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Danh Php trong ha hc hu c

Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni

Sau y l cch gi tn este theo yu cu ca mt s hc sinh.Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn anion gc axit (thay ui ic thnh at)

V d:

- HCOOC2H5 : etyl fomat (hay etyl metanoat)

- CH3COOCH=CH2 : vinyl axetat

- CH2=CHCOOCH3 : metyl acrylat

- CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3: metyl metacrylat

- CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2 : isoamyl axetat

- CH3COOCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 : hex-2-en-1-yl axetat

- C6H5COOCH=CH2 : vinyl benzoat

- CH3COOC6H5 : phenyl axetat

- CH3COOCH2C6H5 : benzyl axetat

- C2H5OOC[CH2]4COOCH(CH3)2 : etyl isopropyl aipat

- (CH3COO)2C2H4 : etylenglicol iaxetat

- CH2(COOC2H5)2 : ietyl malonat

- (CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COO)3C3H5 : glixeryl trioleat (hay triolein hay trioleoylglixerol)

- : glixeryl panmitostearooleat (haypanmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol)

- CH3[CH2]14COO[CH2]15CH3 : miricyl panmitat (hay sp ong)

Sau y l mt s quy tc c bn ca danh php IUPAC. Danh php ny c hi ha hcc bn v ng dng quc t (the International Union of Pure anh Applied Chemistry) thngqua nm 1957.

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I CU TO CA HP CHT HU C V CU TO CA TN GI

Theo IUPAC, cu to mt hp cht hu c gm mt mch chnh v c th c cc nhnh, nhm thhoc cc nhm chc gn vo n.

* V d 1:

Nhnh

Mch chnh

Nhnh Nhm chc

Do tn ca mt hp cht hu c phi phn nh c cc hp phn cu to ni trn. Tn theo

danh php IUPAC gm 3 phn: u, thn v ui:

- Cc nhnh, nhm th v nhm chc ph to nn phn u

- Mch chnh hay vng chnh to nn phn thn

- Tn nhm chc chnh to nn phn ui

Trong v d trn: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 onu Thn ui

- u: hai mch nhnh metyl C s 5, c l 5,5 imetyl

- Thn: mch chnh c 7C (nh s t 1 n 7) khng c lin kt bi, c l heptan

- ui: nhm chc xeton C s 2, c l 2 on

V vy hp cht c tn l: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on

* V d 2:

Nhnh

Vng chnh Nhm th

2 amino 1 metyl benzenu Thn

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4 etyl 3 metyl hexan

- Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi nhs sao cho tng ca chng trong tn gi l nh nht.

* V d 6:

Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh

5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10)

- Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14. Theoth t ch ci th etyl phi c c trc metyl.

2. Vi hirocacbon khng no

- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt bi

* V d 7:

Mch chnh

Mch nhnh

3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien

- Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i

* V d 8:

Pen 1 en 4 in

3. Vi hp cht mch vng

- Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht, cc stip theo c nh theo quy tc s nh nht.

V d 9 V d 10 V d 11

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3 etyl 1 metyl xyclohexan 1 metyl 3 propyl benzen 2 etyl 1 metyl naphtalen

- Khi hp cht c nhiu vng ri rc th mch chnh l mch thng.

* V d 12:

1,1,1 triclo 2,2 bis(4 clophenyl) etan (DDT)(bis thay cho i nu nhm th phc tp)

- Khi c nhm th hoc nhm chc gn vi vng, s 1 t C trong mch vng gn trc tip vinguyn t nhnh hoc nhm chc c khi lng nguyn t nh nht. Cc s tip theo cngc nh theo qui tc s nh nht.

* V d 13:

4 amino 1,2 imetyl benzen

Trong cng thc trn, s 1 dnh cho C gn vi CH3 m khng phi C gn vi NH2 v khi lngnguyn t ca C nh hn ca N

- i vi mch nhiu vng ghp, nhiu cu.

* V d 14:

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Spiro [2,3] hexan

Trong : hexan l tn gi mch chnh 6C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng c s C theo tht tng dn l 2 v 3 c t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du phy. Hai vng c chung 1nguyn t C nn c tip u ng spiro.

* V d 15:

1,7,7 trimetyl bixiclo [2.2.1] heptan 2 on

Trong : heptan l tn gi mch chnh 7C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng v c 3 cu ni:

cu 1234 c s nhp l 2C (C2, C3); cu 1564 c s nhp l 2C (C5, C6); cu 174 c s nhp l 1C(C7). Ch s ch s nguyn t C mi cu c vit theo th t nh dn, t trong ngoc vung [ ]v cch nhau du chm. Thm tip u ng bixiclo khi c chung cu ni.

4. Vi hp cht c nhm th, nhm chc

- Khi mch chnh c nhm th, nhm chc th s 1 t u gn nhm chc

* V d 16:

Mch chnh Nhm chc

Nhm th

3 clo pentan 1 ol

- Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp caonht) v nhm chc ph. Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO > >C=O >

OH > NH2. S 1 t u gn nhm chc chnh.

* V d 17:

Nhm chc chnh

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