Dairy Air Quality Research Symposium

UC Davis, October 11, 2006

Support provided by:California Air Resources Board

SJV Air Pollution Control DistrictDairy CARES

Air and Waste Mgt Assoc.UC Davis Animal Science DepartmentUC Davis Air Quality Research Center

Dairy Volatile Organic Gas and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Frank Mitloehner, PhDAir Quality CE SpecialistAnimal Science, UC Davis

Dairy Air Quality Research SymposiumDavis, October 11, 2006

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

• VOC = approx 700 individual reactive gases (also referred to as ROG)

• VOCs are compounds like ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters etc.

• VOCs plus NOx forms ozone (smog)• New district regulations are based

on SB700

What do we know about VOCs?

Greenhouse Gases(GHG)

What do we know about GHGs?

Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Main GHG

• Carbon Dioxide, CO2 1• Methane, CH4 21• Nitrous Oxide, N2O 310

• AB32 regulates GHG

Team

Professional Staff• Leticia Valadez• Yongjing Zhao• Yuee Pan• Irina Malkina

Post Doctoral Fellows• Harrison Sun• Aysel Ozpinar• Yangoa Ma• Vaselios Bampidis

Graduate Students• Nichole Marcillac• Kevin Eslinger• Eddie Veenendaal• Andrea Schnitz• Wendi Jackson• Lisa Nuckles• Michelle Calvo• Kim Stackhouse• Scott Hamilton

Expertise: Atmospheric Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Eng., Bio. & Ag Eng., and Animal Science

Emission estimate studies

Effects of Dairy Rations on VOC Emissions from Cows and their Waste under Controlled Conditions

Environmental Protection Agency IX

UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner, Dr. B. Flocchini, Dr. E. DePeters, Dr. P. Robinson, Dr. J. Fadel

UC Berkeley: Dr. A. Goldstein, Dr. S. Lyn Shaw

Materials and Methods

• Close-up dry cows • Far-off dry cows • Low producing lactating cows • Medium producing lactating cows• High producing lactating cows

Unknown Masses with Similar Time Profiles InletOutlet

01

23

4m

45 (p

pb)

04

812

m63

(ppb

)

0.0

0.4

0.8

m69

(ppb

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

m83

(ppb

)

340 342 344 346 348 350

0.0

0.2

0.4

m87

(ppb

)

340 342 344 346 348 350

0.0

0.2

0.4

m10

1 (p

pb)

Day of 2004

VFA, phenol, amine and alcohol emissions from dairy cows and fresh waste

CARB and SJVAPCD

UC Davis: Dr. F. MitloehnerUSDA-ARS: Dr. S. Trabue Iowa State: Dr. J. Koziel

Emissions from dry cows and waste

-0.04

0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.20

4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00

Time

Ace

tic A

cid

(lb/c

ow/y

r)

Empt

y

Cow

s on

lyCows and waste Waste only

Emissions from dry cows and waste

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00

Time

Phen

ol (l

b/co

w/y

r)

Empt

y

Cow

s on

lyCows and waste Waste only

Emissions from dry cows and waste

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00

Time

Etha

nol (

lb/c

ow/y

r)

Empty

Cow

s on

ly

Cows and waste

0

10

20

30

40

3/15/06 6:00 3/15/06 18:00 3/16/06 6:00 3/16/06 18:00 3/17/06 6:00

Date and Time

Etha

nol (

lb/c

ow/y

r)

Cow

s O

nly

Cows and waste Waste only

Emissions from lactating cows and waste

Comparison for the waste treatment with/without flushing

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00

Time

Etha

nol (

ppm

)

W/ Flushing W/O Flushing

Flushing Flushing Flushing

Lagoon Waste

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

6:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 2:00 6:00 10:00

Time

Etha

nol (

ppm

)

Outlet Inlet

Empty Lagoon Waste In

Greenhouse Gas StudiesCalifornia Energy Commission - PIER

UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner

Applied Geosolutions: Dr. Bill Salas

UNH: Dr. Changsheng Li

CSU Fresno: Dr. Charles Krauter

Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.

300

400

500

600

8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00

Date and Time

CO

2 (pp

m)

Outlet Inlet

Empty Cows & Waste Waste only

Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.

0

5

10

15

8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00

Date and Time

CH

4 (pp

m)

Outlet Inlet

Empty Cows & Waste Waste only

Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00

Date and Time

N2O

(ppm

)

Outlet Inlet

Empty Cows & Waste Waste only

Emission Mitigation StudiesSWRCB &

Merced County, Dept of Env. Health

UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner, Dr. R. Zhang, Dr. T. Harter, Dr. P. Robinson, Dr. J. Fadel, Dr. E. DePeters, Dr. S. Berry

USDA ARS: Dr. J. McGarvey

Emissions from dry cows and waste

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8/21/2006 8/25/2006 8/29/2006 9/2/2006 9/6/2006

Date

EtO

H (l

b/co

w/y

r)

SBS Control Harrowing Scraping

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Day

MeO

H E

mis

sion

Fac

tor (

lb/c

ow/y

r)

SBS Control Harrowing Scraping

Emissions from dry cows and waste

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (hr)

Etha

nol e

mis

sion

rate

(g/h

r/m2 )

0

12.5

25

37.5

kg/100m2

kg/100m2

kg/100m2

kg/100m2

SEM=25.8n=4P<0.01

Effects of acidification (SBS) on EtOH

0

100

200

300

400

2 4 8 24

Time (h)

Am

mon

ia (p

pm)

14% 16% 18% 20%

Effects of protein in feed on ammonia from fresh waste

Conclusions• Dairies can be a significant alcohol and GHG

source• Main VOCs from dairies are ethanol and methanol• Main EtOH and MeOH sources on dairies are fresh

waste and fermented feed• Flush waste systems are an important mitigation

practice (water solubility of alcohols) • Acidification of drylot corral surfaces reduces

alcohol producing bacteria thus controlling alcohol emissions

• Present study results were confirmed by WSU and Schmidt

Conclusions

• Main dairy GHG source are cows (i.e. enteric fermentation and respiration)

• CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation might be reduced through improvements of feed efficiency (feed additives) and adjustments of feeding strategies

• N2O dairy emissions are comparatively unimportant

• CO2 emissions from cow respiration cannot be mitigated w/o reducing herd size

• Source/Sink

Future studies

• USDA-CSREES funded mitigation studies on feed (silage) and housing mgt

• CARB funded study on PBM• NMPF funded monitoring study• NIOSH funded Ag center study on

exposure and health effects of dairy air pollutants

• Dairy Process Based Model study

Areas for VOC mitigation in SJV Rule 4570

• VOC mitigation for the following areas:

– Feed (5 of 13 options)– Milk parlor (1 of 3 options)– Freestall barn (2 of 10 options)– Corral (6 of 19 options)– Solid waste (2 of 9 options)– Liquid waste (1 of 11 options)– Land application (2 of 7 options)– Alternative

Research to Practice – R2P

Frank Mitloehner, PhDAir Quality CE SpecialistAnimal Science Department University of California, Davis(530) 752-3936fmmitloehner@ucdavis.edu