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Computers should be incorporated into athletic events to eliminate the human errors made by sports officials. This incorporation would allow the best athlete or best team to be victorious and not have athletes or teams loose because of an error by an official.
Introduction
Tracking the flight path of a shot◦ FlightScope
Rangefinders◦ Calculate the distance from the ball’s position to
the pin on the green
Golf
Hawk-Eye Technology◦ 2D, 3D and 4D images combine to show trajectory
and where the ball lands◦ Heat maps track player movements to help with
statistics
Tennis
Video Goal Judge◦ Has final say over disputed goals◦ Located in Toronto
Communicate instantaneously with referees to confirm or deny goals
◦ On-ice referees do not have access to monitors for reviewing plays
Hockey
QuesTec◦ Pitch Tracking
Shows strikezone and whether a pitch is a ball or a strike
◦ Video Review Implemented for the 2014 season Managers and the crew chief of the umpires can
challenge a call Stats for September 2014
48 calls confirmed 58 calls stood 111 calls overturned
Baseball
Goal-Line Technology◦ Smart Ball
Soccer ball with location sensors imbedded inside When they cross the plane of the goal, it sends a
signal to the referee’s watch within a second◦ Hawk-Eye System
Combines images from 3 cameras fixed within the goal posts
Captures footage at 600 FPS Sends an audible tone to the referee’s headset to
indicate that a goal has been scored
Soccer
◦ Goal Ref System Uses radio frequencies fixed to two magnetic fields
One within the goal Coils affixed to the posts
One around the ball If a goal is scored, it sends a pulse and a message to
the referee’s watch
Soccer (cont.)
Referees will refer to instant replay in the event of being unable to determine possession after the ball goes out of play◦ Can only be used in the last two minutes of a
game Instant replay also used to determine if
there is a shot clock violation or not
Basketball
Perhaps the most technologically advanced mainstream sport
Referees use enhanced virtual reality to determine calls◦ First downs◦ Confirming field goals
Instant Replay◦ Used for confirmation◦ Consulted for challenges to calls made or not
made The referee has 60 seconds to determine whether
the footage is “incontrovertible visual evidence”
Football
Only the replay assistant in the booth may challenge a call on a scoring play, turnover or a play taking place after the two minute warning in either half
Football (cont.)
Pitch tracking Major League Baseball employs
technology that tracks pitches and measures strike zones, monitoring home plate umpires with cameras and computer analysis.
Electronic line judging The Cyclops computer system debuts at
Wimbledon, using infrared beams to help determine whether shots are in or out.
During football games, broadcasts use yellow lines to show the distance needed for a first down. Like instant replay, the technology could move from the broadcast booth to an electronic aid for officials.
Virtual first-down line
Data is recorded and used with complicated programs to create usable statistics
Large databases are used to track statistics with computers
Statistics in sports
Television development
Life before the TV Sound equipment computer
improvements High definition Graphical design artists