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vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN................................................................................. iii
SURAT PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........................... iv
PRAKATA ....................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xiiii
INTISARI ......................................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ....................................................................... 1
1.2 Perumusan Masalah ............................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................ 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................ 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis ......................................................... 4
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis .......................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................. 5
2.1 Jagung (Zea mays L.) ............................................................. 5
2.2 Flavonoid................................................................................ 7
viii
2.3 Antioksidan ............................................................................ 9
2.4 Ekstraksi ................................................................................. 11
2.5 Fraksinasi ............................................................................... 14
2.6 Metode DPPH ........................................................................ 16
2.7 Hubungan antara Fraksi Etil Asetat dan Fraksi Aquadest
dari Ekstrak Etanolik Tongkol dan Kulit Jagung dengan
aktivitas Antioksidan .............................................................. 17
2.8 Kerangka Teori....................................................................... 18
2.9 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................... 18
2.10 Hipotesa.................................................................................. 19
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................ 20
3.1 Jenis dan rancangan penelitian ............................................... 20
3.2 Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ......................................... 20
3.2.1 Variabel menurut fungsinya ....................................... 20
3.2.2 Definisi Operasional ................................................... 20
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel .............................................................. 21
3.3.1 Populasi ...................................................................... 21
3.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................ 21
3.4 Instrumen dan bahan penelitian ............................................. 22
3.4.1 Instrumen .................................................................... 22
3.4.2 Bahan penelitian ......................................................... 22
3.5 Cara Penelitian ....................................................................... 23
3.5.1 Determinasi bahan awal ............................................. 23
3.5.2 Pembuatan simplisia ................................................... 23
3.5.3 Ekstraksi tongkol dan kulit jagung dan fraksinasi ..... 23
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3.5.4 Pembuatan konsentrasi fraksi etil asetat dari ekstrak
tongkol dan kulit jagung ............................................. 23
3.5.5 Skrining Fitokimia ...................................................... 24
3.5.6 Uji Kuantitatif Flavonoid ........................................... 25
3.6 Alur Penelitian ....................................................................... 30
3.7 Tempat dan waktu penelitian ................................................. 31
3.8 Analisis Hasil ......................................................................... 31
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................... 32
4.1 Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................... 32
4.1.1. Determinasi ................................................................ 32
4.1.2. Pengeringan ................................................................ 33
4.1.3. Ekstraksi ..................................................................... 33
4.1.4. Fraksinasi ................................................................... 33
4.1.5. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia ............................................ 34
4.1.6. Analisis Kuantitatif Flavonoid ................................... 35
4.1.7. Uji Kromatografi Lapis Tipis ..................................... 35
4.1.8. Uji Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH .......... 36
4.1.9 Analisis data ............................................................... 39
4.2 Pembahasan ............................................................................ 39
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ....................................................... 46
5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................ 46
5.2 Saran ....................................................................................... 46
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 47
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 53
x
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
BHA = butil hidroksilanisol
BHT = butil hidroksittoluen
c = celcius
cm = centimeter
DPPH = 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazil
EC50 = efficient concentration
IC50 = inhibitory concentration
KLT = kromatografi lapis tipis
mg/g = miligram per gram
mg/ml = miligram per mili
nm = nano meter
p.a = pro analisis
PPM = part per million
QE = Quersetin Equivalence
ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species
UV-Vis = Ultraviolet-Visible
mL = Mili Liter
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Pelarut dan golongan kandungan kimia yang terlarut. .................. 15
Tabel 4.1. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia .............................................................. 34
Tabel 4.2. Hasil Analisis Kuantitatif Flavonoid ............................................ 35
Tabel 4.3. IC50 fraksi aquades tongkol jagung ............................................... 37
Tabel 4.4. IC50 fraksi etil asetat tongkol jagung ............................................. 38
Tabel 4.5. IC50 fraksi aquadest kulit jagung ................................................... 38
Tabel 4.6. IC50 fraksi etil asetat kulit jagung .................................................. 38
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Jagung (Zea mays L.) ............................................................... 6
Gambar 2.2. Flavonoid .................................................................................. 8
Gambar 2.3. Jenis-Jenis Flavonoid ................................................................ 9
Gambar 2.4. Corong Pisah ............................................................................ 15
Gambar 2.5. Kerangka Teori ......................................................................... 18
Gambar 2.6. Kerangka Konsep ..................................................................... 18
Gambar 4. 1. Profil KLT fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi aquades dari ekstrak
etanolik tongkol dan kulit jagung dan kuersetin
menggunakan fase gerak toluene : metanol (7 : 3) pada UV
254 nm dan 366 nm .................................................................. 36
Gambar 4.2. Hasil pengukuran panjang gelombang DPPH pada λ 400-800
nm DPPH .................................................................................. 37
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Determinasi Tanaman ............................................................... 54
Lampiran 2. Uji Kadar air simplisia .............................................................. 55
Lampiran 3. Dokumentasi Proses ................................................................. 57
Lampiran 4. Rendeman ekstrak dan fraksi tongkol dan kulit jagung ........... 62
Lampiran 5. Uji Skrining Fitokimia .............................................................. 63
Lampiran 6. Uji Kadar Flavonoid ................................................................. 69
Lampiran 7. Uji Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH ........................ 74
Lampiran 8. Analisi data ( SPSS) ................................................................. 92
Lampiran 9. Ethical Clearance ..................................................................... 95