vii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.................... iv

PRAKATA ............................................................................................................... v

DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... xv

INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xvi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .................................................................... 3

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Secara Teoritis .................................................................... 4

1.4.2 Secara Praktis ..................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 5

2.1 Staphylococcus aureus ................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Sejarah ................................................................................ 5

2.1.2 Klasifikasi Ilmiah ............................................................... 5

2.1.3 Morfologi dan Identifikasi ................................................. 6

2.1.4 Faktor Virulensi .................................................................. 7

2.1.5 Faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan

mikroorganisme ................................................................ 10

viii

2.1.6 Penentuan Aktivitas Antimikroba .................................... 11

2.2 Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum. L)................................. 13

2.2.1 Klasifikasi Tanaman Kentang .......................................... 14

2.2.2 Kandungan dan Kegunaan Kentang ................................. 15

2.3 Ekstrak.......................................................................................... 17

2.3.1 Ekstraksi ........................................................................... 18

2.3.2 Maserasi ........................................................................... 18

2.4 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis ............................................................. 18

2.5 Antibiotik pembanding................................................................. 19

2.6 Hubungan antara ekstak etanolik kulit kentang (Solanum

tuberosum. L) dan aktivitas antibakteri Staphylococcus

aureus ........................................................................................... 19

2.7 Kerangka Teori............................................................................. 21

2.8 Kerangka Konsep ......................................................................... 21

2.9 Hipotesis ....................................................................................... 22

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 23

3.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................................... 23

3.2 Variabel ........................................................................................ 23

3.2.1 Variabel bebas .................................................................. 23

3.2.2 Variabel tergantung .......................................................... 23

3.2.3 Variabel terkendali ........................................................... 23

3.2.4 Definisi Operasional ......................................................... 23

3.3 Populasi dan Sampel .................................................................... 24

3.4 Instrument dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................. 25

3.4.1 Instrumen penelitian ......................................................... 25

3.4.2 Bahan penelitian ............................................................... 25

3.5 Cara Penelitian ............................................................................. 26

3.5.1 Determinasi Tanaman....................................................... 26

3.5.2 Sterilisasi Alat .................................................................. 26

3.5.3 Pembuatan ekstrak etanol kulit kentang ........................... 26

3.5.4 Skrining Fitokimia ............................................................ 27

ix

3.5.5 Uji Kuantitatif Polifenol ................................................... 28

3.5.6 Pengenceran Ekstrak kulit kentang .................................. 29

3.5.7 Pembuatan paper disk ....................................................... 30

3.5.8 Pembuatan media mueller hinton ..................................... 31

3.5.9 Pembuatan suspensi bakteri ............................................. 31

3.5.10 Pembuatan Kontrol positif dan Kontrol Negatif .............. 31

3.5.11 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri .................................................. 32

3.5.12 Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis .................................... 32

3.6 Tempat dan waktu penelitian ....................................................... 33

3.6.1 Tempat penelitian ............................................................. 33

3.6.2 Waktu Penelitian .............................................................. 33

3.7 Analisa Hasil ................................................................................ 33

3.8 Alur penelitian .............................................................................. 34

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ..................................... 35

4.1 Hasil penelitian............................................................................. 35

4.1.1 Determinasi ...................................................................... 35

4.1.2 Serbuk kulit kentang ......................................................... 36

4.1.3 Ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang .......................................... 36

4.1.4 Uji KLT Polifenol ............................................................ 37

4.1.5 Hasil analisis senyawa metabolit dalam kulit

kentang ............................................................................. 38

4.2 Pembahasan .................................................................................. 43

4.2.1 Determinasi tanaman ........................................................ 43

4.2.2 Ekstrak kulit kentang ........................................................ 44

4.2.3 Uji Skrining Fitokimia ..................................................... 45

4.2.4 Uji Kuantitatif .................................................................. 46

4.2.5 Uji KLT Polifenol ............................................................ 48

4.2.6 Pengujian Antibakteri Ekstrak ......................................... 49

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 51

5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 51

5.2 Saran ............................................................................................. 51

x

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 52

LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 58

xi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

KHM : Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum

PBP-2a : Penicillin Binding Protein 2a

MRSA : Methicillin ResistanceStaphylococcus aureus

TSST : Toksin Sindrom Syok Toksik

DNA : Deoxyribonukcleic acid

KLT : Kromatografi Lapis Tipis

mm : Milimeter

BaCl2 : Barium Clorida

H2SO4 : Asam Sulfat

mL : mili Liter

Kg : Kilogram

NaCl : Natrium Chlorida

HCl : Hidrogen klorida

Mg : Magnesium

Rpm : rotasi/revolusi per menit

Mg : Milligram

FeCl3 : Ferri klorida

BHI : Brain Heart Infusion

CFU : Colony Forming Unit

GF254 : Gel Fluoresence 254

UV : Ultraviolet

xii

nm : Nanometer

MH : Mueller Hinton

ATCC : American Type Culture Collection

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. 1 Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Etanol ............................................................. 17

Tabel 4. 1 Uji Skrining Fitokimia ......................................................................... 38

Tabel 4. 2 Pengukuran Absorbansi Asam Galat................................................... 39

Tabel 4. 3 Pengukuran Kadar Senyawa Polifenol Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit

Kentang ............................................................................................... 40

Tabel 4. 4 Uji aktivitas penghambatan bakteri ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang .... 41

Tabel 4. 5 Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang terhadap

aktivitas penghambatan bakteri ........................................................... 42

Tabel 4. 6 Kontrol Negatif dengan Kelompok Konsentrasi ................................. 43

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2. 1 Staphylococcus aureus (Kusuma, 2009) ............................................. 6

Gambar 2.2. Kulit kentang (Setiadi, 2009) ............................................................ 15

Gambar 2.3. Struktur Dasar Polifenol .................................................................... 16

Gambar 2.4. Kerangka Teori .................................................................................. 21

Gambar 2.5. Kerangka konsep ............................................................................... 21

Gambar 3. 1 Alur Penelitian................................................................................... 34

Gambar 4. 1 Hasil uji KLT Di bawah sinar UV 254 nm ....................................... 37

Gambar 4. 2 Hasil uji KLT Dibawah sinar UV 366 nm ........................................ 37

Gambar 4. 3 Pengukuran panjang gelombang maksimum..................................... 39

xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Dokumentasi Penelitian ..................................................................... 58

Lampiran 2 Hasil perhitungan rendemen ekstrak etanolik Kulit Kentang ............ 62

Lampiran 3 Perhitungan nilai Rf ........................................................................... 63

Lampiran 4 Penetapan Kadar Polifenol ................................................................ 64

Lampiran 5 Pengukuran Nilai Absorbansi Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit Kentang ........ 66

Lampiran 6 Pengukuran Absorbansi Asam Galat ................................................. 67

Lampiran 7 Perhitungan Uji Kuantitatif ............................................................... 68

Lampiran 8 Absorbansi maksimum ...................................................................... 69

Lampiran 9 Hasil Determinasi .............................................................................. 72

Lampiran 10 Hasil Screening Fitokimia ............................................................... 73

Lampiran 11. Ethical Clearance ........................................................................... 74

Lampiran 12 Kadar Air Kulit Kentang ................................................................. 75

Lampiran 13 Surat Keterangan ............................................................................. 76