 3.6 Tampilan Area Kerja...........................................................III-3

Gambar 3.7 Kotak Dialog Robot ER-9...................................................III-4

Gambar 3.8 New Objects, Robot.............................................................III-4

Gambar 3.9 Tampilan Area Kerja...........................................................III-5

Gambar 3.10 New Objects, Computer...................................................III-5

Gambar 3.11 Tampilan Area Kerja........................................................III-6

Gambar 3.12 User Objects, Object 1......................................................III-6

Gambar 3.13 Tampilan Area Kerja.........................................................III-7

Gambar 3.14 User Objects, Object 2......................................................III-7


Gambar 3.16 Rack...................................................................................III-8


Gambar 3.18 Template............................................................................III-9

Gambar 3.19 Tampilan Area Kerja.......................................................III-10

Gambar 3.20 ASRS-4 Parts..................................................................III-10


xxi

Gambar 3.22 Cube................................................................................III-11

Gambar 3.23 Kotak Dialog Cube 1......................................................III-12


Gambar 3.25 Cube................................................................................III-13

Gambar 3.26 Kotak Dialog Cube 2......................................................III-13


Gambar 3.28 Objects............................................................................III-14


Gambar 3.30 Tampilan Area Kerja Setelah Dihias..............................III-15

Gambar 3.31 Show Envelope............................................................III-16

Gambar 3.32 Radius Jangkauan Lengan Robot....................................III-16

Ganbar 3.33 Menu Start........................................................................III-17

Gambar 3.34 RoboCell-Pro..................................................................III-17

Gambar 3.35 New Project.....................................................................III-18


Gambar 3.37 Manual Movement...........................................................III-19

Gambar 3.38 Keterangan Manual Movement.......................................III-19

Gambar 3.39 Menutup Gripper............................................................III-19

Gambar 3.40 Membuka Gripper...........................................................III-19

Gambar 3.41 Memberi Nomor pada Teach Position............................III-20

Gambar 3.42 Teach Position.................................................................III-20

Gambar 3.43 Go To Position................................................................III-20

Gambar 3.44 Hasil Area Kerja..............................................................III-21

Gambar 3.45 Program Gerakan Simulasi.............................................III-21

Gambar 3.46 Position Awal..................................................................III-22

Gambar 3.47 Position 1........................................................................III-22

Gambar 3.48 Open Gripper..................................................................III-22


Gambar 3.50 Close Gripper..................................................................III-23


Gambar 3.52 Position 4 .......................................................................III-24

xxii

Gambar 3.53 Position 5.......................................................................III-24






Gambar 3.59 Position 10......................................................................III-26

















Gambar 3.76 Postion 23.......................................................................III-32




Gambar 3.80 Position Akhir.................................................................III-33

Gambar 3.81 Pilihan Save.....................................................................III-33

Gambar 3.82 Tampilan Save.................................................................III-34

xxiii

DAFTAR TABEL

HalamanMODUL IV SCORBASE

Tabel 2.1 Perbedaan Manusia dengan Robot..........................................II-4

xxiv

DAFTAR RUMUS

HalamanMODUL III SPECTRACAM TURNING

Rumus 2.1 Kecepatan Potong...............................................................II-15

Rumus 2.2 GGL Lawan..........................................................................II-15

Rumus 2.3 Kecepatan Motor.................................................................II-16

xxv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

HalamanLampiran A Sumber.............................................................................................A-1

Lampiran B Semua Lembar Asistensi..................................................................B-1

Lampiran C Foto Hasil Kegiatan Praktikum dan Foto Penulis Laporan.............C-1

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Documents

DAFTAR ISI Baru d Print